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[(demonstrate)11.9( that only relatively short exposure to high concentrations of total airborne)]TJ
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[(particles and endotoxins is )-7.4(suf)16.8(ficient to cause respiratory problems. These results have)]TJ
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[(Impact on Animal Health, Pr)17(oduction, and W)56.9(elfar)19.9(e)]TJ
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0 Tc
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-.0024 Tc
0 Tw
(emissions of these airborne pollutants could)Tj
-17.1061 -1.0942 TD
-.001 Tc
.0001 Tw
(be reduced.)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
0 -1.6951 TD
-.0005 Tc
-.0004 Tw
[(Seasonal V)91.1(ariation)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
1.1962 -1.4003 TD
-.0042 Tc
-.0002 Tw
[(Many)4.4( studies on the influence of environmental factors on particle concentrations in)]TJ
-1.1962 -1.0998 TD
-.0001 Tc
.0468 Tw
[(piggery buildings have demonstrated a seasonal dependency)62.3(. W)39.6(inter airborne particle)]TJ
0 -1.0942 TD
0 Tc
.2179 Tw
[(concentrations)15.2( were consistently higher than summer concentrations in farrowing,)]TJ
T*
.0162 Tw
[(weaner)46.6(, and finisher buildings in western France \(Guingand, 1999\) and in a farrowing)]TJ
0 -1.0998 TD
.0671 Tw
[(building)6.1( in Iowa \(O'Shaughnessy et al., 2002\). The study conducted in the U.S. also)]TJ
0 -1.0942 TD
.0743 Tw
[(demonstrated)13.4( a marked diurnal variation in concentrations of both NH)]TJ
7.5 0 0 7.5 331.0866 462.6142 Tm
0 Tw
(3)Tj
10 0 0 10 334.8283 464.2582 Tm
.0748 Tw
[( and )5.7(airborne)]TJ
-29.1628 -1.0998 TD
-.0004 Tc
0 Tw
[(particles)8.7( )]TJ
3.6246 0 TD
-.0042 Tc
.0001 Tw
[(\(O'Shaughnessy et al., 2002\). In terms of seasonality)62.4(, a significant decrease in)]TJ
-3.6246 -1.0942 TD
0 Tc
.0466 Tw
[(concentrations)15.2( of airborne bacteria, NH)]TJ
7.5 0 0 7.5 203.4709 440.674 Tm
0 Tw
(3)Tj
10 0 0 10 207.2126 442.3181 Tm
.0454 Tw
(, and CO)Tj
7.5 0 0 7.5 243.9496 440.674 Tm
0 Tw
(2)Tj
10 0 0 10 247.6913 442.3181 Tm
.0439 Tw
[( has been observed during summer)]TJ
-20.4491 -1.0998 TD
0 Tw
[(when)6( )]TJ
2.3954 0 TD
-.0146 Tc
(compared with winter levels in Canadian piggery buildings \(Duchaine et al., 2000\).)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
-2.3954 -1.6894 TD
-.0005 Tc
(Building Classification and Management)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.1962 -1.406 TD
0 Tc
.126 Tw
[(Building)8.7( type varies with the class of pigs, as dif)17(ferent age groups have distinct)]TJ
-1.1962 -1.0942 TD
.0611 Tw
[(environmental)11.2( requirements. The likely ef)17(fects of building type \(class of animals\) on)]TJ
0 -1.0998 TD
-.0001 Tc
.301 Tw
[(airborne particle concentration have been demonstrated. A higher percentage of)]TJ
0 -1.0942 TD
0 Tc
.1655 Tw
[(respirable)8.5( dust has been found in farrowing and nursery buildings than in finisher)]TJ
T*
0 Tw
[(buildings,)10.1( )]TJ
4.1986 0 TD
-.0133 Tc
-.0001 Tw
[(suggesting that the composition of the dust dif)17.9(fers in dif)18.6(ferent types of piggery)]TJ
-4.1986 -1.0998 TD
-.0001 Tc
0 Tw
[(buildings)9.5( \(Donham et al., 1986\). Airborne particle concentrations have been shown by)]TJ
0 -1.0942 TD
-.0005 Tc
[(other )]TJ
2.2858 0 TD
-.0165 Tc
(authors to be substantially higher in farrowing and nursery buildings than in finisher)Tj
-2.2858 -1.0998 TD
0 Tc
.0032 Tw
[(buildings)9.6( \(Attwood et al., 1987\). It has also been reported that high gas concentrations)]TJ
0 -1.0942 TD
-.0004 Tc
-.03 Tw
[(\(both C)30(O)]TJ
7.5 0 0 7.5 79.7669 311.0173 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(2)Tj
10 0 0 10 83.5087 312.6614 Tm
-.0256 Tc
( and NH)Tj
7.5 0 0 7.5 115.5969 311.0173 Tm
0 Tc
(3)Tj
10 0 0 10 119.3386 312.6614 Tm
-.0138 Tc
(\) are more likely in buildings housing younger animals, because these)Tj
-7.6139 -1.0998 TD
0 Tc
.1123 Tw
[(buildings)9.6( usually have reduced ventilation levels to save heating cost \(Donham and)]TJ
0 -1.0942 TD
-.0005 Tc
-.0001 Tw
(Popendorf, 1985\).)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
0 -1.6951 TD
-.0006 Tc
.0001 Tw
[(Number and W)57(e)-.3(ight of Pigs)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
1.1962 -1.4003 TD
-.0015 Tc
0 Tw
(There )Tj
2.5728 0 TD
-.0073 Tc
(have been a number of studies associating airborne particle concentration with)Tj
-3.769 -1.0998 TD
0 Tc
.1234 Tw
[(the weight of pigs \(Gustafsson, 1999; Pedersen et al., 2001\). The concentrations of)]TJ
0 -1.0942 TD
.274 Tw
[(inhalable)9.3( and respirable particles inside two piggery buildings in the U.S. were)]TJ
T*
0 Tw
[(significantly)11( )]TJ
5.2226 0 TD
-.0163 Tc
(correlated with the weight of pigs \(r = 0.42 and 0.55, respectively; p < 0.01\),)Tj
-5.2226 -1.0998 TD
-.0062 Tc
-.0001 Tw
[(a)-6.2(n)-6.2(d)-2.2( a significant but smaller correlation \(r = 0.26; p < 0.05\) was also found between the)]TJ
0 -1.0942 TD
0 Tc
.1063 Tw
[(concentration)11.7( of airborne bacteria and the weight of pigs \(Predicala et al., 2001\). A)]TJ
0 -1.0998 TD
-.0016 Tc
0 Tw
(significant )Tj
4.4526 0 TD
-.0096 Tc
(correlation between endotoxin concentration )Tj
17.6701 0 TD
-.022 Tc
(and the number of animals in the)Tj
-22.1228 -1.0942 TD
-.0008 Tc
-.0001 Tw
[(building)5.3( has been reported by other authors \(Duchaine et al., 2000\).)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
0 -1.6951 TD
-.0002 Tc
[(Humidity and T)90.8(emperatur)24(e)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
1.1962 -1.4003 TD
-.0024 Tc
-.0024 Tw
(Humidity infl)Tj
5.4415 0 TD
-.0049 Tc
.0001 Tw
(uences the condition of the air and therefore the density and size of the)Tj
-6.6377 -1.0998 TD
0 Tc
.1186 Tw
[(suspended)16( particles inside piggery buildings. Several studies in piggery and poultry)]TJ
0 -1.0942 TD
0 Tw
[(buildings)9.6( )]TJ
3.9529 0 TD
-.0105 Tc
(have demonstrated a varied relationship between respirable particle concentra)Tj
-3.9529 -1.0998 TD
-.0028 Tc
-.0001 Tw
[(tion and relative humidity \(Butera et al., 1991; Ellen et al., 2000\). Significant ef)17.3(fects of)]TJ
0 -1.0942 TD
-.0021 Tc
0 Tw
(both )Tj
2.0177 0 TD
-.0068 Tc
-.0004 Tw
[(humidity and temperature on the concentration of airborne particles h)4.4(a)4.3(v)4.4(e)4.4( )]TJ
28.9163 0 TD
-.0112 Tc
.0001 Tw
(also been)Tj
-30.934 -1.0942 TD
0 Tc
-.0133 Tw
[(demonstrated)13.4( i)13.3(n)13.3( )]TJ
6.5995 0 TD
-.0131 Tc
0 Tw
(the U.S. \(Heber et al., 1988b\). Airborne particle concentrations decrease)Tj
-6.5995 -1.0998 TD
0 Tc
.2169 Tw
[(with increasing outside temperature in both mechanically and naturally ventilated)]TJ
0 -1.0942 TD
-.0001 Tc
.0088 Tw
[(piggery buildings \(Heber et al., 1988b\). The concentrations of viable airborne bacteria)]TJ
0 -1.0998 TD
-.0026 Tc
0 Tw
(were )Tj
2.1801 0 TD
-.0087 Tc
[(significantly reduced at higher temperatures in piggery buildings, but the ef)17.1(fects of)]TJ
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/F1 1 Tf
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0 g
-.0378 Tc
.0437 Tw
[(14\(1\):)-33.8( 5-20)]TJ
56.4567 -.1134 TD
-.037 Tc
0 Tw
(11)Tj
10 0 0 10 43.2 604.8567 Tm
-.0011 Tc
(relative )Tj
3.2393 0 TD
-.0053 Tc
-.0002 Tw
(humidity on concentrations of airborne bacteria varied \(Butera et al., 1991\). On)Tj
-3.2393 -1.0942 TD
0 Tc
.1346 Tw
[(the other hand, one study conducted in nine mechanically ventilated farrowing and)]TJ
0 -1.0998 TD
.0001 Tc
.0042 Tw
[(weaner)7.1( buildings found no significant correlation between either airborne bacteria and)]TJ
0 -1.0942 TD
-.0003 Tc
-.0005 Tw
[(humidity)6( or NH)]TJ
7.5 0 0 7.5 106.9795 570.3307 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(3)Tj
10 0 0 10 110.7213 571.9748 Tm
-.0009 Tc
( and humidity levels \(Nicks et al., 1993\).)Tj
/F3 1 Tf
-6.7521 -1.6951 TD
0 Tc
[(V)92.7(entilation)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
1.1962 -1.4003 TD
.0593 Tw
[(V)115.4(entilation)7.9( has a complex ef)17(fect on the concentration of air pollutants. V)113.4(entilation)]TJ
-1.1962 -1.0998 TD
-.002 Tc
-.0002 Tw
[(systems)12.8( are designed to control the thermal environment and facilitate the removal and)]TJ
0 -1.0942 TD
-.0013 Tc
-.0044 Tw
[(transportation)9.1( of )]TJ
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-.0057 Tc
0 Tw
(airborne pollutants outside the building via exhausted air \(Duchaine et)Tj
-6.8546 -1.0998 TD
0 Tc
.2264 Tw
[(al., )-7.4(2000; )-7.4(W)79.4(ang )-6.6(et )-6.6(al., 2000\). However)39.7(, the turbulence associated with increased)]TJ
0 -1.0942 TD
.2777 Tw
[(ventilation)9( favors the resuspension of settled particles. In one study)62.4(, )6.4(increasing)]TJ
T*
-.0015 Tc
0 Tw
(ventilation )Tj
4.5096 0 TD
-.0093 Tc
[(rates of 2, 5, or 8 air changes )11.4(h)]TJ
5.7 0 0 5.7 208.2898 488.2394 Tm
.0073 Tc
(-1)Tj
10 0 0 10 214.0724 486.1984 Tm
-.0104 Tc
( did not af)Tj
3.9515 0 TD
-.0042 Tc
(fect respirable dust concentrations)Tj
-21.0387 -1.0998 TD
0 Tc
.0086 Tw
[(\(Butera)5.6( et al., 1991\). Other studies have also reported the limited ef)17(fects of ventilation)]TJ
0 -1.0942 TD
.1188 Tw
[(rate increase on airborne particle concentrations when compared with the ef)17(fects of)]TJ
0 -1.0998 TD
.0815 Tw
[(airflow patterns \(W)79.4(ang et al., 2002\). The importance of the design of the ventilation)]TJ
0 -1.0942 TD
.0225 Tw
[(system)11.4( has been highlighted \(Aarnink and W)79.4(agemans, 1997; W)39.7(ilhelm and McKinney)62.4(,)]TJ
0 -1.0998 TD
.2027 Tw
[(2001\). One study assessed dif)17(ferences in internal gas concentrations between two)]TJ
0 -1.0942 TD
-.0001 Tc
.1853 Tw
[(piggery buildings that used dif)16.9(ferent ventilation systems \(W)39.6(ilhelm and )12.3(McKinney)62.3(,)]TJ
T*
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-.0169 Tw
[(2001\): a)16.9( )]TJ
3.4998 0 TD
-.0174 Tc
0 Tw
(pit ventilation system was shown to )Tj
13.9312 0 TD
(be ef)Tj
1.8672 0 TD
-.0087 Tc
(fective in )Tj
3.8977 0 TD
-.0147 Tc
(reducing NH)Tj
7.5 0 0 7.5 325.474 407.7921 Tm
0 Tc
(3)Tj
10 0 0 10 329.2157 409.4362 Tm
-.0067 Tc
( concentrations)Tj
-28.6016 -1.0998 TD
0 Tc
.03 Tw
[(by approximately 40% compared with a traditional cross ventilation system \(W)39.7(ilhelm)]TJ
0 -1.0942 TD
-.0001 Tc
.1278 Tw
[(and )5.8(McKinney)62.3(, 2001\). On the other hand, a decline was demonstrated in total dust)]TJ
0 -1.0998 TD
0 Tc
-.014 Tw
[(concentrations)15.2( i)14(n)14( )]TJ
7.0388 0 TD
-.014 Tc
0 Tw
(association with a 0.1 to 0.4 m)Tj
5.7 0 0 5.7 231.4772 378.5386 Tm
0 Tc
(3)Tj
10 0 0 10 234.3685 376.4976 Tm
-.0275 Tc
( s)Tj
5.7 0 0 5.7 240.2079 378.5386 Tm
.0073 Tc
(-1)Tj
10 0 0 10 245.9906 376.4976 Tm
-.008 Tc
( ventilation rate per pig \(Gustafsson,)Tj
-20.2791 -1.0942 TD
-.0001 Tc
.0206 Tw
[(1999; W)79.3(ang et al., 2000\). This indicates that lar)16.9(ger particles might be more ef)16.9(ficiently)]TJ
T*
-.0006 Tc
-.0002 Tw
[(ventilated)8.9( out from livestock buildings.)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
0 -1.6951 TD
0 Tc
0 Tw
(Hygiene)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.1962 -1.406 TD
-.0001 Tc
.1547 Tw
[(A number of studies have demonstrated that pen hygiene has an ef)16.9(fect on NH)]TJ
7.5 0 0 7.5 385.285 321.959 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(3)Tj
10 0 0 10 43.2 312.6614 Tm
-.0159 Tw
[(concentrations)15.2( i)15.9(n)15.9( )]TJ
7.0312 0 TD
-.0159 Tc
0 Tw
(piggery buildings. Ammonia concentrations increase as the level of pen)Tj
-7.0312 -1.0998 TD
-.0031 Tc
-.0001 Tw
(floor contamination increases \(Aarnink et al., 1997; Aarnink et al., 1996; Kovacs et al.,)Tj
0 -1.0942 TD
-.0001 Tc
.0056 Tw
[(1967; Ni et al., 1999b\). Air turbulence associated with increased ventilation favors the)]TJ
T*
-.0008 Tc
-.0019 Tw
[(volatilization)10.4( of NH)]TJ
7.5 0 0 7.5 123.4772 278.1354 Tm
0 Tc
0 Tw
(3)Tj
10 0 0 10 127.2189 279.7795 Tm
-.0022 Tc
( from exposed sources, such as contaminated pen floors \(Ni et al.,)Tj
-8.4019 -1.0998 TD
-.0001 Tc
.03 Tw
[(1999b\). However)39.6(, improved pen cleanliness limits opportunities for volatilization and)]TJ
0 -1.0942 TD
-.0004 Tc
0 Tw
[(therefore )]TJ
3.8365 0 TD
-.0191 Tc
(could improve the ef)Tj
7.9046 0 TD
-.011 Tc
(fectiveness of the ventilation system. Manure accumulated)Tj
-11.7411 -1.0998 TD
-.0221 Tc
[(o)-22.1(n)-19.9( pen floors has a )]TJ
7.4045 0 TD
(negative ef)Tj
4.1552 0 TD
-.0143 Tc
(fect on the concentration of viable airborne bacteria \(Chang)Tj
-11.5597 -1.0942 TD
-.007 Tc
[(e)-7(t)-5( al., 2001b\). Lack of cleaning and dust accumulation on horizontal surfaces reportedly)]TJ
T*
-.0007 Tc
-.0001 Tw
[(increases)13.2( airborne dust concentrations in piggery buildings \(Heber et al., 1988b\).)]TJ
/F3 1 Tf
0 -1.6951 TD
0 Tw
(Design of the Data Collection Form)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
1.1962 -1.406 TD
-.0001 Tc
.0022 Tw
[(On the basis )-9.1(of the brief review detailed above, a standard data collection form was)]TJ
-1.1962 -1.0942 TD
0 Tc
.0522 Tw
[(developed)11( to collect all relevant data that described the management and engineering)]TJ
T*
.0641 Tw
[(characteristics)16.6( of the buildings that might influence airborne pollutant concentrations)]TJ
0 -1.0998 TD
.037 Tw
[(\(table 3\). This information was later used during the model development phase of the)]TJ
0 -1.0942 TD
0 Tw
(project.)Tj
14 0 0 14 44.8441 118.2047 Tm
.0086 Tw
[(Design)-5.7( of Field Survey)64.8(, Study Buildings, and Data Collected)]TJ
10 0 0 10 55.1622 103.8614 Tm
-.0001 Tc
.1736 Tw
(A total of 160 piggery buildings from 40 farms were surveyed during the data)Tj
-1.1962 -1.0998 TD
0 Tc
.0502 Tw
[(collection)9.5( period \(between the autumn of 1997 and the autumn of 1999\). The sample)]TJ
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.0034 Tc
( )Tj
/F1 1 Tf
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.0044 Tc
( )Tj
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.0008 Tc
.0036 Tw
( Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health)Tj
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.0152 Tc
-.0152 Tw
[(T)90(a)-2.1(b)4.3(l)2.6(e)12.7( 3.)15.3( In)4.3(form)4.9(ation)16.1( collected)]TJ
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.0128 Tc
-.0123 Tw
[( about)13.4( the)12.8( study)13.5( buildings)-5.1(.)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
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0 Tc
0 Tw
(Item)Tj
ET
42.746 602.419 132.038 .9071 re
f
BT
8 0 0 8 175.748 594.5386 Tm
(Comments)Tj
ET
174.784 602.419 211.124 .9071 re
f
BT
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.0103 Tw
(Farm identification)Tj
ET
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f
BT
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.0156 Tw
(Unique identification number)Tj
ET
174.784 590.457 211.124 .39685 re
f
BT
8 0 0 8 43.7102 571.4079 Tm
[(Building identification)-7405.5(Unique identification number)]TJ
0 -1.3252 TD
.0013 Tw
[(Date of visit)-11558.3(Day/month/year )-30.4(\(season\))]TJ
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.0112 Tw
[(Management )-10(system)-8234.6(Continuous flow versus allin/allout management)]TJ
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[(Building )-13.1(classification)-7462.2(W)79.4(eaner)31.9(, )-9.1(grower/finisher)42.5(, dry sow)63.8(, farrowing, DBS)]TJ
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.0056 Tw
[(Age of pigs)-11827.6(W)79.4(eeks)]TJ
0 -1.3181 TD
.0063 Tw
[(W)79.4(eight of pigs)-10629.9(A)70(verage weight of pigs \(kg\))]TJ
0 -1.3252 TD
.0087 Tw
[(Age of buildings)-9765.3(Y)98.4(ears)]TJ
0 -1.3181 TD
.0066 Tw
[(Farm size)-12585.8(Number of sows)]TJ
T*
.0033 Tw
[(Pen size)-13195.3(Length \(m\), width \(m\), and area \(m)]TJ
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0 Tw
(2)Tj
8 0 0 8 292.9323 486.8787 Tm
(\))Tj
-31.1528 -1.3252 TD
.0077 Tw
[(Number of pigs per building space)-2607.9(Number of pigs)]TJ
0 -1.3181 TD
.0034 Tw
[(V)126.7(olume )-6.1(of )-6.1(building)-8723.6(Length \(m\), width \(m\), height \(m\), and volume \(m)]TJ
6.5 0 0 6.5 337.9465 468.0567 Tm
0 Tw
(3)Tj
8 0 0 8 341.2346 465.7323 Tm
(\))Tj
-37.1905 -1.3181 TD
.0064 Tw
[(Level of hygiene)-9708.7(Scored as good, fair)42.5(, or poor)]TJ
0 -1.3252 TD
.0177 Tw
[(V)112.6(entilation )6.2(type)-10133.9(Natural, mechanical, tunnelventilated \(deepbedded\) buildings)]TJ
0 -1.3181 TD
.0058 Tw
[(V)112.6(entilation )-7.3(control)-9021.3(Manual, automatic, or other)]TJ
T*
.0068 Tw
[(Air )6.7(inlet )6.7(size)-11338.6(Height of shutters/blinds \(cm\))]TJ
0 -1.3252 TD
.0065 Tw
[(Ridge vent size)-10325.2(W)44(idth and height \(cm\))]TJ
0 -1.3181 TD
.0102 Tw
[(Roof/wall insulation type)-6321.3(Asbestos, sandwich panels, sprayon/polystyrene bats, or other)]TJ
0 -1.3252 TD
.0111 Tw
(Roof/wall insulation thickness)Tj
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42.746 388.176 132.038 .9071 re
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BT
8 0 0 8 175.748 391.748 Tm
0 Tw
(Centimeters)Tj
ET
174.784 388.176 211.124 .9071 re
f
BT
/F3 1 Tf
8 0 0 8 71.9433 370.2614 Tm
.0121 Tc
-.0104 Tw
[(T)86.9(a)-5.2(ble)12.1( 4.)13.1( Numbe)-4.5(r)-4.5(s)12.1( of)12.1( r)19.2(e)-4.5(pe)-4.5(a)-5.2(t)-2.1(s)12.1( inc)-4.5(l)-.5(ude)-4.5(d)14.4( )4(in)13.8( )3.4(th)]TJ
18.4819 0 TD
.0139 Tc
-.0111 Tw
[(e)13.9( study)13.9( for)14.8( )3.7(differ)18.5(e)-2.7(nt)13.9( classes)13.9( of)15.6( )4.5(buildings.)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
-19.2756 -2.6716 TD
0 Tc
.0039 Tw
(Class of Building)Tj
ET
42.746 366.35 102.104 .9071 re
f
BT
8 0 0 8 145.8142 348.8882 Tm
.0094 Tw
(Brief Description)Tj
ET
144.85 366.35 180.057 .9071 re
f
BT
8 0 0 8 337.2094 358.4693 Tm
.0125 Tw
(Number of)Tj
.2339 -1.1551 TD
0 Tw
(Buildings)Tj
ET
324.907 366.35 61.002 .9071 re
f
BT
8 0 0 8 77.7827 336.359 Tm
(Grower)Tj
6.5 0 0 6.5 102.274 338.6834 Tm
-.0004 Tc
([a])Tj
ET
42.746 344.75 102.104 .39685 re
f
BT
8 0 0 8 145.8142 336.359 Tm
0 Tc
.0083 Tw
(Natural ventilation, liquid manure)Tj
ET
144.85 344.75 180.057 .39685 re
f
BT
8 0 0 8 350.6457 336.359 Tm
0 Tw
(37)Tj
ET
324.907 344.75 61.002 .39685 re
f
BT
8 0 0 8 76.9323 325.7008 Tm
(Finisher)Tj
6.5 0 0 6.5 103.1811 328.0252 Tm
-.0004 Tc
([a])Tj
8 0 0 8 145.8142 325.7008 Tm
0 Tc
.0083 Tw
[(Natural ventilation, liquid manure)-11969.3(27)]TJ
-10.8567 -1.3252 TD
.0032 Tw
[(Deepbedded )-27.9(shelters)-2189.8(Natural \(tunnel\) ventilation, straw litter)-9864.6(1)32.3(1)]TJ
2.622 -1.3181 TD
.0079 Tw
[(Dry sow)-4811.8(Natural ventilation, liquid manure)-11969.3(22)]TJ
-.3756 -1.3181 TD
.0082 Tw
[(Farrowing)-4445.3(Natural or mechanical ventilation, liquid manure)-6066.1(30)]TJ
.5669 -1.3252 TD
[(W)79.4(eaner)-5013.8(Natural or mechanical ventilation, liquid manure)-6066.1(33)]TJ
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[(B. W)93.7(.)-.1( Hall, Dr)56.6(. J. Black, Prof. R. Gates, Prof. D. Berckmans, Dr)57.3(. S. Pedersen,)]TJ
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(References)Tj
9 0 0 9 43.2 229.9465 Tm
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[(Aarnink,)-19.4( A. J. A., and M. J. M. W)81.9(agemans. )-16(1997. )-16(Ammonia )-16(volatilization )-16(and )-16(dust)]TJ
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[(concentration )-8(as )-8(af)18.9(fected by ventilation systems in houses for fattening pigs. )]TJ
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[(T)58.4(rans. ASAE)]TJ
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[(40\(4\): 1)37.8(1611)21.2(170.)]TJ
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[(Aarnink, A. J. A., A. J. van den Ber)18.9(g, A. Keen, P)113.4(.)0( Hoeksma, and M. W)94.5(.)0( A. V)113.4(erstegen. )-30.7(1996.)]TJ
1.3291 -1.1087 TD
.0147 Tw
[(Ef)18(fect of slatted floor area on ammonia emission and on the excretory and lying behaviour)]TJ
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(of growing pigs. )Tj
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(J. Agric. Eng. Res.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
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.0215 Tw
[( 64\(4\): 299310.)]TJ
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.0113 Tw
[(Aarnink, A. J. A., D. Swierstra, A. J. van den Ber)18.9(g, and L. Speelman. 1997. Ef)18.9(fect of type of)]TJ
1.3291 -1.1087 TD
.0138 Tw
(slatted floor and degree of fouling of solid floor on ammonia emission rates from fattening)Tj
T*
0 Tw
(piggeries. )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
4.189 0 TD
.0055 Tw
(J. Agric. Eng. Res.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
7.5087 0 TD
.0195 Tw
[( 66\(2\): 93102.)]TJ
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.0162 Tw
[(Agranovski, )-17(V)132.3(., )7.5(Z. )7.5(Ristovski, )7.5(P)113.4(.)0( J. Blackall, and L. Morawska. 2004. Sizeselective assessment)]TJ
1.3291 -1.1087 TD
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[(of airborne particles in swine confinement building with the UV)132.3(APS. )]TJ
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[(Atmospheric Envir)37.8(on.)]TJ
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(38\(23\): 38933901.)Tj
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.0141 Tw
[(Arogo, J., P)113.5(.).1( )9.4(W)94.6(.).1( )9.4(W)82(esterman, and A. J. Heber)56.8(. 2003. A review of ammonia emissions from)]TJ
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0 Tc
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(confined swine feeding operations. )Tj
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[(T)58.4(rans. ASAE)]TJ
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[( 46\(3\): 805817.)]TJ
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[(Asmar)26.8(, )11.9(S., )11.9(J. )11.9(A. )11.9(Pickrell, )11.9(and )11.9(F)82(.).1( )14.7(W)94.6(.).1( Oehme. 2001. Pulmonary diseases caused by airborne)]TJ
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(contaminants in swine confinement buildings. )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
18.7654 0 TD
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[(V)113.4(et. and Human T)94.5(oxicology)]TJ
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[( 43\(1\): 4853.)]TJ
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[( 48\(8\): 745751.)]TJ
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[(Banhazi, )-5.5(T)75.6(.)0( 2005. Improved air quality measurement procedure: BASEQ system. In )]TJ
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[(Pr)36.2(oc.)]TJ
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[(AAPV Confer)37.8(ence)]TJ
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[(, 7175. T)75.6(.)0( Fahy)63(, ed. University of Sydney)63(, )5(New )5(South )5(W)81.9(ales, )-9(Australia:)]TJ
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[(Banhazi, T)75.6(., )7.3(and )7.3(C. )7.3(Car)18.9(gill. 1998. An assessment of the benefits of agesegregated rearing and)]TJ
1.3291 -1.1087 TD
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[(Pr)36.2(oc. 15th IPVS Congr)37.8(ess)]TJ
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[(387. C. Car)18.9(gill and S. McOrist, eds. Birmingham, U.K.: University of Birmingham.)]TJ
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[(Banhazi, )-8.9(T)75.6(.)0( )5.1(M., )5.1(D. )5.1(L. )5.1(Rutley)63(, and W)94.5(.)0( S. Pitchford. 2008a. Identification of risk factors for)]TJ
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T*
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(recommendations. )Tj
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[( 14\(1\): 53-69.)]TJ
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[(Banhazi, )-12.5(T)75.6(.)0( M., J. Seedorf, D. L. Rutley)63(, and W)94.5(.)0( )-5.5(S. )-5.5(Pitchford. )-5.5(2008b. )-5.5(Identification )-5.5(of )-5.5(risk)]TJ
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T*
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(pollutants. )Tj
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[( 14\(1\): 21-39.)]TJ
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[(Banhazi, )-12.5(T)75.6(.)0( M., J. Seedorf, D. L. Rutley)63(, and W)94.5(.)0( )-5.4(S. )-5.4(Pitchford. )-5.4(2008c. )-5.4(Identification )-5.4(of )-5.4(risk)]TJ
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[( 14\(1\): 41-52.)]TJ
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[( 26\(3\): 327331.)]TJ
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23.3827 0 TD
0 Tw
(Statistical Sci.)Tj
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[( 16\(3\): 199215.)]TJ
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[(Butera, M., J. H. Smith, W)94.5(.)0( D. Morrison, R. R Hacker)37.8(, )6.9(F)81.9(.)0( A. Kains, and J. R. Ogilvie. 1991.)]TJ
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T*
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[(types in a hoggrowing facility)63(. )]TJ
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[( 71\(2\): 271277.)]TJ
-23.9685 -1.1024 TD
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[(Car)14.1(gill, )9.4(C., )9.3(and )9.3(T)75.6(.)0( Banhazi. 1998. The importance of cleaning in allin/allout management)]TJ
1.3291 -1.1087 TD
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.0033 Tw
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[(, 15. C. Car)18.9(gill and S. McOrist, eds. Birmingham,)]TJ
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-1.3291 -1.1087 TD
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[(Car)14.1(gill, )10.3(C., )10.3(T)75.6(.)0( Banhazi, and I. Connaughton. 1998. The influence of air quality on production)]TJ
1.3291 -1.1087 TD
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[(Pr)36.2(oc. 15th IPVS Congr)37.8(ess)]TJ
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[(Car)14.1(gill and S. McOrist, eds. Birmingham, U.K.: University of Birmingham.)]TJ
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[(Car)14.1(gill, )10.3(C., )10.3(T)75.6(.)0( Murphy)63(, )7.8(and )7.8(T)75.6(.)0( Banhazi. 2002. Hygiene and air quality in intensive housing)]TJ
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10.0094 0 TD
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[(T)69.3(aplin, eds. Adelaide, South Australia: Australian Society of Animal Production.)]TJ
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[(Chang, C. W)94.5(., )4.9(H. )4.9(Chung, )4.9(C. )4.9(F)81.9(.)0( Huang, and H. J. J. Su. 2001a. Exposure assessment to airborne)]TJ
1.3291 -1.1087 TD
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T*
0 Tw
(houses. )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
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[( 45\(6\): 457465.)]TJ
-14.0976 -1.1024 TD
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[(Chang, C. W)94.5(., H. Chung, C. F)81.9(.)0( Huang, and H. J. J. Su. 2001b. Exposure of workers to airborne)]TJ
1.3291 -1.1087 TD
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.0159 Tw
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17.1843 0 TD
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.002 Tw
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[( 67\(1\): 155161.)]TJ
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[(Clark, )8.4(S., )8.4(R. )8.4(R)37.8(ylander)19.5(, and L. Larsson. 1983. Airborne bacteria, endotoxin, and fungi in)]TJ
1.3291 -1.1087 TD
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(poultry and swine confinement buildings. )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
16.9827 0 TD
.0059 Tw
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13.1528 0 TD
.0215 Tw
[( 44\(7\): 537541.)]TJ
-31.4646 -1.1087 TD
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[(Crook, B., J. F)81.9(.)0( Robertson, S. A. Glass, E. M. Botheroyd, J. Lacey)63(, and M. D. T)69.3(opping. )-30.5(1991.)]TJ
1.3291 -1.1087 TD
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[(Airborne )-6.7(dust, )-6.7(ammonia, )-6.7(microor)18.9(ganisms, and antigens in pig confinement houses and the)]TJ
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17.8457 0 TD
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(American Ind. Hygiene Assoc. J.)Tj
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13.1528 0 TD
.0146 Tw
[( 52\(7\):)]TJ
-30.9984 -1.1087 TD
0 Tw
(271279.)Tj
-1.3291 -1.1087 TD
.0159 Tw
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1.3291 -1.1087 TD
.0117 Tw
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/F4 1 Tf
13.3354 0 TD
.0025 Tw
[(Dust Contr)37.8(ol in Animal Pr)37.8(oduction Facilities)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
18.1921 0 TD
.0148 Tw
[(, 931)37.8(10. S.)]TJ
-31.5276 -1.1087 TD
.0187 Tw
(Pedersen, ed. Aarhus, Denmark: Danish Institute of Agricultural Science.)Tj
-1.3291 -1.1087 TD
.0172 Tw
(Donham, K. J. 1991. Association of environmental air contaminants with disease and)Tj
1.3291 -1.1024 TD
.0152 Tw
(productivity in swine. )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
9.0457 0 TD
.0055 Tw
[(American J. V)113.4(et. Res.)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
8.5354 0 TD
.0274 Tw
[( 52\(10\): 17231730.)]TJ
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[(Donham, K. J. 1995. A review: The ef)18.9(fects )-7.3(of )-7.3(environmental )-7.3(conditions )-7.3(inside )-7.3(swine )-7.3(housing)]TJ
1.3291 -1.1087 TD
.0121 Tw
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11.6535 0 TD
0 Tw
[(Manipulating Pig Pr)37.8(oduction V)]TJ
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[(, 203221. D. P)113.4(.)0( Jennessy and P)113.4(.)]TJ
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-1.3291 -1.1087 TD
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[(Donham, K. J. 2000. The concentration of swine production: Ef)18.9(fects on swine health,)]TJ
1.3291 -1.1087 TD
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(Practice)Tj
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[( 46\(1)37.8(1\): )-17.7(658661.)]TJ
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[( 47\(7\): 404410.)]TJ
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[( 42\(3\): 260269.)]TJ
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1.3291 -1.1087 TD
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[( 50\(6\): 10851091.)]TJ
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1.3291 -1.1024 TD
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[( 61\(1\): 5663.)]TJ
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[( 6\(4\): 275282.)]TJ
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1.3291 -1.1087 TD
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(2)Tj
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(4)Tj
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[(Agric. Ecosystems and Envir)37.8(on.)]TJ
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[( 91: 175189.)]TJ
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.0112 Tw
[(Groot )-8.8(Koerkamp, )-8.8(P)113.5(.).1( )6.5(W)94.6(.).1( G., J. H. M. Metz, et al. 1998. Concentrations and emissions of)]TJ
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21.0016 0 TD
.0055 Tw
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7.5087 0 TD
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[( 70\(1\): 7995.)]TJ
-29.8394 -1.1087 TD
.016 Tw
(Guingand, N. 1999. Dust concentrations in piggeries: Influence of season, age of pigs, type of)Tj
1.3291 -1.1087 TD
.0158 Tw
[(floor)29.1(, and feed presentation in farrowing, postweaning, and finishing rooms. In )]TJ
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32.3339 0 TD
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(Dust)Tj
-32.3339 -1.1087 TD
.0015 Tw
[(Contr)36.5(ol in Animal Pr)37.8(oduction Facilities)]TJ
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16.0441 0 TD
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-16.0441 -1.1024 TD
.0191 Tw
(Institute of Agricultural Science.)Tj
-1.3291 -1.1087 TD
.015 Tw
[(Gustafsson, G. 1999. Factors af)18.9(fecting the release and concentration of dust in pig houses. )]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
36.5165 0 TD
0 Tw
(J.)Tj
-35.1874 -1.1087 TD
.0062 Tw
(Agric. Eng. Res.)Tj
/F1 1 Tf
6.5575 0 TD
.0215 Tw
[( 74\(4\): 379390.)]TJ
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[(Gustin, )-3.9(P)113.4(., B. Urbain, J. F)81.9(.)0( )-4.4(Prouvost, )-4.4(and )-4.4(M. )-4.4(Ansay)63(. 1994. Ef)18.9(fects )-8.9(of )-8.9(atmospheric )-8.9(ammonia )-8.9(on)]TJ
1.3291 -1.1087 TD
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/F4 1 Tf
T*
.002 Tw
[(T)96.2(oxicology and Applied Pharmacology)]TJ
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15.685 0 TD
.0195 Tw
[( 125\(1\): 1726.)]TJ
-17.0142 -1.1024 TD
.0146 Tw
[(Hammond, E. G., C. Fedler)37.8(, and G. Junk. 1979. Identification of dustborne odors in swine)]TJ
1.3291 -1.1087 TD
.0208 Tw
(confinement facilities. )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
9.2346 0 TD
.0069 Tw
[(T)58.4(rans. ASAE)]TJ
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5.1276 0 TD
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[( 22\(5\): 1)37.8(1861)21.2(189, )-9.4(1)37.8(192.)]TJ
-15.6913 -1.1087 TD
.0138 Tw
[(Hammond, E. G., C. Fedler)37.8(, and R. J. Smith. 1981. Analysis of particleborne swine house)]TJ
1.3291 -1.1087 TD
0 Tw
(odors. )Tj
/F4 1 Tf
2.7402 0 TD
.0037 Tw
[(Agric. and Envir)37.8(on.)]TJ
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7.9496 0 TD
.0195 Tw
[( 6\(4\): 395401.)]TJ
-12.0189 -1.1087 TD
.0155 Tw
(Hartung, J., and J. Seedorf. 1999. Characterization of airborne dust in livestock housing and its)Tj
1.3291 -1.1087 TD
.0143 Tw
[(ef)14.8(fects on animal and environment. In )]TJ
/F4 1 Tf
15.5402 0 TD
.0025 Tw
[(Dust Contr)37.8(ol in Animal Pr)37.8(oduction Facilities)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
18.1921 0 TD
0 Tw
(,)Tj
-33.7323 -1.1024 TD
.0181 Tw
(140154. S. Pedersen, ed. Aarhus, Denmark: Danish Institute of Agricultural Science.)Tj
-1.3291 -1.1087 TD
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[(Heber)24.1(, A. J., M. Stroik, J. M. Faubion, and L. H. W)37.8(illard. )-9.8(1988a. )-9.8(Size )-9.8(distribution )-9.8(and)]TJ
1.3291 -1.1087 TD
.0138 Tw
(identification of aerial dust particles in swine finishing buildings. )Tj
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26.4567 0 TD
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[(T)58.4(rans. ASAE)]TJ
/F1 1 Tf
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[( 31\(3\):)]TJ
-31.5843 -1.1087 TD
0 Tw
(882887.)Tj
-1.3291 -1.1087 TD
.0125 Tw
[(Heber)24.1(, A. J., M. Stroik, J. L. Nelssen, and D. A. Nichols. 1988b. Influence of environmental)]TJ
1.3291 -1.1087 TD
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[(factors )-5.3(on )-5.3(concentrations )-5.3(and )-5.3(inor)18.9(ganic content of aerial dust in swine finishing buildings.)]TJ
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[(T)58.4(rans. ASAE)]TJ
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[( 31\(3\): 875881.)]TJ
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[( 36\(1\): 4956.)]TJ
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(Exposure to bacteria in swinehouse dust and acute inflammatory reactions in humans.)Tj
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[(American J. Respiratory and Critical Car)37.8(e Med.)]TJ
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[( 154\(5\): 12611266.)]TJ
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