Effects of work-from-home (WFH)/hybrid work on well-being, work performance, and work engagement in architectural, engineering, and construction industry

Article

Prasoppokakorn, Thana, Tetiranont, Suppapol, Kupwiwat, Chi-Tathon, Ullah, Fahim and Prasittisopin, Lapyote. 2026. "Effects of work-from-home (WFH)/hybrid work on well-being, work performance, and work engagement in architectural, engineering, and construction industry." Construction Innovation: information, process, management. https://doi.org/10.1108/CI-09-2025-0387
Article Title

Effects of work-from-home (WFH)/hybrid work on well-being, work performance, and work engagement in architectural, engineering, and construction industry

ERA Journal ID40994
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsPrasoppokakorn, Thana, Tetiranont, Suppapol, Kupwiwat, Chi-Tathon, Ullah, Fahim and Prasittisopin, Lapyote
EditorsPerera, S. and Wu, P.
Journal TitleConstruction Innovation: information, process, management
Number of Pages25
Year2026
PublisherEmerald
Place of PublicationUnited Kingdom
ISSN1471-4175
1477-0857
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1108/CI-09-2025-0387
Web Address (URL)https://www.emerald.com/ci/article/doi/10.1108/CI-09-2025-0387/1340022
Abstract

Purpose
The effect of work-from-home (WFH) on human working factors in architectural, engineering and construction (AEC) industry has been unexplored. The work aims to address the existing research gaps and analyze the effects of hybrid work patterns on work engagement, work performance and various well-being factors. This study seeks to determine the best current work arrangement while providing valuable insights and trends.

Design/methodology/approach
This study deploys a survey of 220 AEC sample population on both work patterns using anonymous online questionnaires. The questions were established and modified based on International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS 21), the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES-9) and the Individual Work Performance Questionnaire (IWPQ).

Findings
While WFH workers currently work 1.38 days per week, they prefer 2.27 days. Hybrid workers show slightly higher engagement, but increasing WFH for on-site employees reduces performance from 2 to 13%. Work performance remains stable, suggesting that maintaining current arrangement can optimize employees’ productivity.

Research limitations/implications
The findings facilitate organizations in the AEC sector to optimize work patterns for enhancing employees’ productivity, satisfaction and overall workplace effectiveness regarding Sociotechnical Systems Theory. Results can advocate their organizational HR policy and standard establishment.

Originality/value
The novelty of this work is to explore the optimal WFH rate and work pattern impacts in the AEC industry for the first time. The work offers insights into WFH work engagement, performance and well-being.

KeywordsWork from home (WFH) ; Well-being; Work engagement; Architectural engineering construction; Sociotechnical systems theory; Design; Construction
Contains Sensitive ContentDoes not contain sensitive content
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020330202. Building construction management and project planning
Public Notes

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Byline AffiliationsChulalongkorn University, Thailand
School of Science, Engineering & Digital Technologies- Surveying & Built Env
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Munawar, Hafiz Suliman, Qayyum, Siddra, Ullah, Fahim and Sepasgozar, Samad. 2020. "Big Data and Its Applications in Smart Real Estate and the Disaster Management Life Cycle: A Systematic Analysis." Big Data and Cognitive Computing. 4 (2), pp. 1-53. https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc4020004
Barriers to the digitalisation and innovation of Australian Smart Real Estate: A managerial perspective on the technology non-adoption
Ullah, Fahim, Sepasgozar, Samad M. E., Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin and Al-Turjman, Fadi. 2021. "Barriers to the digitalisation and innovation of Australian Smart Real Estate: A managerial perspective on the technology non-adoption." Environmental Technology and Innovation. 22, pp. 1-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.101527
Smart Automated Fault Detection for Improved Road Maintenance Planning in Australia
Brisolin, Jacob, Nguyen, Andy, Ullah, Fahim, Bourke, Allan, Khuc, Tung and Nsanabo, Vivien. 2022. "Smart Automated Fault Detection for Improved Road Maintenance Planning in Australia." Guan, Hong, Chan, Tommy H. T. and Li, Jianchun (ed.) Recent Advances in Structural Health Monitoring Research in Australia. New York, United States. Nova Science Publishers. pp. 245-278
Diverse Impact of Sensitive Sub-Categories of Demographic Variables on Safety Climate of High-Rise Building Projects
Zahoor, Hafiz, Khan, Rashid Mehmood, Ali, Babar, Maqsoom, Ahsen, Mazher, Khwaja Mateen and Ullah, Fahim. 2021. "Diverse Impact of Sensitive Sub-Categories of Demographic Variables on Safety Climate of High-Rise Building Projects." The Journal of Architecture. 2 (1), pp. 175-195. https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture2010010
Extracting built-up areas from spectro-textural information using machine learning
Maqsoom, Ahsen, Aslam, Bilal, Yousafzai, Arbaz, Ullah, Fahim, Ullah, Sami and Imran, Muhammad. 2022. "Extracting built-up areas from spectro-textural information using machine learning." Soft Computing. 26 (16), pp. 7789-7808. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-022-06794-6
Investigation of the empirical relation between student sketching, attendance and performance in construction education
Ullah, Fahim, Sepasgozar, Samad M. E., Khan, Rao Muhammad Afrasiab and Davis, Steven. 2018. "Investigation of the empirical relation between student sketching, attendance and performance in construction education." Do, Khoa, Sutrisna, Monty, Cooper-Cooke, Barry and Olatunji, Oluwole (Alfred) (ed.) 42nd AUBEA Conference 2018: Educating Building Professionals for the Future in the Globalised World. Singapore Singapore.
Assessing Rainwater Harvesting Potential in Urban Areas: A Building Information Modelling (BIM) Approach
Maqsoom, Ahsen, Aslam, Bilal, Ismail, Sharjeel, Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin, Ullah, Fahim, Zahoor, Hafiz, Musarat, Muhammad Ali and Vatin, Nikolai Ivanovich. 2021. "Assessing Rainwater Harvesting Potential in Urban Areas: A Building Information Modelling (BIM) Approach." Sustainability. 13 (22), pp. 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212583
Assessing Nitrate Contamination Risks in Groundwater: A Machine Learning Approach
Awais, Muhammad, Aslam, Bilal, Maqsoom, Ahsen, Khalil, Umer, Ullah, Fahim, Azam, Sheheryar and Imran, Muhammad. 2021. "Assessing Nitrate Contamination Risks in Groundwater: A Machine Learning Approach." Applied Sciences. 11 (21), pp. 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112110034
Effects of COVID‐19 on the Australian economy: insights into the mobility and unemployment rates in education and tourism sectors
Munawar, Hafiz Suliman, Khan, Sara Imran, Ullah, Fahim, Kouzani, Abbas Z. and Mahmud, M. A. Parvez. 2021. "Effects of COVID‐19 on the Australian economy: insights into the mobility and unemployment rates in education and tourism sectors." Sustainability. 13 (20), pp. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011300
Towards smart healthcare: UAV-based optimized path planning for delivering COVID-19 self-testing kits using cutting edge technologies
Munawar, Hafiz Suliman, Inam, Hina, Ullah, Fahim, Qayyum, Siddra, Kouzani, Abbas Z. and Mahmud, M. A. Parvez. 2021. "Towards smart healthcare: UAV-based optimized path planning for delivering COVID-19 self-testing kits using cutting edge technologies." Sustainability. 13 (18), pp. 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810426
UAV based spatiotemporal analysis of the 2019–2020 New South Wales bushfires
Ullah, Fahim, Khan, Sara Imran, Munawar, Hafiz Suliman, Qadir, Zakria and Qayyum, Siddra. 2021. "UAV based spatiotemporal analysis of the 2019–2020 New South Wales bushfires." Sustainability. 13, pp. 1-35. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810207
Using multivariate regression and ANN models to predict properties of concrete cured under hot weather: a case of Rawalpindi Pakistan
Maqsoom, Ahsen, Aslam, Bilal, Gul, Muhammad Ehtisham, Ullah, Fahim, Kouzani, Abbas Z., Mahmud, M. A. Parvez and Nawaz, Adnan. 2021. "Using multivariate regression and ANN models to predict properties of concrete cured under hot weather: a case of Rawalpindi Pakistan." Sustainability. 13, pp. 1-28. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131810164
A beginner’s guide to developing review-based conceptual frameworks in the built environment
Ullah, Fahim. 2021. "A beginner’s guide to developing review-based conceptual frameworks in the built environment." Architecture. 1 (1), pp. 5-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture1010003
BIMp-chart — a global decision support system for measuring BIM implementation level in construction organizations
Malik, Qurratulain, Nasir, Abdur Rehman, Muhammad, Rabiah, Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin, Ullah, Fahim, Khan, Khurram Iqbal Ahmad and Hassan, Muhammad Usman. 2021. "BIMp-chart — a global decision support system for measuring BIM implementation level in construction organizations." Sustainability. 13 (16), pp. 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13169270
Urban overheating assessment through prediction of surface temperatures: a case study of Karachi, Pakistan
Aslam, Bilal, Maqsoom, Ahsen, Khalid, Nauman, Ullah, Fahim and Sepasgozar, Samad. 2021. "Urban overheating assessment through prediction of surface temperatures: a case study of Karachi, Pakistan." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. 10 (8), pp. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10080539
UAVs in disaster management: application of integrated aerial Imagery and convolutional neural network for flood detection
Munawar, Hafiz Suliman, Ullah, Fahim, Qayyum, Siddra, Khan, Sara Imran and Mojtahedi, Mohammad. 2021. "UAVs in disaster management: application of integrated aerial Imagery and convolutional neural network for flood detection." Sustainability. 13 (14), pp. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147547
A conceptual framework for blockchain smart contract adoption to manage real estate deals in smart cities
Ullah, Fahim and Al-Turjman, Fadi. 2023. "A conceptual framework for blockchain smart contract adoption to manage real estate deals in smart cities." Neural Computing and Applications. 35 (7), p. 5033–5054. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-021-05800-6
Investigating the flood damages in Lower Indus Basin since 2000: spatiotemporal analyses of the major flood events
Atif, Salman, Umar, Muhammad and Ullah, Fahim. 2021. "Investigating the flood damages in Lower Indus Basin since 2000: spatiotemporal analyses of the major flood events." Natural Hazards. 108, pp. 2357-2383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04783-w
Risk management in sustainable smart cities governance: a TOE framework
Ullah, Fahim, Qayyum, Siddra, Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin, Al-Turjman, Fadi and Sepasgozar, Samad M.E.. 2021. "Risk management in sustainable smart cities governance: a TOE framework." Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120743
Advertising through UAVs: Optimized path system for delivering smart real‐estate advertisement materials
Ullah, Fahim, Al-Turjman, Fadi, Qayyum, Siddra, Inam, Hina and Imran, Muhammad. 2021. "Advertising through UAVs: Optimized path system for delivering smart real‐estate advertisement materials." International Journal of Intelligent Systems. 36 (7), pp. 3429-3463. https://doi.org/10.1002/int.22422
Modelling users’ perception of the online real estate platforms in a digitally disruptive environment: an integrated KANO-SISQual approach
Ullah, Fahim, Sepasgozar, Samad M.E., Shiwrozhan, Sara and Davis, Steven. 2021. "Modelling users’ perception of the online real estate platforms in a digitally disruptive environment: an integrated KANO-SISQual approach." Telematics and Informatics. 63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2021.101660
Application of deep learning on UAV-based aerial images for flood detection
Munawar, Hafiz Suliman, Ullah, Fahim, Qayyum, Siddra and Heravi, Amirhossein. 2021. "Application of deep learning on UAV-based aerial images for flood detection." Smart Cities. 4 (3), pp. 1220-1243. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities4030065
Best Value Contractor Selection in Road Construction Projects: ANP-Based Decision Support System
Hasnain, Muhammad, Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin and Ullah, Fahim. 2018. "Best Value Contractor Selection in Road Construction Projects: ANP-Based Decision Support System." International Journal of Civil Engineering. 16 (6), pp. 695-714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-017-0199-2
Concession period of public private partnership projects: industry–academia gap analysis
Ullah, Fahim and Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin. 2018. "Concession period of public private partnership projects: industry–academia gap analysis." The International Journal of Construction Management. 18 (5), pp. 418-429. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2017.1333400
A systematic review of smart real estate technology: drivers of, and barriers to, the use of digital disruptive technologies and online platforms
Ullah, Fahim, Sepasgozar, Samad M.E. and Wang, Changxin. 2018. "A systematic review of smart real estate technology: drivers of, and barriers to, the use of digital disruptive technologies and online platforms." Sustainability. 10 (9), pp. 1-44. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093142
System dynamics model to determine concession period of PPP infrastructure projects: overarching effects of critical success factors
Ullah, Fahim, Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin, Sepasgozar, Samad M. E. and Forcada, Nuria. 2018. "System dynamics model to determine concession period of PPP infrastructure projects: overarching effects of critical success factors." Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction. 10 (4). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)LA.1943-4170.0000280
The performance gap in energy-efficient office buildings: how the occupants can help?
Ali, Qadeer, Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin, Ullah, Fahim and Sepasgozar, Samad M. E.. 2020. "The performance gap in energy-efficient office buildings: how the occupants can help?" Energies. 13 (6). https://doi.org/10.3390/en13061480
Key factors influencing purchase or rent decisions in smart real estate investments: a system dynamics approach using online forum thread data
Ullah, Fahim and Sepasgozar, Samad M. E.. 2020. "Key factors influencing purchase or rent decisions in smart real estate investments: a system dynamics approach using online forum thread data." Sustainability. 12 (11), pp. 1-36. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12114382
Smart digital marketing capabilities for sustainable property development: a case of Malaysia
Low, Sheen, Ullah, Fahim, Shiwrozhan, Sara, Sepasgozar, Samad M. E. and Lee, Chyi Lin. 2020. "Smart digital marketing capabilities for sustainable property development: a case of Malaysia." Sustainability. 12 (13), pp. 1-40. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135402
Contingency release during project execution: the contractor’s decision-making dilemma
Ayub, Bilal, Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin and Ullah, Fahim. 2019. "Contingency release during project execution: the contractor’s decision-making dilemma." Project Management Journal. 50 (6), pp. 734-748. https://doi.org/10.1177/8756972819848250
Six Sigma in construction: a review of critical success factors
Qayyum Siddiqui, Siddra, Ullah, Fahim, Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin and Gabriel, Hamza Farooq. 2016. "Six Sigma in construction: a review of critical success factors." International Journal of Lean Six Sigma. 7 (2), pp. 171-186. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijlss-11-2015-0045
Labor Productivity Assessment Using Activity Analysis on Semi High-Rise Building Projects in Pakistan
Sheikh, Noaman Akbar, Ullah, Fahim, Ayub, Bilal and Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin. 2017. "Labor Productivity Assessment Using Activity Analysis on Semi High-Rise Building Projects in Pakistan." Engineering Journal. 21 (4), pp. 273-286. https://doi.org/10.4186/ej.2017.21.4.273
Influence of Six Sigma on project success in construction industry of Pakistan
Ullah, Fahim, Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin, Qayyum Siddiqui, Siddra and Khurshid, Muhammad Bilal. 2017. "Influence of Six Sigma on project success in construction industry of Pakistan." The TQM Journal. 29 (2), pp. 276-309. https://doi.org/10.1108/TQM-11-2015-0136
Examining the impact of students’ attendance, sketching, visualization, and tutors experience on students’ performance: a case of building structures course in construction management
Ullah, Fahim, Sepasgozar, Samad, Tahmasebinia, Faham, Sepasgozar, Saleh Mohammad Ebrahimzadeh and Davis, Steven. 2020. "Examining the impact of students’ attendance, sketching, visualization, and tutors experience on students’ performance: a case of building structures course in construction management." Construction Economics and Building. 20 (3), pp. 78-102. https://doi.org/10.5130/AJCEB.v20i3.7056
Competitiveness in the construction industry: A contractor’s perspective on barriers to improving the construction industry performance
Azeem, Moazzam, Ullah, Fahim, Thaheem, Muhammad J. and Qayyum, Siddra. 2020. "Competitiveness in the construction industry: A contractor’s perspective on barriers to improving the construction industry performance." Journal of Construction Engineering, Management & Innovation. 3 (3), pp. 193-219. https://doi.org/10.31462/jcemi.2020.03193219
Empirical evidence of extension of time in construction projects
Shabbar, Haroon, Ullah, Fahim, Ayub, Bilal, Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin and Gabriel, Hamza Farooq. 2017. "Empirical evidence of extension of time in construction projects." Journal of Legal Affairs and Dispute Resolution in Engineering and Construction. 9 (3). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)LA.1943-4170.0000217
It's all about perceptions: A DEMATEL approach to exploring user perceptions of real estate online platforms
Ullah, Fahim, Sepasgozar, Samad M. E., Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin, Wang, Changxin Cynthia and Imran, Muhammad. 2021. "It's all about perceptions: A DEMATEL approach to exploring user perceptions of real estate online platforms." Ain Shams Engineering Journal. 12 (4), pp. 4297-4317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2021.04.023
Addressing disasters in smart cities through UAVs path planning and 5G communications: A systematic review
Qadir, Zakria, Ullah, Fahim, Munawar, Hafiz Suliman and Al-Turjman, Fadi. 2021. "Addressing disasters in smart cities through UAVs path planning and 5G communications: A systematic review." Computer Communications. 168, pp. 114-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2021.01.003
Managing smart cities through six sigma DMADICV method: A review-based conceptual framework
Qayyum, Siddra, Ullah, Fahim, Al-Turjman, Fadi and Mojtahedi, Mohammad. 2021. "Managing smart cities through six sigma DMADICV method: A review-based conceptual framework." Sustainable Cities and Society. 72, pp. 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103022
A review of public-private partnership: critical factors of concession period
Ullah, Fahim, Ayub, Bilal, Qayyum, Siddra and Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin. 2016. "A review of public-private partnership: critical factors of concession period." Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction. 21 (3), pp. 269-300. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFMPC-02-2016-0011
Economic-efficiency analysis of rawalpindi bypass project: A case study
Mehmood, Yasir, Zahoor, Hafiz and Ullah, Fahim. 2019. "Economic-efficiency analysis of rawalpindi bypass project: A case study." Wu, Peng and Wang, Xiangyu (ed.) Innovative Production and Construction: Transforming Construction through Emerging Technologies. Singapore. World Scientific Publishing. pp. 531-555
Implication of a Construction Labour Tracking System for Measuring Labour Productivity
Shiwrozhan, Sara, Sepasgozar, Samad M. E., Ullah, Fahim and Minhas, Pavneet Singh. 2019. "Implication of a Construction Labour Tracking System for Measuring Labour Productivity." Wu, Peng and Wang, Xiangyu (ed.) Innovative Production and Construction: Transforming Construction through Emerging Technologies. Singapore. World Scientific Publishing. pp. 1-15
A Study of Information Technology Adoption for Real-Estate Management: A System Dynamic Model
Ullah, Fahim and Sepasgozar, Samad M. E.. 2019. "A Study of Information Technology Adoption for Real-Estate Management: A System Dynamic Model." Wu, Peng and Wang, Xiangyu (ed.) Innovative Production and Construction: Transforming Construction through Emerging Technologies. Singapore. World Scientific Publishing. pp. 469-486
Real Estate Stakeholders Technology Acceptance Model (RESTAM): User-focused Big9 Disruptive Technologies for Smart Real Estate Management
Ullah, Fahim, Sepasgozar, Samad and Ali, Tauha Hussain. 2019. "Real Estate Stakeholders Technology Acceptance Model (RESTAM): User-focused Big9 Disruptive Technologies for Smart Real Estate Management." 9th International Civil Engineering Congress (ICEC 2017). Karachi, Pakistan 22 - 23 Dec 2017 Pakistan.
Public-private Partnerships In Pakistan: A Nascent Evolution
Ullah, Fahim, Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin and Umar, Muhammad. 2017. "Public-private Partnerships In Pakistan: A Nascent Evolution." Kakabadse, Nada and Mouraviev, Nikolai (ed.) Public-Private Partnerships in Transitional Nations: Policy, Governance and Praxis. United Kingdom. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 127-150
An Investigation of Real Estate Technology Utilization in Technologically Advanced Marketplace
Ullah, Fahim, Sepasgozar, Samad M.E. and Siddiqui, Siddra Qayyum. 2017. "An Investigation of Real Estate Technology Utilization in Technologically Advanced Marketplace." 9th International Civil Engineering Congress (ICEC-2017) . Karachi, Pakistan 22 - 23 Dec 2017 Pakistan. https://doi.org/10.26190/unsworks/26543
Sustainable Smart Cities: Evaluation of Australian Practice
Ullah, Fahim, Thaheem, Muhammad Jamaluddin and Sepasgozar, Samad M.E.. 2016. "Sustainable Smart Cities: Evaluation of Australian Practice." Cheng, Jack C.P., Dawood, Nashwan and Kuang, JS (ed.) 16th International Conference on Construction Applications of Virtual Reality (CONVR 2016). Hong Kong 11 - 13 Dec 2016 Hong Kong.