Could a change in magnetic field geometry cause the break in the wind-activity relation?

Article

Vidotto, A. A., Donati, J.-F., Jardine, M., See, V., Petit, P., Boisse, I., Boro Saikia, S., Hebrard, E., Jeffers, S. V., Marsden, S. C. and Morin, J.. 2016. "Could a change in magnetic field geometry cause the break in the wind-activity relation?" Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 455 (1), pp. L52-L56. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slv147
Article Title

Could a change in magnetic field geometry cause the break in the wind-activity relation?

ERA Journal ID41989
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsVidotto, A. A. (Author), Donati, J.-F. (Author), Jardine, M. (Author), See, V. (Author), Petit, P. (Author), Boisse, I. (Author), Boro Saikia, S. (Author), Hebrard, E. (Author), Jeffers, S. V. (Author), Marsden, S. C. (Author) and Morin, J. (Author)
Journal TitleMonthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters
Journal Citation455 (1), pp. L52-L56
Number of Pages5
Year2016
PublisherOxford University Press
Place of PublicationUnited Kingdom
ISSN1745-3925
1745-3933
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slv147
Web Address (URL)https://academic.oup.com/mnrasl/article/455/1/L52/2589651
Abstract

Wood et al. suggested that mass-loss rate is a function of X-ray flux (M˙ ∝ F1.34 x ) for dwarf stars with Fx Fx,6 ≡ 106 erg cm−2 s−1. However, more active stars do not obey this relation. These authors suggested that the break at Fx,6 could be caused by significant changes in magnetic field topology that would inhibit stellar wind generation. Here, we investigate this hypothesis by analysing the stars in Wood et al. sample that had their surface magnetic fields reconstructed through Zeeman–Doppler Imaging (ZDI). Although the solar-like outliers in the M˙ – Fx relation have higher fractional toroidal magnetic energy, we do not find evidence of a sharp transition in magnetic topology at Fx,6. To confirm this, further wind measurements and ZDI observations at both sides of the break are required. As active stars can jump between states with highly toroidal to highly poloidal fields, we expect significant scatter in magnetic field topology to exist for stars with Fx Fx,6. This strengthens the importance of multi-epoch ZDI observations. Finally, we show that there is a correlation between Fx and magnetic energy, which implies that M˙ – magnetic energy relation has the same qualitative behaviour as the original M˙ – Fx relation. No break is seen in any of the Fx – magnetic energy relations.

Keywordsmagnetic fields – stars: activity – stars: coronae – stars: low-mass – stars: winds, outflows.
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020510109. Stellar astronomy and planetary systems
Public Notes

This article has been accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters ©: 2016 The Authors. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.

Byline AffiliationsUniversity of Geneva, Switzerland
University of Toulouse, France
University of St Andrews, United Kingdom
Aix-Marseille University, France
Georg August University of Gottingen, Germany
Computational Engineering and Science Research Centre
University of Montpellier, France
Institution of OriginUniversity of Southern Queensland
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O Fionnagain, D. O., Vidotto, A. A., Petit, P., Folsom, C. P., Jeffers, S. V., Marsden, S. C., Morin, J., do Nascimento, Jr., J.-D and BCool Collaboration, .. 2019. "Erratum: The solar wind in time II: 3D stellar wind structure and radio emission." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 487 (3), pp. 3079-3081. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1308
Do non-dipolar magnetic fields contribute to spin-down torques?
See, Victor, Matt, Sean P, Finley, Adam J, Folsom, Colin P, Boro Saikia, Sudeshna, Donati, Jean-Francois, Fares, Rim, Hebrard, Elodie M, Jardine, Moira M, Jeffers, Sandra V, Marsden, Stephen C, Mengel, Matthew W, Morin, Julien, Petit, Pascal, Vidotto, Aline A and Waite, Ian W. 2019. "Do non-dipolar magnetic fields contribute to spin-down torques?" The Astrophysical Journal: an international review of astronomy and astronomical physics. 886 (2), pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab46b2
Differential rotation of Kepler-71 via transit photometry mapping of faculae and starspots
Zaleski, S. M., Valio, A., Marsden, S. C. and Carter, B. D.. 2019. "Differential rotation of Kepler-71 via transit photometry mapping of faculae and starspots." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 484 (1), pp. 618-630. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty3474
Magnetic fields of intermediate-mass T Tauri stars: I. Magnetic detections and fundamental stellar parameters
Villebrun, F., Alecian, E., Hussain, G., Bouvier, J., Folsom, C. P., Lebreton, Y., Amard, L., Charbonnel, C., Gallet, F., Haemmerle, L., Bohm, T., Johns-Krull, C., Kochukhov, O., Marsden, S. C., Morin, J. and Petit, P.. 2019. "Magnetic fields of intermediate-mass T Tauri stars: I. Magnetic detections and fundamental stellar parameters." Astronomy and Astrophysics: a European journal. 622, pp. 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833545
The solar wind in time – II. 3D stellar wind structure and radio emission
O Fionnagain, D., Vidotto, A. A., Petit, P., Folsom, C. P., Jeffers, S. V., Marsden, S. C., Morin, J., do Nascimento, Jr., J.-D. and BCool Collaboration, .. 2019. "The solar wind in time – II. 3D stellar wind structure and radio emission." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 483 (1), pp. 873-886. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty3132
Observation of a possible superflare on Proxima Centauri
Kielkopf, John F., Hart, Rhodes, Carter, Bradley D. and Marsden, Stephen C.. 2019. "Observation of a possible superflare on Proxima Centauri." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 486 (1), pp. L31-L35. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slz054
The rotationally modulated polarization of ξ Boo A
Cotton, Daniel V., Evensberget, Dag, Marsden, Stephen C., Bailey, Jeremy, Zhao, Jinglin, Kedziora-Chudczer, Lucyna, Carter, Bradley D., Bott, Kimberly, Vidotto, Aline A., Petit, Pascal, Morin, Julien and Jeffers, Sandra V.. 2019. "The rotationally modulated polarization of ξ Boo A." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 483 (2), pp. 1574-1581. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty3180
MINERVA-Australis. I. Design, Commissioning, and First Photometric Results
Addison, Brett, Wright, Duncan J., Wittenmyer, Robert A., Horner, Jonathan, Mengel, Matthew W., Johns, Daniel, Marti, Connor, Nicholson, Belinda, Okumura, Jack, Bowler, Brendan, Crossfield, Ian, Kane, Stephen R., Kielkopf, John, Plavchan, Peter, Tinney, C.G., Zhang, Hui, Clark, Jake T., Clerte, Mathieu, Eastman, Jason D., ..., Carter, Bradley D.. 2019. "MINERVA-Australis. I. Design, Commissioning, and First Photometric Results." Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 131 (1005), pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1088/1538-3873/ab03aa
Estimating magnetic filling factors from Zeeman–Doppler magnetograms
See, Victor, Matt, Sean P., Folsom, Colin P., Boro Saikia, Sudeshna, Donati, Jean-Francois, Fares, Rim, Finley, Adam J., Hebrard, Elodie M., Jardine, Moira M., Jeffers, Sandra J., Lehmann, Lisa T., Marsden, Stephen C., Mengel, Matthew W., Morin, Julian, Petit, Pascal, Vidotto, Aline A. and Waite, Ian A.. 2019. "Estimating magnetic filling factors from Zeeman–Doppler magnetograms." The Astrophysical Journal: an international review of astronomy and astronomical physics. 876 (2), pp. 118-127. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab1096
The open flux evolution of a solar-mass star on the main sequence
See, V., Jardine, M., Vidotto, A. A., Donati, J.-F., Boro Saikia, S., Fares, R., Folsom, C. P., Jeffers, S. V., Marsden, S. C., Morin, J. and Petit, P.. 2018. "The open flux evolution of a solar-mass star on the main sequence." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 474 (1), pp. 536-546. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx2599
Direct evidence of a full dipole flip during the magnetic cycle of a sun-like star
Boro Saikia, S., Lueftinger, T., Jeffers, S. V., Folsom, C. P., See, V., Petit, P., Marsden, S. C., Vidotto, A. A., Morin, J., Reiners, A. and Guedel, M.. 2018. "Direct evidence of a full dipole flip during the magnetic cycle of a sun-like star." Astronomy and Astrophysics: a European journal. 620, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834347
The relation between stellar magnetic field geometry and chromospheric activity cycles – II The rapid 120-day magnetic cycle of τ Bootis
Jeffers, S. V., Mengel, M., Moutou, C., Marsden, S. C., Barnes, J. R., Jardine, M. M., Petit, P., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., See, V. and Vidotto, A. A.. 2018. "The relation between stellar magnetic field geometry and chromospheric activity cycles – II The rapid 120-day magnetic cycle of τ Bootis." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 479 (4), pp. 5266-5271. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty1717
Chromospheric activity catalogue of 4454 cool stars: questioning the active branch of stellar activity cycles
Boro Saikia, S., Marvin, C. J., Jeffers, S. V., Reiners, A., Cameron, R., Marsden, S. C., Petit, P., Warnecke, J. and Yadav, A. P.. 2018. "Chromospheric activity catalogue of 4454 cool stars: questioning the active branch of stellar activity cycles." Astronomy and Astrophysics: a European journal. 616, pp. 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629518
Measuring the severity of close encounters between ringed small bodies and planets
Wood, Jeremy, Horner, Jonti, Hinse, Tobias C. and Marsden, Stephen C.. 2018. "Measuring the severity of close encounters between ringed small bodies and planets." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 480 (3), pp. 4183-4198. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty2047
The surface magnetic activity of the weak-line T Tauri stars TWA 9Aand V1095 Sco
Nicholson, B. A., Hussain, G. A. J., Donati, J.-F., Folsom, C. P., Mengel, M., Carter, B. D. and Wright, D.. 2018. "The surface magnetic activity of the weak-line T Tauri stars TWA 9Aand V1095 Sco." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 480 (2), pp. 1754-1766. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty1965
The dynamical history of 2060 Chiron and its proposed ring system
Wood, Jeremy, Horner, Jonti, Hinse, Tobias C. and Marsden, Stephen C.. 2018. "The dynamical history of 2060 Chiron and its proposed ring system." The Astronomical Journal. 155 (1), pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aa9930
Magnetic fields on young, moderately rotating Sun-like stars - II. EK Draconis (HD 129333)
Waite, I. A., Marsden, S. C., Carter, B. D., Petit, P., Jeffers, S. V., Morin, J., Vidotto, A. A. and Donati, J.-F.. 2017. "Magnetic fields on young, moderately rotating Sun-like stars - II. EK Draconis (HD 129333)." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 465 (2), pp. 2076-2091. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw2731
The energy budget of stellar magnetic fields: comparing non-potential simulations and observations
Lehmann, L. T., Jardine, M. M., Vidotto, A. A., Mackay, D. H., See, V., Donati, J.-F., Folsom, C. P., Jeffers, S. V., Marsden, S. C., Morin, J. and Petit, P.. 2017. "The energy budget of stellar magnetic fields: comparing non-potential simulations and observations." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 466 (1), pp. L24-L28. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slw225
Studying stellar spin-down with Zeeman–Doppler magnetograms
See, V., Jardine, M., Vidotto, A. A., Donati, J-F., Boro Saikia, S., Fares, R., Folsom, C. P., Hebrard, E. M., Jeffers, S. V., Marsden, S. C., Morin, J., Petit, P. and Waite, I. A.. 2017. "Studying stellar spin-down with Zeeman–Doppler magnetograms." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 466 (2), pp. 1542-1554. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw3094
The intrinsic and interstellar broad-band linear polarization of nearby FGK dwarfs
Cotton, Daniel V., Marshall, Jonathan P., Bailey, Jeremy, Kedziora-Chudczer, Lucyna, Bott, Kimberly, Marsden, Stephen C. and Carter, Bradley D.. 2017. "The intrinsic and interstellar broad-band linear polarization of nearby FGK dwarfs." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 467 (1), pp. 873-897. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx068
The relation between stellar magnetic field geometry and chromospheric activity cycles – I. The highly variable field of ε Eridani at activity minimum
Jeffers, S. V., Boro Saikia, S., Barnes, J. R., Petit, P., Marsden, S. C., Jardine, M. M. and Vidotto, A. A.. 2017. "The relation between stellar magnetic field geometry and chromospheric activity cycles – I. The highly variable field of ε Eridani at activity minimum." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 471 (1), pp. L96-L100. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slx097
A BCool survey of the magnetic fields of planet-hosting solar-type stars
Mengel, M. W., Marsden, S. C., Carter, B. D., Horner, J., King, R., Fares, R., Jeffers, S. V., Petit, P., Vidotto, A. A. and Morin, J.. 2017. "A BCool survey of the magnetic fields of planet-hosting solar-type stars." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 465 (3), pp. 2734-2747. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw2949
The dynamical history of Chariklo and its rings
Wood, Jeremy, Horner, Jonti, Hinse, Tobias C. and Marsden, Stephen C.. 2017. "The dynamical history of Chariklo and its rings." The Astronomical Journal. 153 (6). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aa6981
Discovery of the magnetic field of the B1/B2V star σ Lupi
Henrichs, H. F., Kolenberg, K., Plaggenborg, B., Marsden, S. C., Waite, I. A., Landstreet, J., Grunhut, J., Oksala, M. and Wade, G.. 2012. "Discovery of the magnetic field of the B1/B2V star σ Lupi." Hoffman, Jennifer L., Bjorkman, Jon and Whitney, Barbara (ed.) American Institute of Physics Conference (STARPOL 2011): Stellar Polarimetry: From Birth to Death. Madison, United States 27 - 30 Jun 2011 United States. AIP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3701907
A Herschel resolved debris disc around HD 105211
Hengst, S., Marshall, J. P., Horner, J. and Marsden, S. C.. 2017. "A Herschel resolved debris disc around HD 105211." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 468 (4), pp. 4725-4734. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx753
The connection between stellar activity cycles and magnetic field topology
See, V., Jardine, M., Vidotto, A. A., Donati, J.-F., Boro Saikia, S., Bouvier, J., Fares, R., Folsom, C. P., Gregory, S. G., Hussain, G., Jeffers, S. V., Marsden, S. C., Morin, J., Moutou, C., do Nascimento Jr., J. D., Petit, P. and Waite, I. A.. 2016. "The connection between stellar activity cycles and magnetic field topology." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 462 (4), pp. 4442-4450. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw2010
Analysis of combined radial velocities and activity of BD+20 1790: evidence supporting the existence of a planetary companion
Hernan-Obispo, M., Tuomi, M., Galvez-Ortiz, M. C., Golovin, A., Barnes, J. R., Jones, H. R. A., Kane, S. R., Pinfield, D., Jenkins, J. S., Petit, P., Anglada-Escude, G., Marsden, S. C., Catalan, S., Jeffers, S. V., de Castro, E., Cornide, M., Garces, A., Jones, M. I., Gorlova, N. and Andreev, M.. 2015. "Analysis of combined radial velocities and activity of BD+20 1790: evidence supporting the existence of a planetary companion." Astronomy and Astrophysics: a European journal. 576 (A66). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201219095
The energy budget of stellar magnetic fields
See, V., Jardine, M., Vidotto, A. A., Donati, J.-F., Folsom, C. P., Boro Saikia, S., Bouvier, J., Fares, R., Gregory, S. G., Hussain, G., Jeffers, S. V., Marsden, S. C., Morin, J., Moutou, C., do Nascimento Jr., J. D., Petit, P., Rosen, L. and Waite, I. A.. 2015. "The energy budget of stellar magnetic fields." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 453 (4), pp. 4301-4310. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv1925
Variable magnetic field geometry of the young sun HN Pegasi (HD 206860)
Boro Saikia, S., Jeffers, S. V., Petit, P., Marsden, S., Morin, J. and Folsom, C. P.. 2015. "Variable magnetic field geometry of the young sun HN Pegasi (HD 206860)." Astronomy and Astrophysics: a European journal. 573 (A17), pp. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201424096
A Bcool magnetic snapshot survey of solar-type stars
Marsden, S. C., Petit, P., Jeffers, S. V., Morin, J., Fares, R., Reiners, A., do Nascimento Jr., J.-D., Auriere, M., Bouvier, J., Carter, B. D., Catala, C., Dintrans, B., Donati, J. -F., Gastine, T., Jardine, M., Konstantinova-Antova, R., Lanoux, J., Lignieres, F., Morgenthaler, A., ..., Van Grootel, V.. 2014. "A Bcool magnetic snapshot survey of solar-type stars." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 444 (4), pp. 3517-3536. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu1663
The evolution of surface magnetic fields in young solar-type stars I: the first 250 Myr
Folsom, C. P., Petit, P., Bouvier, J., Lebre, A., Amard, L., Palacios, A., Morin, J., Donati, J.-F., Jeffers, S. V., Marsden, S. C. and Vidotto, A. A.. 2016. "The evolution of surface magnetic fields in young solar-type stars I: the first 250 Myr." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 457 (1), pp. 580-607. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv2924
Magnetic field and wind of Kappa Ceti: toward the planetary habitability of the young sun when life arose on earth
do Nascimento Jr., J.-D., Vidotto, A. A., Petit, P., Folsom, C., Castro, M., Marsden, S. C., Morin, J., Porto de Mello, G. F., Meibom, S., Jeffers, S. V., Guinan, E. and Ribas, I.. 2016. "Magnetic field and wind of Kappa Ceti: toward the planetary habitability of the young sun when life arose on earth." The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 820 (1), pp. L15 (1)-L15 (6). https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8205/820/1/L15
Temporal variability of the wind from the star τ Boötis
Nicholson, B. A., Vidotto, A. A., Mengel, M., Brookshaw, L., Carter, B., Petit, P., Marsden, S. C., Jeffers, S. V. and Fares, R.. 2016. "Temporal variability of the wind from the star τ Boötis." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 459 (2), pp. 1907-1915. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw731
A solar-like magnetic cycle on the mature K-dwarf 61 Cygni A (HD 201091)
Boro Saikia, S., Jeffers, S. V., Morin, J., Petit, P., Folsom, C. P., Marsden, S. C., Donati, J.-F., Cameron, R., Hall, J. C., Perdelwitz, V., Reiners, A. and Vidotto, A. A.. 2016. "A solar-like magnetic cycle on the mature K-dwarf 61 Cygni A (HD 201091)." Astronomy and Astrophysics: a European journal. 594 (A29). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201628262
Winds of planet hosting stars
Nicholson, B. A., Mengel, M. W., Brookshaw, L., Vidotto, A. A., Carter, B. D., Marsden, S. C., Soutter, J., Waite, I. A. and Horner, J.. 2015. "Winds of planet hosting stars." Short, Wayne and Cairns, Iver (ed.) 14th Australian Space Research Conference (ASRC 2014). Adelaide, Australia 29 Sep - 01 Oct 2014 Sydney, Australia.
Shared skies partnership: a dual-site all-sky live remote observing initiative for research and education
Kielkopf, John F., Hart, Rhodes, Carter, Brad, Collins, Karen A., Brown, Carolyn, Hay, Jeff, Hons, Alex and Marsden, S. 2014. "Shared skies partnership: a dual-site all-sky live remote observing initiative for research and education." 223rd American Astronomical Society Meeting. Washington, United States 05 - 09 Jan 2014 Washington, DC. United States.
Observations of non-solar-type dynamo processes in stars with shallow convective zones
Jeffers, S. V., Donati, J. -F., Alecian, E. and Marsden, S. C.. 2011. "Observations of non-solar-type dynamo processes in stars with shallow convective zones." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 411 (2), pp. 1301-1312. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.17762.x
The evolving magnetic topology of τ Boötis
Mengel, M. W., Fares, R., Marsden, S. C., Carter, B. D., Jeffers, S. V., Petit, P., Donati, J.-F. and Folsom, C. P.. 2016. "The evolving magnetic topology of τ Boötis." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 459 (4), pp. 4325-4342. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw828
Doppler images and the underlying dynamo: the case of AF Leporis
Jarvinen, S. P., Arlt, R., Hackman, T., Marsden, S. C., Kuker, M., Ilyin, I. V., Berdyugina, S. V., Strassmeier, K. G. and Waite, I. A.. 2015. "Doppler images and the underlying dynamo: the case of AF Leporis." Astronomy and Astrophysics: a European journal. 574 (A25), pp. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201424229
Magnetic fields on young, moderately rotating sun-like stars - I: HD 35296 and HD 29615
Waite, I. A., Marsden, S. C., Carter, B. D., Petit, P., Donati, J. F., Jeffers, S. V. and Boro Saikia, S.. 2015. "Magnetic fields on young, moderately rotating sun-like stars - I: HD 35296 and HD 29615." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 449 (1), pp. 8-24. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv006
A maximum entropy approach to detect close-in giant planets around active stars
Petit, P., Donati, J.-F., Hebrard, E., Morin, J., Folsom, C. P., Bohm, T., Boisse, I., Borgniet, S., Bouvier, J., Delfosse, X., Hussain, G., Jeffers, S. V., Marsden, S. C. and Barnes, J. R.. 2015. "A maximum entropy approach to detect close-in giant planets around active stars." Astronomy and Astrophysics: a European journal. 584 (A84). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201525993
Eridani: an active K dwarf and a planet hosting star? The variability of its large-scale magnetic field topology
Jeffers, S. V., Petit, P., Marsden, S. C., Morin, J., Donati, J. -F. and Folsom, C. P.. 2014. "Eridani: an active K dwarf and a planet hosting star? The variability of its large-scale magnetic field topology." Astronomy and Astrophysics: a European journal. 569, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201423725
The effects of stellar winds on the magnetospheres and potential habitability of exoplanets
See, V., Jardine, M., Vidotto, A. A., Petit, P., Marsden, S. C., Jeffers, S. V. and do Nascimento Jr., J. D.. 2014. "The effects of stellar winds on the magnetospheres and potential habitability of exoplanets." Astronomy and Astrophysics: a European journal. 570 (A99), pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201424323
Is it possible to detect planets around young active G and K dwarfs?
Jeffers, S. V., Barnes, J. R., Jones, H. R. A., Reiners, A., Pinfield, D. J. and Marsden, S. C.. 2014. "Is it possible to detect planets around young active G and K dwarfs?" Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 438 (4), pp. 2717-2731. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt1950
Stellar magnetism: empirical trends with age and rotation
Vidotto, A. A., Gregory, S. G., Jardine, M., Donati, J. -F., Petit, P., Morin, J., Folsom, C. P., Bouvier, J., Cameron, A. C., Hussain, G., Marsden, S., Waite, I. A., Fares, R., Jeffers, S. and do Nascimento Jr., J.-D.. 2014. "Stellar magnetism: empirical trends with age and rotation." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 441 (3), pp. 2361-2374. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu728
Zeeman doppler imaging of the surface activity and magnetic fields of young solar-type stars
Carter, B. D., Marsden, S. C. and Waite, I. A.. 2014. "Zeeman doppler imaging of the surface activity and magnetic fields of young solar-type stars." van Belle, G. and Harris, H. (ed.) 18th Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Sun: Cool Stars 18. Flagstaff, AZ. USA 09 - 13 Jun 2014
The large scale magnetic field of the G0 dwarf HD 206860 (HN Peg)
Boro Saikia, Sudeshna, Jeffers, Sandra V., Petit, Pascal, Marsden, Stephen, Morin, Julien and Reiners, Ansgar. 2014. "The large scale magnetic field of the G0 dwarf HD 206860 (HN Peg)." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 9 (S302), pp. 146-147. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743921314001926
On the effects of stellar winds on exoplanetary magnetospheres
See, V., Jardine, M., Vidotto, A. A., Petit, P., Marsden, S. C. and Jeffers, S. V.. 2014. "On the effects of stellar winds on exoplanetary magnetospheres." Petit, Pascal, Jardine, Moira and Spruit, Henk (ed.) International Astronomical Union Symposium No. 302 (IAU 302): Magnetic Fields throughout Stellar Evolution. Biarritz, France 25 - 30 Aug 2013 Cambridge, United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.1017/S174392131400221X
The magnetic field of the B1/B2V star sigma Lup
Henrichs, Huib F., Kolenberg, Katrien, Plaggenborg, Benjamin, Marsden, Stephen C., Waite, Ian A. and Wade, Gregg A.. 2010. "The magnetic field of the B1/B2V star sigma Lup." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union Symposium (IAU 2010). 6 (S272), pp. 192-193. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743921311010295
Magnetospheric accretion on the T Tauri star BP Tauri
Donati, J. -F., Jardine, M. M., Gregory, S. G., Petit, P., Paletou, F., Bouvier, J., Dougados, C., Menard, F., Cameron, A. C., Harries, T. J., Hussain, G. A. J., Unruh, Y., Morin, J., Marsden, S. C., Manset, N., Auriere, M., Catala, C. and Alecian, E.. 2008. "Magnetospheric accretion on the T Tauri star BP Tauri." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 386 (3), pp. 1234-1251. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13111.x
The first magnetic maps of a pre-main-sequence binary star system - HD 155555
Dunstone, N. J., Hussain, G. A. J., Collier Cameron, A., Marsden, S. C., Jardine, M., Stempels, H. C., Ramirez Velez, J. C. and Donati, J. -F.. 2008. "The first magnetic maps of a pre-main-sequence binary star system - HD 155555." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 387 (2), pp. 481-496. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13196.x
Differential rotation on both components of the pre-main-sequence binary system HD 155555
Dunstone, N. J., Hussain, G. A. J., Collier Cameron, A., Marsden, S. C., Jardine, M., Barnes, J. R., Ramirez Velez, J. C. and Donati, J. -F.. 2008. "Differential rotation on both components of the pre-main-sequence binary system HD 155555." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 387 (4), pp. 1525-1536. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13338.x
Why are some A stars magnetic, while most are not?
Wade, G. A., Silvester, J., Bale, K., Johnson, N., Power, J., Auriere, M., Lignieres, F., Dintrans, B., Donati, J. -F., Hui Bon Hoa, A., Mouillet, D., Naseri, S., Paletou, F., Petit, P., Rincon, F., Toque, N., Bagnulo, S., Folsom, C. P., Landstreet, J. D., ..., Marsden, S. C.. 2009. "Why are some A stars magnetic, while most are not?" Berdyugina, Svetlana V., Nagendra, K. N. and Ramelli, Renzo (ed.) Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference(SPW5): 5th Solar Polarization Workshop: a Workshop In Honor of Jan Olof Stenflo. Ascona, Switzerland 17 - 21 Sep 2007 San Francisco, CA. United States.
Stellar spectropolarimetry
Marsden, Stephen C.. 2009. "Stellar spectropolarimetry." Stempels, Eric (ed.) 15th Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars, Stellar Systems and the Sun. St. Andrews, United Kingdom 21 - 25 Jul 2008 College Park, MD. United States. AIP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3099096
Young stars in the time domain
Covey, Kevin R., Plavchan, Peter, Bastien, Fabienne, Flaccomio, Ettore, Flaherty, Kevin, Marsden, Stephen, Morales-Calderon, Maria, Muzerolle, James and Turner, Neal J.. 2012. "Young stars in the time domain." Johns-Krull, Christopher (ed.) 16th Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Sun (CS 16). Seattle, WA. United States 29 Aug - 02 Sep 2010 San Francisco, CA. United States.
Magnetism in pre-MS intermediate-mass stars and the fossil field hypothesis
Alecian, E., Wade, G. A., Catala, C., Folsom, C., Grunhut, J., Donati, J. -F., Petit, P., Bagnulo, S., Marsden, S. C., Ramirez, J., Landstreet, J. D., Boehm, T., Bouret, J. -C. and Silvester, J.. 2008. "Magnetism in pre-MS intermediate-mass stars and the fossil field hypothesis." CP#AP Workshop 2007. Vienna, Austria 10 - 14 Sep 2007 Bratislava, Slovakia. Vydavatel'stvo Slovenskej Akademie Vied Veda.
Discovery of a magnetic field in the early B-type star sigma Lupi
Henrichs, H. F., Kolenberg, K., Plaggenborg, B., Marsden, S. C., Waite, I. A., Landstreet, J. D., Wade, G. A., Grunhut, J. H. and Oksala, M. E.. 2012. "Discovery of a magnetic field in the early B-type star sigma Lupi." Astronomy and Astrophysics: a European journal. 545, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201219632
Direct observation of magnetic cycles in Sun-like stars
Morgenthaler, A., Petit, P., Morin, J., Auriere, M., Dintrans, B., Konstantinova-Antova, R. and Marsden, S.. 2011. "Direct observation of magnetic cycles in Sun-like stars." Astronomische Nachrichten. 332 (9-10), pp. 866-871. https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.201111592
Night-time science with large solar telescopes: the magnetic Sun through time
Marsden, S. C.. 2010. "Night-time science with large solar telescopes: the magnetic Sun through time." Astronomische Nachrichten. 331 (6), pp. 577-580. https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.201011376
Long-term magnetic field monitoring of the Sun-like star ksi Bootis A
Morgenthaler, A., Petit, P., Saar, S., Solanki, S. K., Morin, J., Marsden, S. C., Auriere, M., Dintrans, B., Fares, R., Gastine, T., Lanoux, J., Lignieres, F., Paletou, F., Ramirez Velez, J. C., Theado, S. and Van Grootel, V.. 2012. "Long-term magnetic field monitoring of the Sun-like star ksi Bootis A." Astronomy and Astrophysics: a European journal. 540, pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201118139
PolarBase: a data base of high-resolution spectropolarimetric stellar observations
Petit, P., Louge, T., Theado, S., Paletou, F., Manset, N., Morin, J., Marsden, S. C. and Jeffers, S. V.. 2014. "PolarBase: a data base of high-resolution spectropolarimetric stellar observations." Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 126 (939), pp. 469-475. https://doi.org/10.1086/676976
A Bcool spectropolarimetric survey of over 150 solar-type stars
Marsden, Stephen, Petit, Pascal, Jeffers, Sandra, do Nascimento, Jose-Dias, Carter, Bradley, Brown, Carolyn, Marsden S., Petit P., Jeffers S., Do Nascimento J.D., Carter B. and Brown C.. 2014. "A Bcool spectropolarimetric survey of over 150 solar-type stars." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 9 (S302), pp. 138-141. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743921314001896
Polarisation and magnetic fields in cool stars and the Sun
Martinez Gonzalez, M. J. and Marsden, S. C.. 2013. "Polarisation and magnetic fields in cool stars and the Sun." Astronomische Nachrichten. 334 (1-2), pp. 164-167. https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.201211753
A high-resolution spectropolarimetric survey of herbig Ae/Be stars - II. rotation
Alecian, E., Wade, G. A., Catala, C., Grunhut, J. H., Landstreet, J. D., Bohm, T., Folsom, C. P. and Marsden, S.. 2013. "A high-resolution spectropolarimetric survey of herbig Ae/Be stars - II. rotation." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 429 (2), pp. 1027-1038. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sts384
Starspots on young solar-type stars
Brown, Carolyn, Carter, Brad, Marsden, Stephen, Waite, Ian, Brown C., Carter B., Marsden S. and Waite I.. 2014. "Starspots on young solar-type stars." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union. 9 (S302), pp. 148-149. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743921314001938
A high-resolution spectropolarimetric survey of Herbig Ae/Be stars - I. observations and measurements
Alecian, E., Wade, G. A., Catala, C., Grunhut, J. H., Landstreet, J. D., Bagnulo, S., Bohm, T., Folsom, C. P., Marsden, S. and Waite, I.. 2013. "A high-resolution spectropolarimetric survey of Herbig Ae/Be stars - I. observations and measurements." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 429 (2), pp. 1001-1026. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sts383
Spectropolarimetric observations of the sequence-D red giant variables S Lep and Z Eri
Wood, P. R., Marsden, S., Waite, I. and Nicholls, C. P.. 2009. "Spectropolarimetric observations of the sequence-D red giant variables S Lep and Z Eri." Guzik, Joyce Ann and Bradley, Paul A. (ed.) International Conference on Stellar Pulsation: Challenges for Theory and Observation (2009). Santa Fe, United States 31 May - 05 Jun 2009 Melville, NY. United States. AIP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3246437
Magnetic fields and differential rotation on the pre-main sequence -I. The early-G star HD 141943 - brightness and magnetic topologies
Marsden, S. C., Jardine, M. M., Ramirez Velez, J. C., Alecian, E., Brown, C. J., Carter, B. D., Donati, J.-F., Dunstone, N., Hart, R., Semel, M. and Waite, I. A.. 2011. "Magnetic fields and differential rotation on the pre-main sequence -I. The early-G star HD 141943 - brightness and magnetic topologies." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 413 (3), pp. 1922-1938. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18367.x
Magnetic fields and differential rotation on the pre-main sequence - II. The early-G star HD 141943 - coronal magnetic field, Hα emission and differential rotation
Marsden, S. C., Jardine, M. M., Ramirez Velez, J. C., Alecian, E., Brown, C. J., Carter, B. D., Donati, J.-F., Dunstone, N., Hart, R., Semel, M. and Waite, I. A.. 2011. "Magnetic fields and differential rotation on the pre-main sequence - II. The early-G star HD 141943 - coronal magnetic field, Hα emission and differential rotation." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 413 (3), pp. 1939-1948. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18272.x
Magnetic fields and differential rotation on the pre-main sequence - III. The early-G star HD 106506
Waite, I. A., Marsden, S. C., Carter, B. D., Hart, R., Donati, J. -F., Ramirez Velez, J. C., Semel, M. and Dunstone, N.. 2011. "Magnetic fields and differential rotation on the pre-main sequence - III. The early-G star HD 106506." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 413 (3), pp. 1949-1960. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18366.x
A search for Doppler imaging targets using the ANU 2.3m telescope
Burton, Donna M., Carter, Brad D., de Silva, Gayandhi, Marsden, Stephen C. and Waite, Ian A.. 2011. "A search for Doppler imaging targets using the ANU 2.3m telescope." Rowell, Gavin (ed.) 2011 Astronomical Society of Australia Annual Science Meeting (ASA 2011). Adelaide, South Australia 04 - 08 Jul 2011 Melbourne, Australia.
High-resolution spectroscopy and spectropolarimetry of some late F-/early G-type sun-like stars as targets for zeeman doppler imaging
Waite, I. A., Marsden, S. C., Carter, B. D., Alecian, E., Brown, C., Burton, D., Hart, R., Waite I.A., Marsden S.C., Carter B.D., Aĺcian E., Brown C., Burton D. and Hart R.. 2011. "High-resolution spectroscopy and spectropolarimetry of some late F-/early G-type sun-like stars as targets for zeeman doppler imaging." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia. 28 (4), pp. 323-337. https://doi.org/10.1071/AS11025
Chemical abundances of magnetic and non-magnetic Herbig Ae/Be stars
Folsom, C. P., Bagnulo, S., Wade, G. A., Alecian, E., Landstreet, J. D., Marsden, S. C. and Waite, I. A.. 2012. "Chemical abundances of magnetic and non-magnetic Herbig Ae/Be stars." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 422 (3), pp. 2072-2101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20718.x
Do young Suns undergo magnetic reversals?
Marsden, Stephen C., Jeffers, Sandra V., Donati, Jean-Francois, Mengel, Matthew W., Waite, Ian A. and Carter, Brad D.. 2010. "Do young Suns undergo magnetic reversals?" Kosovichev, Alexander, Rozelot, Jean-Pierre and Andrei, Alexandre (ed.) International Astronomical Union Symposium (IAUS 264): Solar and Stellar Variability: Impact on Earth and Planets. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 03 - 07 Aug 2009 Cambridge, United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743921309992535
Spectropolarimetric observations of active stars
Donati, J. -F., Semel, M., Carter, B. D., Rees, D. E. and Cameron, A. C.. 1997. "Spectropolarimetric observations of active stars." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 291 (4), pp. 658-682. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/291.4.658
Multisite, multiwavelength studies of the active cool binary CC Eri
Budding, E., Bembrick, C., Carter, B. D., Erkan, N., Jardine, M., Marsden, S. C., Osten, R., Petit, P., Semel, M., Slee, O. B. and Waite, I.. 2006. "Multisite, multiwavelength studies of the active cool binary CC Eri." Astrophysics and Space Science: an international journal of astronomy, astrophysics and space science. 304 (1-4), pp. 13-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-006-9086-z
A sun in the spectroscopic binary IM Pegasi, the guide star for the Gravity Probe B mission
Marsden, S. C., Berdyugina, S. V., Donati, J.-F., Eaton, J. A., Williamson, M. H., Ilyin, I., Fischer, D. A., Munoz, M., Isaacson, H., Ratner, M. I., Semel, M., Petit, P. and Carter, B. D.. 2005. "A sun in the spectroscopic binary IM Pegasi, the guide star for the Gravity Probe B mission." The Astrophysical Journal: an international review of astronomy and astronomical physics. 634 (2), pp. L173-L176. https://doi.org/10.1086/498941
A multiwavelength study of CC Eridani
Slee, O. B., Budding, E., Carter, Brad D., Mengel, Matthew Wayne, Waite, Ian A. and Donati, J.-F.. 2004. "A multiwavelength study of CC Eridani." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia. 21 (1), pp. 72-81. https://doi.org/10.1071/AS03034
Dynamo processes and activity cycles of the active stars AB Doradus, LQ Hydrae and HR 1099
Donati, J.-F., Collier Cameron, A., Semel, M., Hussain, G. A. J., Petit, P., Carter, B. D., Marsden, S. C., Mengel, M., Lopez Ariste, A., Jeffers, S. V. and Rees, D. E.. 2003. "Dynamo processes and activity cycles of the active stars AB Doradus, LQ Hydrae and HR 1099." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 345 (4), pp. 1145-1186. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2966.2003.07031.x
The chromospheric emission of solar-type stars in the young open clusters IC 2391 and IC 2602
Marsden, S. C., Carter, B. D. and Donati, J.-F.. 2009. "The chromospheric emission of solar-type stars in the young open clusters IC 2391 and IC 2602." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 399 (2), pp. 888-905. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15319.x
Surface magnetic fields on two accreting T Tauri stars: CV Cha and CR Cha
Hussain, G. A. J., Collier Cameron, A., Jardine, M. M., Dunstone, N., Ramirez Velez, J., Stempels, H. C., Donati, J.-F., Semel, M., Aulanier, G., Harries, T., Bouvier, J., Dougados, C., Ferreira, J., Carter, B. D. and Lawson, W. A.. 2009. "Surface magnetic fields on two accreting T Tauri stars: CV Cha and CR Cha." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 398 (1), pp. 189-200. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14881.x
Doppler images and chromospheric variability of TWA 6
Skelly, M. B., Unruh, Y. C., Cameron, A. Collier, Barnes, J. R., Donati, J.-F., Lawson, W. A. and Carter, B. D.. 2008. "Doppler images and chromospheric variability of TWA 6." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 385 (2), pp. 708-718. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.12917.x
Surface differential rotation and photospheric magnetic field of the young solar-type star HD 171488 (V889 Her)
Marsden, S. C., Donati, J.-F., Semel, M., Petit, P. and Carter, B. D.. 2006. "Surface differential rotation and photospheric magnetic field of the young solar-type star HD 171488 (V889 Her)." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 370 (1), pp. 468-476. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10503.x
The magnetic activity of young suns: magnetic topologies and differential rotation of F- and G- dwarfs
Marsden, S. C., Mengel, M. W., Donati, J.-F., Carter, B. D., Semel, M. and Petit, P.. 2006. "The magnetic activity of young suns: magnetic topologies and differential rotation of F- and G- dwarfs." Casini, R. and Lites, B. W. (ed.) 4th Solar Polarization Workshop. Boulder, United States 19 - 23 Sep 2005 San Francisco, United States.
High-resolution spectroscopy of some active southern stars
Waite, I. A., Carter, B. D., Marsden, S. C. and Mengel, M. W.. 2005. "High-resolution spectroscopy of some active southern stars." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia. 22 (1), pp. 29-35. https://doi.org/10.1071/AS04058
Doppler imaging and surface differential rotation of young open cluster stars - I. HD 307938 (R58) in IC 2602
Marsden, S. C., Waite, I. A., Carter, B. D. and Donati, J.-F.. 2005. "Doppler imaging and surface differential rotation of young open cluster stars - I. HD 307938 (R58) in IC 2602." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 359 (2), pp. 711-724. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.08946.x
High-resolution magnetic field measurements of RR Lyrae stars with SemPol
Guggenberger, E., Kolenberg, K., Marsden, S. C., Waite, I. A., Henrichs, H. F. and Luftinger, T.. 2009. "High-resolution magnetic field measurements of RR Lyrae stars with SemPol." Guzik, Joyce Ann and Bradley, Paul A. (ed.) International Conference on Stellar Pulsation: Challenges for Theory and Observation (2009). Santa Fe, United States 31 May - 05 Jun 2009 Melville, NY. United States. AIP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3246492
Doppler imaging of G-dwarfs in two young open clusters
Marsden, S. C., Waite, I. A., Carter, B. D. and Donati, J. -F.. 2004. "Doppler imaging of G-dwarfs in two young open clusters." Astronomische Nachrichten. 325 (3), p. 246. https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.200310217
Stellar magnetic fields in swollen convection zones
Marsden, S. C., Donati, J. -F., Petit, P., Dunstone, N. J., Jardine, M., Carter, B. D., Waite, I. A., Semel, M. and Ramirez, J.. 2009. "Stellar magnetic fields in swollen convection zones." Berdyugina, Svetlana V., Nagendra, K. N. and Ramelli, Renzo (ed.) Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference(SPW5): 5th Solar Polarization Workshop: a Workshop In Honor of Jan Olof Stenflo. Ascona, Switzerland 17 - 21 Sep 2007 San Francisco, CA. United States.
Magnetic fields and differential rotation on the pre-main sequence
Marsden, Stephen C., Waite, Ian A. and Carter, Bradley D.. 2009. "Magnetic fields and differential rotation on the pre-main sequence." Stempels, Eric (ed.) 15th Cambridge Workshop on Cool Stars, Stellar Systems and the Sun. St. Andrews, United Kingdom 21 - 25 Jul 2008 Melville, NY. United States. AIP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3099217
The photospheric magnetic field and coronal structure of HD171488
Marsden, S. C., Jardine, M., Donati, J.-F., Petit, P., Semel, M. and Carter, B. D.. 2007. "The photospheric magnetic field and coronal structure of HD171488." Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana. 78, pp. 307-310.
The active Algol binary KZ Pavonis
Budding, E., Marsden, S. C. and Slee, O. B.. 2001. "The active Algol binary KZ Pavonis." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia. 18 (2), pp. 140-147. https://doi.org/10.1071/AS01028
A radio and optical study of the active young F star HR 1817 (=HD 35850)
Budding, E., Carter, B. D., Mengel, M. W., Slee, O. B. and Donati, J. -F.. 2002. "A radio and optical study of the active young F star HR 1817 (=HD 35850)." Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia. 19 (4), pp. 527-533. https://doi.org/10.1071/AS02021
Surface differential rotation and prominences of the Lupus post T Tauri star RX J1508.6-4423
Donati, J.-F., Mengel, M., Carter, B. D., Marsden, S., Collier Cameron, A. and Wichmann, R.. 2000. "Surface differential rotation and prominences of the Lupus post T Tauri star RX J1508.6-4423." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 316 (3), pp. 699-715. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.2000.03570.x