Nexus between Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Agricultural Land Use in Agrarian Economy: An ARDL Bounds Testing Approach

Article


Haider, Azad, ul Husnain, Muhammad Iftikhar, Rankaduwa, Wimal and Shaheen, Farzana. 2021. "Nexus between Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Agricultural Land Use in Agrarian Economy: An ARDL Bounds Testing Approach." Sustainability. 13 (5). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052808
Article Title

Nexus between Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Agricultural Land Use in Agrarian Economy: An ARDL Bounds Testing Approach

ERA Journal ID41498
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsHaider, Azad, ul Husnain, Muhammad Iftikhar, Rankaduwa, Wimal and Shaheen, Farzana
Journal TitleSustainability
Journal Citation13 (5)
Article Number2808
Number of Pages19
YearMar 2021
PublisherMDPI AG
Place of PublicationSwitzerland
ISSN2071-1050
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052808
Web Address (URL)https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/5/2808
Abstract

This paper analyses the relationship between Nitrous Oxide emissions, agricultural land use, and economic growth in Pakistan. Agriculture largely contributes to Nitrous Oxide emissions. Hence, models of agriculture induced Nitrous Oxide emissions are estimated in addition to models of total Nitrous Oxide emissions. Estimated models accommodate more flexible forms of relationship between economic growth and emissions than those of the widely adopted models in testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve. The Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to co-integration and the vector error correction model approach is applied to test the Environmental Kuznets’s Curve hypothesis for Pakistan and to detect the directions of causality among variables using the time series data for the period 1971 to 2012. Results indicate that an N-shaped rather than an inverted U-shaped relationship exists in the case of Pakistan. The tipping values for total Nitrous Oxide emissions and agriculturally induced Nitrous Oxide emissions indicate that Pakistan passes through a phase of increasing environmental degradation. Increases in agricultural land use and per capita energy use will increase the level of Nitrous Oxide emissions. However, controlling Nitrous Oxide emissions from agricultural land use and per capita, energy use without adversely affecting economic development will be a serious policy challenge for Paki-stan.

KeywordsEnvironmental Kuznets Curve; nitrous oxide emissions; economic growth; agricultural land used; energy used per capita; Pakistan
ANZSRC Field of Research 20204199. Other environmental sciences
Byline AffiliationsDalhousie University, Canada
COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan
University of Prince Edward Island, Canada
Nova Scotia Department of Finance and Treasury Board, Canada
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