Modelling the Association between Vitamin D Deficiency and Incidence of Covid-19 Infection Adjusting for the Confounders and Unobserved Heterogeneity

Article

Hoque, Zahirul, Hossain, Shahadut, Hasan, Masud, Hoque, Irfanul and Haque, Afrozul. 2023. "Modelling the Association between Vitamin D Deficiency and Incidence of Covid-19 Infection Adjusting for the Confounders and Unobserved Heterogeneity." Journal of Applied Probability and Statistics. 18 (1), pp. 19-33.

Article Title	Modelling the Association between Vitamin D Deficiency and Incidence of Covid-19 Infection Adjusting for the Confounders and Unobserved Heterogeneity
ERA Journal ID	41643
Article Category	Article
Authors	Hoque, Zahirul, Hossain, Shahadut, Hasan, Masud, Hoque, Irfanul and Haque, Afrozul
Journal Title	Journal of Applied Probability and Statistics
Journal Citation	18 (1), pp. 19-33
Number of Pages	15
Year	2023
Publisher	Islamic Countries Society of Statistical Sciences (ISOSS)
Place of Publication	Pakistan
ISSN	1930-6792
Web Address (URL)	http://japs.isoss.net/April23.htm
Abstract	This study quantifies the relation between vitamin D and the incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection after controlling for the common observable concomitant variables and unobserved confounding variables. The agegender specific vitamin D level, obesity rates, COVID-19 infection and related data were retrieved from published sources. Mixed-effects negative binomial regression model was used to quantify the adjusted association of vitamin D on COVID-19 infection rate. People with normal serum vitamin D level possessed 48% lower risk of being infected from COVID-19 (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.517; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.297, 0.899) as compared to those having deficiency. The elderly males (aged over 60 years) possessed 28% higher risk of being infected by COVID-19 (IRR=1.28; 95% CI: 0.963, 1.703). A significantly lower COVID-19 infection rate was observed among people with normal level of vitamin D (> 50 nmol/L) compared to those with vitamin D deficiency after adjusting for the observable confounding variables and for the country level heterogeneity. In conclusion, the findings of this research suggest an inverse relationship between vitamin D and COVID-19 infection, and hence raising serum vitamin D to normal level can reduce COVID-19 infection significantly.
Keywords	COVID-19
Contains Sensitive Content	Does not contain sensitive content
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020	4206. Public health
Public Notes	Files associated with this item cannot be displayed due to copyright restrictions.
Byline Affiliations	School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing
	Health Canada, Canada
	Australian National University
	Griffith University
	Jamia Hamdard, India

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