Respiratory rate estimation from photoplethysmogram baseline wandering by harmonic analysis and sequential fusion

Article

Zhang, Chi, Wei, Shaoming, Dong, Ge, Zeng, Yajun, Zhu, Guohun, Zhou, Xujuan and Liu, Feng. 2025. "Respiratory rate estimation from photoplethysmogram baseline wandering by harmonic analysis and sequential fusion." Biomedical Signal Processing and Control. 100 (Part C). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2024.107006
Article Title

Respiratory rate estimation from photoplethysmogram baseline wandering by harmonic analysis and sequential fusion

ERA Journal ID3391
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsZhang, Chi, Wei, Shaoming, Dong, Ge, Zeng, Yajun, Zhu, Guohun, Zhou, Xujuan and Liu, Feng
Journal TitleBiomedical Signal Processing and Control
Journal Citation100 (Part C)
Article Number107006
Number of Pages11
Year2025
PublisherElsevier
Place of PublicationNetherlands
ISSN1746-8094
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2024.107006
Web Address (URL)https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1746809424010644
Abstract

Photoplethysmogram (PPG) is typically employed to monitor heart rate and estimate respiratory rate (RR). The majority of PPG-based respiratory rate estimation methods necessitate the identification of individual heartbeat peaks or the decomposition of PPG signals, which is laborious and exhibits restricted performance. This paper presents a novel method for estimating respiratory rate, which employs frequency-domain analysis and sequential fusion over time. The proposed method exploits the harmonics of the PPG baseline wandering induced by respiration, seeking the respiratory frequency that maximizes the signal harmonic power. A sequential fusion between signal windows is designed to regularize the results and suppress possible significant errors while evaluating the quality of each fused output. The algorithm is verified using PPG signals from the CapnoBase and BIDMC datasets and yielded mean absolute errors (MAE) of 0.1 and 2.0 breaths per minute for each dataset, respectively, when providing respiratory rate estimates for all windows. Furthermore, the accuracy of the method can be improved by the exclusion of low-quality windows based on the proposed sequential assessment of quality. The application of harmonic analysis and sequential fusion techniques represents a novel approach for estimating respiratory rate from PPG with enhanced performance. The MATLAB code for the processing of the two datasets is accessible via the following link: https://github.com/Chi1988723/PPG-respiratory-rate-estimation.git.

KeywordsFrequency domain analysis; Harmonics; Photoplethysmogram; Respiratory rate; Sequential fusion
Contains Sensitive ContentDoes not contain sensitive content
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020400399. Biomedical engineering not elsewhere classified
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Byline AffiliationsSchool of Business
Centre for Heritage and Culture
Centre for Health Research
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Basiri, Mohammad Ehsan, Abdar, Moloud, Kabiri, Arman, Nemati, Shahla, Zhou, Xujuan, Allahbakhshi, Forough and Yen, Neil Y.. 2020. "Improving Sentiment Polarity Detection Through Target Identification." IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems. 7 (1), pp. 113-128. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSS.2019.2951326
Hybrid particle swarm optimization for rule discovery in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease
Zomorodi-Moghadam, Mariam, Abdar, Moloud, Davarzani, Zohreh, Zhou, Xujuan, Pławiak, Pawel and Acharya, U. Rajendra. 2021. "Hybrid particle swarm optimization for rule discovery in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease." Expert Systems: the journal of knowledge engineering. 38 (1), pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/exsy.12485
Insights into relevant knowledge extraction techniques: a comprehensive review
Shahid, Abdul, Afzal, Muhammad Tanvir, Abdar, Moloud, Basiri, Mohammad Ehsan, Zhou, Xujuan, Yen, Neil Y. and Chang, Jia‑Wei. 2020. "Insights into relevant knowledge extraction techniques: a comprehensive review." Journal of Supercomputing. 76 (3), pp. 1695-1733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-019-03009-y
Simulation study on passive buildings’ demand incentive based on evolutionary game
Liu, Kai, Zhou, Hongmin, Kou, Yuanyuan, Zhang, Jiabao, Zhou, Xujuan and Zhang, Xiantang. 2019. "Simulation study on passive buildings’ demand incentive based on evolutionary game." Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems. 37, pp. 3163-3174. https://doi.org/10.3233/JIFS-179118
Deep learning model for detection of pain intensity from facial expression
Soar, Jeffrey, Bargshady, Ghazal, Zhou, Xujuan and Whittaker, Frank. 2018. "Deep learning model for detection of pain intensity from facial expression." Mokhtari, Mounir, Abdulrazak, Bessam and Aloulou, Hamdi (ed.) 16th International Conference on Smart Homes and Health Telematics: Designing a Better Future: Urban Assisted Living (ICOST 2018). Singapore 10 - 12 Jul 2018 Cham, Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94523-1_22
A novel framework for distress detection through an automated speech processing system
Rana, Rajib, Gururajan, Raj, Mackenzie, Geraldine, Dunn, Jeff, Gray, Anthony, Zhou, Xujuan, Barua, Prabal Datta, Epps, Julien and Humphris, Gerald Michael. 2018. "A novel framework for distress detection through an automated speech processing system." 2018 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence (WI 2018). Santiago, Chile 03 - 06 Dec 2018 Los Alamitos, CA, United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/WI.2018.00-29
Determination of factors influencing student engagement using a learning management system in a tertiary setting
Barua, Prabal Datta, Zhou, Xujuan, Gururajan, Raj and Chan, Ka C.. 2018. "Determination of factors influencing student engagement using a learning management system in a tertiary setting." 2018 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence (WI 2018). Santiago, Chile 03 - 06 Dec 2018 Los Alamitos, CA, United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/WI.2018.00-30
A new nested ensemble technique for automated diagnosis of breast cancer
Abdar, Moloud, Zomorodi-Moghadam, Mariam, Zhou, Xujuan, Gururajan, Raj, Tao, Xiaohui, Barua, Prabal D. and Gururajan, Rashmi. 2020. "A new nested ensemble technique for automated diagnosis of breast cancer." Pattern Recognition Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2018.11.004
A joint deep neural network model for pain recognition from face
Bargshady, Ghazal, Soar, Jeffrey, Zhou, Xujuan, Deo, Ravinesh, Whittaker, Frank and Wang, Hua. 2019. "A joint deep neural network model for pain recognition from face." 4th IEEE International Conference on Computer and Communication Systems (ICCCS 2019). Singapore 23 - 25 Feb 2019 Singapore. pp. 52-56 https://doi.org/10.1109/CCOMS.2019.8821779
Factors impacting employee engagement on enterprise social media
Sankaran, Prema, Bheeman, Sankaran, Priya, K. Hari, Zhou, Xujuan and Gururajan, Raj. 2017. "Factors impacting employee engagement on enterprise social media." 2017 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence (WI 2017). Leipzig, Germany 23 - 26 Aug 2017 New York, United States. https://doi.org/10.1145/3106426.3115865
A Cross - layer Optimization of Video Transmission Based on Packet Loss Rate in 802.11e Wireless Networks
Zhou, Xujuan, Soar, Jeffrey, Gururajan, Raj, Wu, Zhangguang and Wu, Weimin. 2017. "A Cross - layer Optimization of Video Transmission Based on Packet Loss Rate in 802.11e Wireless Networks." 2017 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence (WI 2017). Leipzig, Germany 23 - 26 Aug 2017 United States. https://doi.org/10.1145/3106426.3109445
Coupling topic modelling in opinion mining for social media analysis
Zhou, Xujuan, Tao, Xiaohui, Rahman, Md Mostafijur and Zhang, Ji. 2017. "Coupling topic modelling in opinion mining for social media analysis." 2017 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence (WI 2017). Leipzig, Germany 23 - 26 Aug 2017 New York, United States. https://doi.org/10.1145/3106426.3106459
Effect of impingement/effusion hole-area ratio on discharge coefficients of double cooling wall
Zhang, Chi, Xu, Quanhong, Zhao, Mengmeng, Lin, Yuzhen and Liu, Gaoen. 2006. "Effect of impingement/effusion hole-area ratio on discharge coefficients of double cooling wall." ASME Turbo Expo 2006. Barcelona, Spain 08 - 11 May 2006 United States. https://doi.org/10.1115/GT2006-90612
Filtering and sophisticated data processing for web information gathering
Li, Yuefeng, Zhong, Ning, Zhou, Xujuan and Wu, Sheng-Tang. 2007. "Filtering and sophisticated data processing for web information gathering." Kryszkiewicz, M. (ed.) 2007 International Conference on Rough Sets and Intelligent Systems Paradigms (RSEISP 2007). Warsaw, Poland 28 - 30 Jun 2007 Berlin, Germany.
Integration of information filtering and data mining process for web information retrieval
Zhou, Xujuan, Li, Yuefeng, Bruza, Peter and Xu, Yue. 2007. "Integration of information filtering and data mining process for web information retrieval." Spink, Amanda, Turpin, Andrew and Wu, Mingfang (ed.) 12th Australasian Document Computing Symposium (ADCS 2007). Melbourne, Australia 10 Dec 2007 Melbourne, Australia.
Towards context-sensitive domain ontology extraction
Lau, Raymond Y. K., Hao, Jin Xing, Tang, Maolin and Zhou, Xujuan. 2007. "Towards context-sensitive domain ontology extraction." 40th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS40). Hawaii, United States 03 - 06 Jan 2007 Los Alamitos, CA. United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2007.570
Two-stage model for information filtering
Zhou, Xujuan, Li, Yuefeng, Bruza, Peter, Xu, Yue and Lau, Raymond Y. K.. 2008. "Two-stage model for information filtering." 2008 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology (WI-IAT 2008). Sydney, Australia 09 - 12 Dec 2008 Sydney, NSW, Australia. https://doi.org/10.1109/WIIAT.2008.390
Pattern taxonomy mining for information filtering
Zhou, Xujuan, Li, Yuefeng, Bruza, Peter, Xu, Yue and Lau, Raymond Y. K.. 2008. "Pattern taxonomy mining for information filtering." Wobcke, W. and Zhang, M. (ed.) AI 2008: 21st Australasian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence: Advances in Artificial Intelligence . Auckland, New Zealand 01 - 05 Dec 2008 Berlin, Germany. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89378-3_42
Rough sets based reasoning and pattern mining for a two-stage information filtering system
Zhou, Xujuan, Li, Yuefeng, Bruza, Peter, Xu, Yue and Lau, Raymaon Y. K.. 2010. "Rough sets based reasoning and pattern mining for a two-stage information filtering system." 19th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM 2010). Toronto, Canada 26 - 30 Oct 2010 New York, NY. United States. https://doi.org/10.1145/1871437.1871639
Effect of inclined angle on discharge coefficient of the discrete holes in curved wall
Zhang, Chi, Zhao, Mengmeng, Lin, Yu-zhen and Liu, Gao-en. 2007. "Effect of inclined angle on discharge coefficient of the discrete holes in curved wall." Journal of Aerospace Power. 22 (7), pp. 1127-1131.
Study of overall cooling effectiveness of discrete holes with different angles to concave wall
Zhao, Mengmeng, Zhang, Chi, Lin, Yu-zhen and Liu, Gao-en. 2007. "Study of overall cooling effectiveness of discrete holes with different angles to concave wall." Journal of Aerospace Power. 22 (2), pp. 210-215.
Sequential pattern mining and nonmonotonic reasoning for intelligent information agents
Lau, Raymond Y. K., Li, Yuefeng, Wu, Sheng-Tang and Zhou, Xujuan. 2007. "Sequential pattern mining and nonmonotonic reasoning for intelligent information agents." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence. 21 (4), pp. 773-789. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218001407005673
Pattern mining for a two-stage information filtering system
Zhou, Xujuan, Li, Yuefeng, Bruza, Peter, Xu, Yue and Lau, Raymond Y. K.. 2011. "Pattern mining for a two-stage information filtering system." Huang , J.Z., Cao, L. and Srivastava , J. (ed.) 15th Pacific-Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (PAKDD 2011). Shenzhen, China 24 - 27 May 2011 Germany. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20841-6_30
Sentiment analysis for depression detection on social networks
Tao, Xiaohui, Zhou, Xujuan, Zhang, Ji and Yong, Jianming. 2016. "Sentiment analysis for depression detection on social networks." Li, Jinyan, Li, Xue, Wang, Xue, Li, Jianxin and Sheng, Quan Z. (ed.) 12th International Conference on Advanced Data Mining and Applications (ADMA 2016). Gold Coast, QLD, Australia 12 - 15 Dec 2016 Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49586-6_59
A two-stage information filtering based on rough decision rule and pattern mining
Zhou, Xujuan, Li, Yuefeng, Bruza, Peter, Xu, Yue and Lau, Raymond. 2010. "A two-stage information filtering based on rough decision rule and pattern mining." Journal of Emerging Technologies in Web Intelligence. 2 (4), pp. 326-332. https://doi.org/10.4304/jetwi.2.4.326-332
Software development for managing nutrition intake for Type II Diabetes Mellitus
Krishnan, Dharini, Zhou, Xujuan, Chakraborty, Subrata, Gururajan, Rashmi and Gururajan, Raj. 2016. "Software development for managing nutrition intake for Type II Diabetes Mellitus." 10th International Conference on Software, Knowledge, Information Management and Application (SKIMA 2016). Chengdu, China 15 - 17 Dec 2016 China.
Objective Analysis of Marker Bias in Higher Education
Chakraborty, Subrata, Zhou, Susan, Hafeez-Baig, Abdul, Gururajan, Raj, Paul, Manoranjan, Mandal, Anuradha, Chacko, Anila Elizabeth and Barua, Prabal D.. 2017. "Objective Analysis of Marker Bias in Higher Education." 5th IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment, and Learning for Engineering (TALE 2016). Bangkok, Thailand 07 - 09 Dec 2016 Piscataway, United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/TALE.2016.7851839
Financial competing interests were associated with favorable conclusions and greater author productivity in nonsystematic reviews of neuraminidase inhibitors
Dunn, Adam G., Zhou, Xujuan, Hudgins, Joel, Arachi, Diana, Mandl, Kenneth D., Coiera, Enrico and Bourgeois, Florence T.. 2016. "Financial competing interests were associated with favorable conclusions and greater author productivity in nonsystematic reviews of neuraminidase inhibitors." Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 80, pp. 43-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.07.010
A two-stage text mining model for information filtering
Li, Yuefeng, Zhou, Xujuan, Bruza, Peter, Xu, Yue and Lau, Raymond Y.K.. 2008. "A two-stage text mining model for information filtering." CIKM 2008: ACM 17th Conference on Information and Knowledge Management. Napa Valley, United States 26 - 30 Oct 2008 New York, United States. https://doi.org/10.1145/1458082.1458218
Relevance assessment of topic ontology
Zhou, Xujuan, Li, Yuefeng, Xu, Yue and Lau, Raymond. 2006. "Relevance assessment of topic ontology ." 4th International Conference on Active Media Technology (AMT 2006). Brisbane, Australia 07 - 09 Jun 2006
Using information filtering in web data mining process
Zhou, Xujuan, Li, Yuefeng, Bruza, Peter, Wu, Sheng-Tang, Xu, Yue and Lau, Raymond Y. K.. 2007. "Using information filtering in web data mining process." 2007 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence. Fremont, United States of America 02 - 05 Nov 2007 United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/WI.2007.24
Utilizing search intent in topic ontology-based user profile for web mining
Zhou, Xujuan, Wu, Sheng-Tang, Li, Yuefeng, Xu, Yue, Lau, Raymond Y.K. and Bruza, Peter D.. 2006. "Utilizing search intent in topic ontology-based user profile for web mining ." IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conferenceon Web Intelligence (WI'06). Hong Kong, China 18 - 22 Dec 2006 United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/WI.2006.186
A two-stage decision model for information filtering
Li, Yuefeng, Zhou, Xujuan, Bruza, Peter, Xu, Yue and Lau, Raymond Y.K.. 2012. "A two-stage decision model for information filtering." Decision Support Systems. 52 (3), pp. 706-716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2011.11.005
The state-of-the-art in personalized recommender systems for social networking
Zhou, Xujuan, Xu, Yue, Li, Yuefeng, Audun, Josang and Cox, Clive. 2012. "The state-of-the-art in personalized recommender systems for social networking." Artificial Intelligence Review. 37 (2), pp. 119-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-011-9222-1
Citations alone were enough to predict favorable conclusions in reviews of neuraminidase inhibitors
Zhou, Xujuan, Wang, Ying, Tsafnat, Guy, Coiera, Enrico, Bourgeois, Florence T. and Dunn, Adam G.. 2015. "Citations alone were enough to predict favorable conclusions in reviews of neuraminidase inhibitors ." Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 68 (1), pp. 87-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.09.014
Associations between exposure to and expression of negative opinions about Human Papillomavirus vaccines on social media: an observational study
Dunn, Adam G., Leask, Julie, Zhou, Xujuan, Mandl, Kenneth D. and Coiera, Enrico. 2015. "Associations between exposure to and expression of negative opinions about Human Papillomavirus vaccines on social media: an observational study." Journal of Medical Internet Research. 17 (6), pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.4343
Using social connection information to improve opinion mining: Identifying negative sentiment about HPV vaccines on Twitter
Zhou, Xujuan, Coiera, Enrico, Tsafnat, Guy, Arachi, Diana, Ong, Mei-Sing and Dunn, Adam G.. 2015. "Using social connection information to improve opinion mining: Identifying negative sentiment about HPV vaccines on Twitter." Sarkar, Indra Neil, Georgiou, Andrew and Marqes, Paulo Mazzoncini de Azevedo (ed.) 15th World Congress on Medical and Health Informatics (MEDINFO 2015). São Paulo, Brazil 19 - 23 Aug 2015 Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-564-7-761
Sentiment Analysis on Tweets for Social Events
Zhou, Xujuan, Tao, Xiaohui, Yong, Jianming and Yang, Zhenyu. 2013. "Sentiment Analysis on Tweets for Social Events." Shen, Weiming, Li, Weidong, Barthes, Jean-Paul, Luo, Junzhou, Zhu, Haibin, Yong, Jianming and Li, Xiaoping (ed.) IEEE 17th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design (CSCWD 2013). Whistler, Canada 27 - 29 Jun 2013 United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/CSCWD.2013.6581022
Personalised information gathering and recommender systems: techniques and trends
Tao, Xiaohui, Zhou, Xujuan, Lau, Cher Han and Li, Yuefeng. 2013. "Personalised information gathering and recommender systems: techniques and trends." EAI Endorsed Transactions on Scalable Information Systems. 13 (1-3), pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.4108/trans.sis.2013.01-03.e4