Terrestrial laser scanners datum transformation: Insignificant analysis of scale factor

Article

Abbas, Mohd Azwan, Majid, Zulkepli, Aizat, Mohamad Aizat Asyraff Mohamad, Chong, Albert K., Mustafar, Mohamad Asrul, Luh, Lau Chong and Aspuri, Anuar. 2021. "Terrestrial laser scanners datum transformation: Insignificant analysis of scale factor ." Engineering Journal. 25 (1), pp. 253-262. https://doi.org/10.4186/ej.2021.25.1.253
Article Title

Terrestrial laser scanners datum transformation: Insignificant analysis of scale factor

ERA Journal ID4187
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsAbbas, Mohd Azwan, Majid, Zulkepli, Aizat, Mohamad Aizat Asyraff Mohamad, Chong, Albert K., Mustafar, Mohamad Asrul, Luh, Lau Chong and Aspuri, Anuar
Journal TitleEngineering Journal
Journal Citation25 (1), pp. 253-262
Number of Pages10
Year2021
PublisherAmerican Institute of Steel Construction
Place of PublicationUnited States
ISSN0013-8029
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.4186/ej.2021.25.1.253
Web Address (URL)https://www.engj.org/index.php/ej/article/view/4199
Abstract

Due to the measurement mechanism employed by terrestrial laser scanners (TLSs), the pre-processing procedure has become crucial procedure to orient all acquired data into global or ground coordinate system. Rather than utilising all seven-transformation parameters, most of TLS practitioners have neglected the scale factor. Taking into consideration the uncertainties in deriving range data, disregarding the scale factor in datum transformation computation could jeopardise the quality of pre-processed results. To rigorously examine this argument, two experiments have been designed by considering the element of multi distances and multi sensors. Utilising phase (i.e. Faro Focus 3D) and pulse-based (i.e. Leica ScanStation C10) scanners, both experiments were carried out with computation of seven (7) transformation parameters and scale factors were extracted for the assessment. With the aid of statistical analysis, the computed scale factors were mathematically differentiate to the ideal value (i.e. 1.000 or no scale effect). Under 95% confidence level, the null hypotheses for both experiments have indicate an agreement that scale factor can be neglected in datum transformation process for both types of terrestrial laser scanners.

KeywordsDatum transformation; Network configuration; Scale factor; Significant analysis; Terrestrial laser scanner
ANZSRC Field of Research 20204013. Geomatic engineering
FunderUniversiti Teknologi MARA
Byline AffiliationsMARA University of Technology, Malaysia
University of Technology Malaysia, Malaysia
University of Southern Queensland
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Abbas, Mohd Azwan, Setan, Halim, Majid, Zulkepli, Chong, Albert K., Idris, Khairulnizam M. and Aspuri, Anuar. 2013. "Calibration and accuracy assessment of Leica ScanStation C10 terrestrial laser scanner." Abdul Rahman, Alias, Boguslawski, Pawel, Gold, Christopher and Said, Mohamad Nor (ed.) International Workshop on Geoinformation Advances 2012. Johor Bahru, Malaysia 07 - 08 Nov 2012 Berlin, Germany. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36379-5_3
Plantar surface contour using close range photogrammetry
Al-Baghdadi, Jasim, Chong, Albert, Alshadli, Duaa, Milburn, Peter and Newsham-West, Richard. 2013. "Plantar surface contour using close range photogrammetry." Frederick, Ned and Arndt, Toni (ed.) 11th Biennial Footwear Biomechanics Symposium (FBS 2013). Natal, Brazil 31 Jul - 02 Aug 2013 Colchester, Essex. United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.1080/19424280.2013.799528
GIS application and geodatabase for archaeological site documentation system: Bujang Valley, Malaysia
Bachad, Erna Warnita, Majid, Zulkepli, Setan, Halim, Chong, Albert K. and Sulaiman, Nurul Shahida. 2013. "GIS application and geodatabase for archaeological site documentation system: Bujang Valley, Malaysia." Abdul Rahman, Alias, Boguslawski, Pawel, Gold, Christopher and Said, Mohamad Nor (ed.) International Workshop on Geoinformation Advances 2012. Johor Bahru, Malaysia 07 - 08 Nov 2012 Berlin, Germany. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36379-5_11
Improvement in accuracy for three-dimensional sensor (Faro Photon 120 scanner)
Abbas, Mohd Azwan, Setan, Halim, Majid, Zulkepli, Chong, Albert K., Luh, Lau Chong, Ariff, Mohd Farid Mohd and Idris, Khairulnizam M.. 2013. "Improvement in accuracy for three-dimensional sensor (Faro Photon 120 scanner)." International Journal of Computer Science Issues. 10 (1-3), pp. 176-182.
Application of photogrammetry at USQ hypersonic wind tunnel
Chong, Albert K., Buttsworth, David, Mudford, Neil, Jokic, Michael, Balage, Sudantha and O'Bryne, Sean. 2012. "Application of photogrammetry at USQ hypersonic wind tunnel ." Short, Wayne and Cairns, Iver (ed.) 11th Australian Space Science Conference (ASSC 2011). Canberra, Australia 26 - 29 Sep 2011 Sydney, Australia.
Energy-efficient technique for engineering structural monitoring in the dark
Chong, Albert K.. 2012. "Energy-efficient technique for engineering structural monitoring in the dark." Applied Mechanics and Materials. 209-211, pp. 1847-1851. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.209-211.1847
Reliability of a high accuracy image-based system for 3D modelling of the medial longitudinal arch during gait
Alshadli, Duaa, Chong, Albert K., McDougall, Kevin, Al-Baghdadi, Jasim, Milburn, Peter and Newsham-West, Richard. 2013. "Reliability of a high accuracy image-based system for 3D modelling of the medial longitudinal arch during gait." Rahman, Alias Abdul, Boguslawski, Pawel, Gold, Christopher and Said, Mohamad Nor (ed.) International Workshop on Geoinformation Advances 2012. Johor Bahru, Malaysia 07 - 08 Nov 2012 Berlin, Germany. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36379-5_6
Low-cost compact high-speed camera for human motion study
Chong, Albert K. and Majid, Zulkepli. 2013. "Low-cost compact high-speed camera for human motion study ." Rahman, Alias Abdul, Boguslawski, Pawel and Gold, Christopher (ed.) International Workshop on Geoinformation Advances 2012. Johor Bahru, Malaysia 07 - 08 Nov 2012 Berlin, Germany.
An investigation of the 3-dimensional surface capture techniques of the human foot
Al-Baghdadi, Jasim Ahmed, Chong, Albert K., McDougall, Kevin and Alshadli, Duaa. 2012. "An investigation of the 3-dimensional surface capture techniques of the human foot." Rahman, Alias Abdul, Boguslawski, Pawel, Gold, Christopher and Said, Mohamad Nor (ed.) International Workshop on Geoinformation Advances 2012. Johor Bahru, Malaysia 07 - 08 Nov 2012 Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
Virtual reality assessment of rugby lineout throw kinematics
Croft, Hayden, Chong, Albert and Wilson, Barry. 2012. "Virtual reality assessment of rugby lineout throw kinematics." Sports Technology. 4 (1-2), pp. 2-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/19346182.2012.663535
Deformation detection for ISKANDARnet
Lim, M. C., Setan, H., Othman, R. and Chong, A. K.. 2012. "Deformation detection for ISKANDARnet." Survey Review. 44 (326), pp. 198-207. https://doi.org/10.1179/1752270611Y.0000000019
Exploiting HD camcorders for close-up human movement applications
Chong, Albert K.. 2012. "Exploiting HD camcorders for close-up human movement applications." The Photogrammetric Record. 27 (138), pp. 227-237. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.2012.00673.x
Low-cost compact cameras: a medical application in CMT disease monitoring
Chong, Albert K.. 2011. "Low-cost compact cameras: a medical application in CMT disease monitoring." The Photogrammetric Record. 26 (134), pp. 263-273. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.2011.00638.x
Skin texture-enhancement for automated 3D point cloud generation in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease application
Alshadli, Duaa, Chong, Albert K., McDougall, Kevin and AL-Baghdadi, Jasim Ahmed Ali. 2011. "Skin texture-enhancement for automated 3D point cloud generation in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease application." Jianping, Cui, Ying, Zhang and Juan, Wu (ed.) ICEMI 2011: 10th International Conference on Electronic Measurement and Instruments. Chengdu. China 16 - 18 Aug 2011 Piscataway, NJ. United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEMI.2011.6037844
A dense surface modelling technique for foot surface imaging
Al-Baghdadi, Jasim Ahmed Ali, Chong, Albert K., McDougall, Kevin, Alshadli, Duaa, Milburn, Peter and Newsham-West, Richard. 2011. "A dense surface modelling technique for foot surface imaging." Hock, Barbara (ed.) 2011 Surveying and Spatial Sciences Conference: Innovation in Action: Working Smarter (SSSC 2011). Wellington, New Zealand 21 - 25 Nov 2011 Rotorua, New Zealand.
3D dynamic surface modelling of the foot and leg
Chong, Albert, Milburn, Peter and Newsham-West, Richard. 2011. "3D dynamic surface modelling of the foot and leg ." Footwear Science. 3 (s1), pp. 35-37. https://doi.org/10.1080/19424280.2011.575404
Ship wake study using imaging technique
Abd Rani, Mohd. Arif, Majid, Zulkepli, Yaakob, Omar and Chong, Albert. 2010. "Ship wake study using imaging technique ." Geoinformation Science Journal. 10 (2), pp. 74-88.
Biology and zoology
Chong, Albert K.-F.. 2007. "Biology and zoology." Fryer, John, Mitchell, Harvey and Chandler, Jim H. (ed.) Applications of 3D measurement from images. Dunbeath, Scotland. Whittles Publishing. pp. 210-224
High-accuracy photogrammetric technique for human spine measurement
Chong, Albert K., Milburn, Peter, Newsham-West, Richard and Ter Voert, Marieke. 2009. "High-accuracy photogrammetric technique for human spine measurement." The Photogrammetric Record. 24 (127), pp. 264-279. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.2009.00540.x
A technique for improving webcam precision in biological plant measurement
Chong, Albert K. and Brownstein, Gretchen. 2010. "A technique for improving webcam precision in biological plant measurement." The Photogrammetric Record. 25 (130), pp. 180-196. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.2010.00578.x
It’s looking up! 3D mapping of foot surface contours
Chong, Albert K.-F., Newsham-West, Richard and Milburn, Peter. 2010. "It’s looking up! 3D mapping of foot surface contours." Lim, C. T. and Goh, J. C. H. (ed.) WCB 2010: 6th World Congress of Biomechanics. Singapore 01 - 06 Aug 2010 Berlin, Germany. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14515-5
Near-infrared camera for night surveillance applications
Ariff, Mohd Farid Mohd, Majid, Zulkepli, Setan, Halim and Chong, Albert K.-F.. 2010. "Near-infrared camera for night surveillance applications." Geoinformation Science Journal. 10 (1), pp. 38-48.
Night-time surveillance system for forensic 3D mapping
Chong, Albert K., Ariff, M. Farid M., Setan, Halim and Majid, Zulkepli. 2010. "Night-time surveillance system for forensic 3D mapping." Tan, Zheng-Hua, Wan, Yi, Xiang, Tao and Song, Yibin (ed.) CISP 2010: 3rd International Congress on Image and Signal Processing . Yantai, China 16 - 18 Oct 2010 Piscataway, NJ. United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/CISP.2010.5647674
Accuracy assessments of point cloud 3D registration method for high accuracy craniofacial mapping
Majid, Zulkepli, Setan, Halim and Chong, Albert K.-F.. 2009. "Accuracy assessments of point cloud 3D registration method for high accuracy craniofacial mapping." Geoinformation Science Journal. 9 (2), pp. 36-44.
Photogrammetric-based security system
Ariff, Mohd Farid Mohd, Majid, Zulkepli, Chong, Albert K. and Setan, Halim. 2009. "Photogrammetric-based security system." Geoinformation Science Journal. 9 (1), pp. 62-69.
3D photogrammetric analysis of the load-bearing foot
Chong, Albert, Newsham-West, Richard and Milburn, Peter. 2009. "3D photogrammetric analysis of the load-bearing foot." 22nd Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics. Cape Town, South Africa 05 - 09 Jul 2009 Cape Town, South Africa .
A photogrammetric application in virtual sport training
Chong, Albert K. and Croft, Hayden G.. 2009. "A photogrammetric application in virtual sport training." The Photogrammetric Record. 24 (125), pp. 51-65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.2009.00517.x
Field calibration of zoom cameras for two camera- photogrammetric applications
Chong, Albert K.-F.. 2009. "Field calibration of zoom cameras for two camera- photogrammetric applications ." Tansey, Kevin, Hoscilo, Agata and Page, Susan (ed.) RSPSoc 2009 Annual Conference. Leicester, England 08 - 11 Sep 2009 London, England.
Digital architectural photogrammetric recording of historical buildings and monuments
Chong, Albert K.-F., McFadgen, B. G., Majid, Zulkepli, McKinlay, H., Luther, S., McHutchon, N., Khaw, C. J., Wang, S. and Ahmad, Anuar B.. 2003. "Digital architectural photogrammetric recording of historical buildings and monuments." New Zealand Surveyor. 293, pp. 25-28.
Precision of landmark identification using scanned cephalometric image
Lani, Ruzaini Md, Setan, Halim, Majid, Zulkepli and Chong, Albert K.. 2006. "Precision of landmark identification using scanned cephalometric image." International Symposium & Exhibition on Geoinformation 2005 (ISG 2005): Geospatial Solutions for Managing the Borderless World. Penang, Malaysia 27 - 29 Sep 2005 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
New developments in medical photogrammetry
Chong, Albert K.. 2009. "New developments in medical photogrammetry." Geoinformation Science Journal. 9 (1), pp. 41-50.
A case study on the establishment of shoreline position
Chong, Albert K.-F.. 2004. "A case study on the establishment of shoreline position." Survey Review. 37 (293), pp. 542-551.
Simulation of interactive cutting tool for craniofacial osteotomy planning
Rana, Mohammad Azam, Setan, Halim, Majid, Zulkepli and Chong, Albert K.. 2007. "Simulation of interactive cutting tool for craniofacial osteotomy planning." Banissi, E. (ed.) CGIV 2007: 4th International Conference on Computer Graphics, Imaging and Visualisation. Bangkok, Thailand 13 - 16 Aug 2007 Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.1109/CGIV.2007.77
Craniofacial stereo mapping: improving accuracy with natural points
Majid, Zulkepli, Setan, Halim, Ahmad, Anuar and Chong, Albert. 2005. "Craniofacial stereo mapping: improving accuracy with natural points." New Zealand Surveyor.
Calibrating Minolta VIVID 910 3D laser scanner for medical mapping
Majid, Zulkepli, Chong, Albert and Setan, Halim. 2006. "Calibrating Minolta VIVID 910 3D laser scanner for medical mapping." New Zealand Surveyor.
Coordinate systems integration for development of Malaysian craniofacial database
Rajion, Zainul, Suwardhi, Deni, Setan, Halim, Chong, Albert K., Majid, Zulkepli, Ahmad, Anuar B., Samsudin, Abdul Rani, Izhar, Ab. Aziz and Harun, Wan Ab. Rahman Wan. 2005. "Coordinate systems integration for development of Malaysian craniofacial database." 27th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBS 2005). Shanghai, China 01 - 04 Sep 2005 Piscataway, NJ. United States.
Photogrammetry for digital hand surface capture in swimming performance study
Chong, Albert K.-F.. 2006. "Photogrammetry for digital hand surface capture in swimming performance study." Maas, H.-G. and Schneider, D. (ed.) ISPRS Commission V Symposium: Image Engineering and Vision Metrology. Dresden, Germany 25 - 27 Sep 2006 London, UK.
The use of a national craniofacial database
Chong, Albert K., Majid, Z. B., Ahmad, A. B., Setan, H. B. and Samsudin, A. B. Rani. 2004. "The use of a national craniofacial database." New Zealand Surveyor.
Photogrammetry and 3D laser scanning as spatial data capture techniques for a national craniofacial database
Majid, Zulkepli, Chong, Albert K., Ahmad, Anuar, Setan, Halim and Samsudin, Abdul Rani. 2005. "Photogrammetry and 3D laser scanning as spatial data capture techniques for a national craniofacial database." The Photogrammetric Record. 20 (109), pp. 48-68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.2005.00304.x
Near infrared photography for craniofacial anthropometric landmark measurement
Chong, Albert K. and Mathieu, Renaud. 2006. "Near infrared photography for craniofacial anthropometric landmark measurement." The Photogrammetric Record. 21 (113), pp. 16-28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.2006.00351.x
An inexpensive stereo-image capture tool for motion study
Chong, Albert K.-F.. 2007. "An inexpensive stereo-image capture tool for motion study." The Photogrammetric Record. 22 (119), pp. 226-237. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.2007.00439.x
Important considerations for craniofacial mapping using laser scanners
Majid, Zulkepli, Chong, Albert K. and Setan, Halim. 2007. "Important considerations for craniofacial mapping using laser scanners." The Photogrammetric Record. 22 (120), pp. 290-308. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.2007.00449.x
Natural features technique for non-contact three dimensional craniofacial anthropometry using stereophotogrammetry
Majid, Z., Chong, A., Setan, H., Ahmad, A. and Rajion, Z. A.. 2006. "Natural features technique for non-contact three dimensional craniofacial anthropometry using stereophotogrammetry." Archives of Orofacial Sciences. 1, pp. 42-50.
Object-based classification of Ikonos imagery for mapping large-scale vegetation communities in urban areas
Mathieu, Renaud, Aryal, Jagannath and Chong, Albert K.. 2007. "Object-based classification of Ikonos imagery for mapping large-scale vegetation communities in urban areas." Sensors. 7 (11), pp. 2860-2880. https://doi.org/10.3390/s7112860
Optimising the accuracy of a low-cost photogrammetric motion study team
Chong, Albert K.-F.. 2004. "Optimising the accuracy of a low-cost photogrammetric motion study team ." The Photogrammetric Record. 19 (108), pp. 296-310. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0031-868X.2004.00288.x
Close range photogrammetric analysis of the human spine
Chong, Albert K.-F., Newsham-West, Richard, ter Voert, Marieke and Milburn, Peter. 2009. "Close range photogrammetric analysis of the human spine." 22nd Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics. Cape Town, South Africa 05 - 09 Jul 2009 Cape Town, South Africa.
Stereo-image capture tool for forensic mapping of surveillance video footage
Ariff, Mohd Farid Mohd, Majid, Zulkepli, Setan, Halim and Chong, Albert K.-F.. 2009. "Stereo-image capture tool for forensic mapping of surveillance video footage." Geoinformation Science Journal. 9 (2), pp. 21-35.
Underwater Digital Stereo-Observation Technique for Red Hydrocoral Study
Chong, A. K. and Stratford, P.. 2002. "Underwater Digital Stereo-Observation Technique for Red Hydrocoral Study." Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 68 (7), pp. 745-751.
A Rigorous Technique for Forensic Measurement of Surveillance Video Footage
Chong, A. K.. 2002. "A Rigorous Technique for Forensic Measurement of Surveillance Video Footage." Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 68 (7), pp. 753-759.
Two-Medium Photogrammetry for Bottlenose Dolphin Studies
Chong, A. K. and Schneider, K.. 2001. "Two-Medium Photogrammetry for Bottlenose Dolphin Studies." Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 67 (5), pp. 621-628.
A checking technique for high precision GPS antennas
Chong, A. K. and Kam, B. B.. 2000. "A checking technique for high precision GPS antennas." Survey Review. 35 (277), pp. 464-474. https://doi.org/10.1179/sre.2000.35.277.464
A Technique for Spatial Sampling and Error Reporting for Image Map Bases
Chong, Albert K.. 1999. "A Technique for Spatial Sampling and Error Reporting for Image Map Bases." Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 65 (10), pp. 1195-1198.
An Application of Close Range Photogrammetry In Dolphin Studies
Bräger, S. and Chong, A. K.. 1999. "An Application of Close Range Photogrammetry In Dolphin Studies." The Photogrammetric Record. 16 (93), pp. 503-517. https://doi.org/10.1111/0031-868X.00139
A combined stereo-photogrammetry and underwater-video system to study group composition of dolphins
Bräger, Stefan, Chong, Albert, Dawson, Stephen, Slooten, Elisabeth and Würsig, Bernd. 1999. "A combined stereo-photogrammetry and underwater-video system to study group composition of dolphins." Helgoland Marine Research. 53 (2), pp. 122-128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s101520050015
Cost Estimates of Photogrammetric Related Services Using Electronic Spreadsheets
Chong, Albert K.. 1988. "Cost Estimates of Photogrammetric Related Services Using Electronic Spreadsheets." Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 54 (1), pp. 47-50.
A Robust Method for Multiple Outliers Detection in Multi-Parametric Models
Chong, Albert K.. 1987. "A Robust Method for Multiple Outliers Detection in Multi-Parametric Models." Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 53 (6), pp. 617-620.