PHANGS-ALMA: Arcsecond CO(2-1) Imaging of Nearby Star-forming Galaxies

Article

Leroy, Adam K., Schinnerer, Eva, Hughes, Annie, Rosolowsky, E., Pety, Jérôme, Schruba, Andreas, Usero, Antonio, Blanc, Guillermo A., Chevance, Mélanie, Emsellem, Eric, Faesi, Christopher M., Herrera, Cinthya N., Liu, Daizhong, Meidt, Sharon E., Querejeta, Miguel, Saito, Toshiki, Sandstrom, K., Sun, Jiayi, Williams, Thomas G., ..., Whitmore, Bradley. 2021. "PHANGS-ALMA: Arcsecond CO(2-1) Imaging of Nearby Star-forming Galaxies." Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 257 (2). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ac17f3
Article Title

PHANGS-ALMA: Arcsecond CO(2-1) Imaging of Nearby Star-forming Galaxies

ERA Journal ID1058
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsLeroy, Adam K., Schinnerer, Eva, Hughes, Annie, Rosolowsky, E., Pety, Jérôme, Schruba, Andreas, Usero, Antonio, Blanc, Guillermo A., Chevance, Mélanie, Emsellem, Eric, Faesi, Christopher M., Herrera, Cinthya N., Liu, Daizhong, Meidt, Sharon E., Querejeta, Miguel, Saito, Toshiki, Sandstrom, K., Sun, Jiayi, Williams, Thomas G., Anand, Gagandeep S., Barnes, Ashley T., Behrens, Erica A., Belfiore, Francesco, Benincasa, Samantha M., Bešlić, Ivana, Bigiel, Frank, Bolatto, Alberto D., den Brok, Jakob S., Cao, Yixian, Chandar, Rupali, Chastenet, Jérémy, Chiang, I-Da, Congiu, Enrico, Dale, Daniel A., Deger, Sinan, Eibensteiner, Cosima, Egorov, Oleg V., García-Rodríguez, Axel, Glover, Simon C. O., Grasha, Kathryn, Henshaw, Jonathan D., Ho, I. -Ting, Kepley, Amanda A., Kim, Jaeyeon, Klessen, Ralf S., Kreckel, Kathryn, Koch, Eric W., Kruijssen, J. M. Diederik, Larson, Kirsten L., Lee, Janice C., Lopez, Laura A., Machado, Josh, Mayker, Ness, McElroy, Rebecca, Murphy, Eric J., Ostriker, Eve C., Pan, Hsi-An, Pessa, Ismael, Puschnig, Johannes, Razza, Alessandro, Sánchez-Blázquez, Patricia, Santoro, Francesco, Sardone, Amy, Scheuermann, Fabian, Sliwa, Kazimierz, Sormani, Mattia C., Stuber, Sophia K., Thilker, David A., Turner, Jordan A., Utomo, Dyas, Watkins, Elizabeth J. and Whitmore, Bradley
Journal TitleAstrophysical Journal Supplement Series
Journal Citation257 (2)
Article Number43
Number of Pages61
Year2021
PublisherIOP Publishing
Place of PublicationUnited Kingdom
ISSN0067-0049
1538-4365
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ac17f3
Web Address (URL)https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ApJS..257...43L
Abstract

We present PHANGS–ALMA, the first survey to map CO J = 2 → 1 line emission at ∼1'' ∼100 pc spatial resolution from a representative sample of 90 nearby (d ≲ 20 Mpc) galaxies that lie on or near the z = 0 "main sequence" of star-forming galaxies. CO line emission traces the bulk distribution of molecular gas, which is the cold, star-forming phase of the interstellar medium. At the resolution achieved by PHANGS–ALMA, each beam reaches the size of a typical individual giant molecular cloud, so that these data can be used to measure the demographics, life cycle, and physical state of molecular clouds across the population of galaxies where the majority of stars form at z = 0. This paper describes the scientific motivation and background for the survey, sample selection, global properties of the targets, Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations, and characteristics of the delivered data and derived data products. As the ALMA sample serves as the parent sample for parallel surveys with MUSE on the Very Large Telescope, the Hubble Space Telescope, AstroSat, the Very Large Array, and other facilities, we include a detailed discussion of the sample selection. We detail the estimation of galaxy mass, size, star formation rate, CO luminosity, and other properties, compare estimates using different systems and provide best-estimate integrated measurements for each target. We also report the design and execution of the ALMA observations, which combine a Cycle 5 Large Program, a series of smaller programs, and archival observations. Finally, we present the first 1'' resolution atlas of CO emission from nearby galaxies and describe the properties and contents of the first PHANGS–ALMA public data release.

KeywordsInterstellar medium; Giant molecular clouds; Spiral galaxies; Millimeter astronomy ; Galaxy evolution; CO line emission; Barred spiral galaxies; Disk galaxies; Galaxies; Star formation ; Radio astronomy; Stellar feedback
Contains Sensitive ContentDoes not contain sensitive content
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020510102. Astronomical instrumentation
Public Notes

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Byline AffiliationsOhio State University, United States
Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Germany
National center for scientific research (CNRS), France
University of Toulouse, France
University of Alberta, Canada
Institut de Radioastronomie Millimetrique (IRAM), France
Sorbonne University, France
Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Germany
National Astronomical Observatory (IGN), Spain
Carnegie Institution for Science, United States
University of Chile, Chile
Heidelberg University, Germany
European Southern Observatory (ESO), Chile
University of Lyon, France
University of Massachusetts, United States
University of Gent, Belgium
University of California San Diego, United States
University of Hawaii, United States
University of Bonn, Germany
University of Virginia, United States
INAF Observatory of Astrophysics and Space Science, Italy
University of Maryland, United States
Aix-Marseille University, France
University of Toledo, United States
University of Wyoming, United States
California Institute of Technology (Caltech), United States
Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC), United States
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia
Australian National University
National Radio Astronomy Observatory, United States
Gemini Observatory, United States
NSF's National Optical Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory (NOIRLab), United States
University of Sydney
Princeton University, United States
Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
Johns Hopkins University, United States
Space Telescope Science Institute, United States
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van de Sande, Jesse, Bland-Hawthorn, J., Fogarty, Lisa M. R., Cortese, Luca, d'Eugenio, Francesco, Croom, Scott M., Scott, Nicholas, Allen, James T., Brough, Sarah, Bryant, Julia J., Cecil, Gerald, Colless, Matthew, Couch, Warrick J., Davies, Roger, Pascal J., Foster, Caroline, Goldstein, Gregory, Goodwin, Michael, Groves, Brent, ..., Yi, Sukyoung K.. 2017. "The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Revisiting Galaxy Classification through High-order Stellar Kinematics." The Astrophysical Journal: an international review of astronomy and astronomical physics. 835 (1). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/835/1/104
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McElroy, Rebecca, Croom, Scott and Husemann, Bernd. 2017. "Investigating the host galaxies of luminous AGN in the local universe with integral field spectroscopy." 229th American Astronomical Society Meeting (AAS Meeting). Grapevine, Texas, United States 03 - 07 Jan 2017 United States.
The Close AGN Reference Survey (CARS)
Husemann, Bernd, Tremblay, Grant, Davis, Timothy, Busch, Gerold, McElroy, Rebecca, Neumann, Justus, Urrutia, Tanya, Krumpe, Mirko, Scharwächter, Julia, Powell, Meredith, Pérez-Torres, Miguel Perez-Torres and CARS Team. 2017. "The Close AGN Reference Survey (CARS)." The Messenger. 169, pp. 42-47. https://doi.org/10.18727/0722-6691/5038
Using an artificial neural network to classify multicomponent emission lines with integral field spectroscopy from SAMI and S7
Hampton, E. J., Medling, A. M., Groves, B., Kewley, L., Dopita, M., Davies, R., Ho, I. -T., Kaasinen, M., Leslie, S., Sharp, R., Sweet, S. M., Thomas, A. D., Allen, J., Bland-Hawthorn, J., Brough, S., Bryant, J. J., Croom, S., Goodwin, M., Green, A., ..., Shastri, P.. 2017. "Using an artificial neural network to classify multicomponent emission lines with integral field spectroscopy from SAMI and S7." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 470 (3), pp. 3395-3416. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1413
The Close AGN Reference Survey (CARS). Mrk 1018 halts dimming and experiences strong short-term variability
Krumpe, M., Husemann, B., Tremblay, G.R., Urrutia, T., Powell, M., Davis, T.A., Scharwächter, J., Dexter, J., Busch, G., Combes, F., Croom, S. M., Eckart, A., McElroy, R. E., Pérez-Torres, M. and Leung, G.. 2017. "The Close AGN Reference Survey (CARS). Mrk 1018 halts dimming and experiences strong short-term variability." Astronomy and Astrophysics: a European journal. 607. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201731967
The SAMI Galaxy Survey: the low-redshift stellar mass Tully-Fisher relation
Bloom, J. V., Croom, S. M., Bryant, J. J., Callingham, J. R., Schaefer, A. L., Cortese, L., Hopkins, A. M., D'Eugenio, F., Scott, N., Glazebrook, K., Tonini, C., McElroy, R. E., Clark, H.A., Catinella, B., Allen, J.T., Bland-Hawthorn, J., Goodwin, M., Green, A.W., Konstantopoulos, I.S., ..., Sharp, R.. 2017. "The SAMI Galaxy Survey: the low-redshift stellar mass Tully-Fisher relation." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 472 (2), pp. 1809-1824. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1701
Host galaxies of luminous type II AGN: Winds, shocks, and comparisons to The SAMI Galaxy Survey
McElroy, Rebecca, Croom, Scott and Pracy, Michael. 2016. "Host galaxies of luminous type II AGN: Winds, shocks, and comparisons to The SAMI Galaxy Survey." 227th American Astronomical Society Meeting. Kissimmee, FL, United States 04 - 08 Jan 2016 United States.
The Close AGN Reference Survey (CARS). Mrk 1018 returns to the shadows after 30 years as a Seyfert 1
McElroy, R. E., Husemann, B., Croom, S., Davis, T.A., Bennert, V., Busch, G., Combes, F., Eckart, A., Pérez-Torres, M., Powell, M., Scharwächter, J., Tremblay, G.R. and Urrutia, T.. 2016. "The Close AGN Reference Survey (CARS). Mrk 1018 returns to the shadows after 30 years as a Seyfert 1." Astronomy and Astrophysics: a European journal. 593, p. L8. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629102
The Close AGN Reference Survey (CARS). What is causing Mrk 1018's return to the shadows after 30 years?
Husemann, B., Urrutia, T., Tremblay, G.R., Krumpe, M., Dexter, J., Busch, G., Combes, F., Croom, S. M., Davis, T.A., Eckart, A., McElroy, R. E., Pérez-Torres, M., Powell, T.M. and Scharwächter, J.. 2016. "The Close AGN Reference Survey (CARS). What is causing Mrk 1018's return to the shadows after 30 years?" Astronomy and Astrophysics: a European journal. 593, p. L9. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629245
The Fourstar Galaxy Evolution Survey (ZFOURGE): Ultraviolet to Far-infrared Catalogs, Medium-bandwidth Photometric Redshifts with Improved Accuracy, Stellar Masses, and Confirmation of Quiescent Galaxies to z ∼ 3.5
Straatman, Caroline M. S., Spitler, Lee R., Quadri, Ryan F., Labbé, Ivo, Glazebrook, Karl, Persson, S. Eric, Papovich, Casey, Tran, Kim-Vy H., Brammer, Gabriel B., Cowley, Michael, Tomczak, Adam, Nanayakkara, Themiya, Alcorn, Leo, Allen, Rebecca, Broussard, Adam, van Dokkum, Pieter, Forrest, Ben, van Houdt, Josha, Kacprzak, Glenn G., ..., Whitaker, Katherine E.. 2016. "The Fourstar Galaxy Evolution Survey (ZFOURGE): Ultraviolet to Far-infrared Catalogs, Medium-bandwidth Photometric Redshifts with Improved Accuracy, Stellar Masses, and Confirmation of Quiescent Galaxies to z ∼ 3.5." The Astrophysical Journal: an international review of astronomy and astronomical physics. 830 (1), pp. 1-34. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/830/1/51
IFU observations of luminous type II AGN - I. Evidence for ubiquitous winds
McElroy, Rebecca, Croom, Scott M., Pracy, Michael, Sharp, Rob, Ho, I-Ting and Medling, Anne M.. 2015. "IFU observations of luminous type II AGN - I. Evidence for ubiquitous winds." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 446 (2), pp. 2186-2204. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu2224
The SAMI Galaxy Survey: cubism and covariance, putting round pegs into square holes
Sharp, R., Allen, J. T., Fogarty, L. M. R., Croom, S. M., Cortese, L., Green, A. W., Nielsen, J., Richards, S. N., Scott, N., Taylor, E. N., Barnes, L. A., Barnes, A. E., Birchall, M., Bland-Hawthorn, J., Bloom, J. V., Brough, S., Bryant, J. J., Cecil, G. N., Colless, M., ..., Walcher, C. J.. 2015. "The SAMI Galaxy Survey: cubism and covariance, putting round pegs into square holes." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 446 (2), pp. 1551-1566. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu2055
The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Early Data Release
Allen, J. T., Croom, S. M., Konstantopoulos, I. S., Bryant, J. J., Sharp, R., Cecil, G. N., Fogarty, L. M. R., Foster, C., Green, A. W., Ho, I. -T., Owers, M. S., Schaefer, A. L., Scott, N., Bauer, A. E., Baldry, I., Barnes, L. A., Bland-Hawthorn, J., Bloom, J. V., Brough, S., ..., Walcher, C. J.. 2015. "The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Early Data Release." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 446 (2), pp. 1567-1583. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu2057
The SAMI Galaxy Survey: instrument specification and target selection
Bryant, J. J., Owers, M. S., Robotham, A. S. G., Croom, S. M., Driver, S. P., Drinkwater, M. J., Lorente, N. P. F., Cortese, L., Scott, N., Colless, M., Schaefer, A., Taylor, E. N., Konstantopoulos, I. S., Allen, J. T., Baldry, I., Barnes, L., Bauer, A. E., Bland-Hawthorn, J., Bloom, J. V., ..., Walcher, C. J.. 2015. "The SAMI Galaxy Survey: instrument specification and target selection." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 447 (3), pp. 2857-2879. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu2635
Spectroscopic observations of sn 2012fr: A luminous, normal type Ia supernova with early high-velocity features and a late velocity plateau
Childress, M.J., Scalzo, R.A., Sim, S.A., Tucker, B.E., Yuan, F., Schmidt, B.P., Cenko, S.B., Silverman, J.M., Contreras, C., Hsiao, E.Y., Phillips, M., Morrell, N., Jha, S.W., McCully, C., Filippenko, A.V., Anderson, J.P., Benetti, S., Bufano, F., de Jaeger, T., ..., Zhou, G.. 2013. "Spectroscopic observations of sn 2012fr: A luminous, normal type Ia supernova with early high-velocity features and a late velocity plateau." The Astrophysical Journal: an international review of astronomy and astronomical physics. 770 (1), pp. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt813