The Blue Supergiant Progenitor of the Supernova Imposter AT 2019krl

Article

Andrews, Jennifer E., Jencson, Jacob E., Van Dyk, Schuyler D., Smith, Nathan, Neustadt, Jack M. M., Sand, David J., Kreckel, K., Kochanek, C. S., Valenti, S., Strader, Jay, Bersten, M. C., Blanc, Guillermo A., Bostroem, K. Azalee, Brink, Thomas G., Emsellem, Eric, Filippenko, Alexei V., Folatelli, Gastón, Kasliwal, Mansi M., Masci, Frank J., ..., Szalai, Tamás. 2021. "The Blue Supergiant Progenitor of the Supernova Imposter AT 2019krl." The Astrophysical Journal: an international review of astronomy and astronomical physics. 917 (2). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac09e1
Article Title

The Blue Supergiant Progenitor of the Supernova Imposter AT 2019krl

ERA Journal ID1057
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsAndrews, Jennifer E., Jencson, Jacob E., Van Dyk, Schuyler D., Smith, Nathan, Neustadt, Jack M. M., Sand, David J., Kreckel, K., Kochanek, C. S., Valenti, S., Strader, Jay, Bersten, M. C., Blanc, Guillermo A., Bostroem, K. Azalee, Brink, Thomas G., Emsellem, Eric, Filippenko, Alexei V., Folatelli, Gastón, Kasliwal, Mansi M., Masci, Frank J., McElroy, Rebecca, Milisavljevic, Dan, Santoro, Francesco and Szalai, Tamás
Journal TitleThe Astrophysical Journal: an international review of astronomy and astronomical physics
Journal Citation917 (2)
Article Number63
Number of Pages16
Year2021
PublisherIOP Publishing
Place of PublicationUnited States
ISSN0004-637X
1538-4357
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac09e1
Web Address (URL)https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ac09e1
Abstract

Extensive archival Hubble Space Telescope, Spitzer Space Telescope, and Large Binocular Telescope imaging of the recent intermediate-luminosity transient, AT 2019krl in M74, reveal a bright optical and mid-infrared progenitor star. While the optical peak of the event was missed, a peak was detected in the infrared with an absolute magnitude of M4.5 μm = −18.4 mag, leading us to infer a visual-wavelength peak absolute magnitude of −13.5 to −14.5. The pre-discovery light curve indicated no outbursts over the previous 16 yr. The colors, magnitudes, and inferred temperatures of the progenitor best match a 13–14 M⊙ yellow or blue supergiant (BSG) if only foreground extinction is taken into account, or a hotter and more massive star if any additional local extinction is included. A pre-eruption spectrum of the star reveals strong Hα and [N ii] emission with wings extending to ±2000 km s−1. The post-eruption spectrum is fairly flat and featureless with only Hα, Na i D, [Ca ii], and the Ca ii triplet in emission. As in many previous intermediate-luminosity transients, AT 2019krl shows remarkable observational similarities to luminous blue variable (LBV) giant eruptions, SN 2008S-like events, and massive-star mergers. However, the information about the pre-eruption star favors either a relatively unobscured BSG or a more extinguished LBV with M > 20 M⊙ likely viewed pole-on.

KeywordsMassive stars; Supergiant stars; Evolved stars; Eruptive variable
Contains Sensitive ContentDoes not contain sensitive content
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020510102. Astronomical instrumentation
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Byline AffiliationsUniversity of Arizona, United States
Gemini Observatory, United States
NSF's National Optical Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory (NOIRLab), United States
California Institute of Technology (Caltech), United States
Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC), United States
Ohio State University, United States
Heidelberg University, Germany
University of California Davis, United States
Michigan State University, United States
Astrophysics Institute of La Plata, Argentina
University of Tokyo, Japan
Carnegie Institution for Science, United States
University of Chile, Chile
University of California Berkeley, United States
European Southern Observatory (ESO), Chile
University of Lyon, France
National University of La Plata, Argentina
University of Sydney
Purdue University, United States
Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Germany
University of Szeged, Hungary
Konkoly Observatory, Hungary
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Kreckel, K., Faesi, C., Kruijssen, J., Schruba, A., Groves, B., Leroy, A., Bigiel, F., Blanc, G. A., Chevance, M., Herrera, C., Hughes, A., McElroy, R., Pety, J., Querejeta, M., Rosolowsky, E., Schinnerer, E., Sun, J., Usero, A. and Utomo, D.. 2018. "A 50 pc Scale View of Star Formation Efficiency across NGC 628." The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 863, p. L21. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aad77d
The Close AGN Reference Survey (CARS): SOFIA Detects Spatially Resolved [C II] Emission in the Luminous AGN HE 0433-1028
Busch, G., Husemann, B., Smirnova-Pinchukova, I., Eckart, A., Baum, S.A., Combes, F., Croom, S. M., Davis, T. A., Fazeli, N., Fischer, C., Gaspari, M., Klein, R., Krumpe, M., McElroy, R., O'Dea, C., Perez-Torres, M. A., Powell, M. C., Sanchez-Monge, A., Scharwächter, J., ..., Urrutia, T.. 2018. "The Close AGN Reference Survey (CARS): SOFIA Detects Spatially Resolved [C II] Emission in the Luminous AGN HE 0433-1028." The Astrophysical Journal: an international review of astronomy and astronomical physics. 866 (1). https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aae25d
The palomar transient factory orion project: eclipsing binaries and young stellar objects
van Eyken, Julian C., Ciardi, David R., Rebull, Luisa M., Stauffer, John R., Akeson, Rachel L., Beichman, Charles A., Boden, Andrew F., von Braun, Kaspar, Gelino, Dawn M., Hoard, D. W., Howell, Steve B., Kane, Stephen R., Plavchan, Peter, Ramirez, Solange V., Bloom, Joshua S., Cenko, S. Bradley, Kasliwal, Mansi M., Kulkarni, Shrinivas R., Law, Nicholas M., ..., Surace, Jason A.. 2011. "The palomar transient factory orion project: eclipsing binaries and young stellar objects." The Astronomical Journal. 142 (2), pp. 60-94. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/142/2/60
THE PTF orion project: a possible planet transiting a T-Tauri star
van Eyken, Julian C., Ciardi, David R., von Braun, Kaspar, Kane, Stephen R., Plavchan, Peter, Bender, Chad F., Brown, Timothy M., Crepp, Justin R., Fulton, Benjamin J., Howard, Andrew W., Howell, Steve B., Mahadevan, Suvrath, Marcy, Geoffrey W., Shporer, Avi, Szkody, Paula, Akeson, Rachel L., Beichman, Charles A., Boden, Andrew F., Gelino, Dawn M., ..., Surace, Jason A.. 2012. "THE PTF orion project: a possible planet transiting a T-Tauri star." The Astrophysical Journal: an international review of astronomy and astronomical physics. 755 (1), pp. 42-55. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/755/1/42
Active galaxies in the local Universe: Feedback, variability, and triggering
McElroy, Rebecca. 2017. Active galaxies in the local Universe: Feedback, variability, and triggering. PhD Thesis Doctor of Philosophy. University of Sydney.
The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Revisiting Galaxy Classification through High-order Stellar Kinematics
van de Sande, Jesse, Bland-Hawthorn, J., Fogarty, Lisa M. R., Cortese, Luca, d'Eugenio, Francesco, Croom, Scott M., Scott, Nicholas, Allen, James T., Brough, Sarah, Bryant, Julia J., Cecil, Gerald, Colless, Matthew, Couch, Warrick J., Davies, Roger, Elahi, Pascal J., Foster, Caroline, Goldstein, Gregory, Goodwin, Michael, Groves, Brent, ..., Yi, Sukyoung K.. 2017. "The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Revisiting Galaxy Classification through High-order Stellar Kinematics." The Astrophysical Journal: an international review of astronomy and astronomical physics. 835 (1). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/835/1/104
Investigating the host galaxies of luminous AGN in the local universe with integral field spectroscopy
McElroy, Rebecca, Croom, Scott and Husemann, Bernd. 2017. "Investigating the host galaxies of luminous AGN in the local universe with integral field spectroscopy." 229th American Astronomical Society Meeting (AAS Meeting). Grapevine, Texas, United States 03 - 07 Jan 2017 United States.
The SAMI Galaxy Survey revisiting Galaxy classification through high-order stellar kinematics. (2017)
van de Sande, Jesse, Bland-Hawthorn, J., Fogarty, Lisa M. R., Cortese, Luca, d'Eugenio, Francesco, Croom, Scott M., Scott, Nicholas, Allen, James T., Brough, Sarah, Bryant, Julia J., Cecil, Gerald, Colless, Matthew, Couch, Warrick J., Davies, Roger, Elahi, Pascal J., Foster, Caroline, Goldstein, Gregory, Goodwin, Michael, Groves, Brent, ..., Yi, Sukyoung K.. 2017. The SAMI Galaxy Survey revisiting Galaxy classification through high-order stellar kinematics. (2017) . https://doi.org/10.26093/cds/vizier.18350104
The Close AGN Reference Survey (CARS)
Husemann, Bernd, Tremblay, Grant, Davis, Timothy, Busch, Gerold, McElroy, Rebecca, Neumann, Justus, Urrutia, Tanya, Krumpe, Mirko, Scharwächter, Julia, Powell, Meredith, Pérez-Torres, Miguel Perez-Torres and CARS Team. 2017. "The Close AGN Reference Survey (CARS)." The Messenger. 169, pp. 42-47. https://doi.org/10.18727/0722-6691/5038
Using an artificial neural network to classify multicomponent emission lines with integral field spectroscopy from SAMI and S7
Hampton, E. J., Medling, A. M., Groves, B., Kewley, L., Dopita, M., Davies, R., Ho, I. -T., Kaasinen, M., Leslie, S., Sharp, R., Sweet, S. M., Thomas, A. D., Allen, J., Bland-Hawthorn, J., Brough, S., Bryant, J. J., Croom, S., Goodwin, M., Green, A., ..., Shastri, P.. 2017. "Using an artificial neural network to classify multicomponent emission lines with integral field spectroscopy from SAMI and S7." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 470 (3), pp. 3395-3416. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1413
The Close AGN Reference Survey (CARS). Mrk 1018 halts dimming and experiences strong short-term variability
Krumpe, M., Husemann, B., Tremblay, G.R., Urrutia, T., Powell, M., Davis, T.A., Scharwächter, J., Dexter, J., Busch, G., Combes, F., Croom, S. M., Eckart, A., McElroy, R. E., Pérez-Torres, M. and Leung, G.. 2017. "The Close AGN Reference Survey (CARS). Mrk 1018 halts dimming and experiences strong short-term variability." Astronomy and Astrophysics: a European journal. 607. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201731967
The SAMI Galaxy Survey: the low-redshift stellar mass Tully-Fisher relation
Bloom, J. V., Croom, S. M., Bryant, J. J., Callingham, J. R., Schaefer, A. L., Cortese, L., Hopkins, A. M., D'Eugenio, F., Scott, N., Glazebrook, K., Tonini, C., McElroy, R. E., Clark, H.A., Catinella, B., Allen, J.T., Bland-Hawthorn, J., Goodwin, M., Green, A.W., Konstantopoulos, I.S., ..., Sharp, R.. 2017. "The SAMI Galaxy Survey: the low-redshift stellar mass Tully-Fisher relation." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 472 (2), pp. 1809-1824. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1701
Host galaxies of luminous type II AGN: Winds, shocks, and comparisons to The SAMI Galaxy Survey
McElroy, Rebecca, Croom, Scott and Pracy, Michael. 2016. "Host galaxies of luminous type II AGN: Winds, shocks, and comparisons to The SAMI Galaxy Survey." 227th American Astronomical Society Meeting. Kissimmee, FL, United States 04 - 08 Jan 2016 United States.
The Close AGN Reference Survey (CARS). Mrk 1018 returns to the shadows after 30 years as a Seyfert 1
McElroy, R. E., Husemann, B., Croom, S., Davis, T.A., Bennert, V., Busch, G., Combes, F., Eckart, A., Pérez-Torres, M., Powell, M., Scharwächter, J., Tremblay, G.R. and Urrutia, T.. 2016. "The Close AGN Reference Survey (CARS). Mrk 1018 returns to the shadows after 30 years as a Seyfert 1." Astronomy and Astrophysics: a European journal. 593, p. L8. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629102
Catching a Changing Look Quasar as it undergoes significant changes in accretion rate
Krumpe, Mirko, Croom, Scott, Davis, Timothy Andrew, Husemann, Bernd, McElroy, Rebecca, Tremblay, Grant R. and Urrutia, Tanya. 2016. Catching a Changing Look Quasar as it undergoes significant changes in accretion rate.
The Close AGN Reference Survey (CARS). What is causing Mrk 1018's return to the shadows after 30 years?
Husemann, B., Urrutia, T., Tremblay, G.R., Krumpe, M., Dexter, J., Busch, G., Combes, F., Croom, S. M., Davis, T.A., Eckart, A., McElroy, R. E., Pérez-Torres, M., Powell, T.M. and Scharwächter, J.. 2016. "The Close AGN Reference Survey (CARS). What is causing Mrk 1018's return to the shadows after 30 years?" Astronomy and Astrophysics: a European journal. 593, p. L9. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629245
IFU observations of luminous type II AGN - I. Evidence for ubiquitous winds
McElroy, Rebecca, Croom, Scott M., Pracy, Michael, Sharp, Rob, Ho, I-Ting and Medling, Anne M.. 2015. "IFU observations of luminous type II AGN - I. Evidence for ubiquitous winds." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 446 (2), pp. 2186-2204. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu2224
The SAMI Galaxy Survey: cubism and covariance, putting round pegs into square holes
Sharp, R., Allen, J. T., Fogarty, L. M. R., Croom, S. M., Cortese, L., Green, A. W., Nielsen, J., Richards, S. N., Scott, N., Taylor, E. N., Barnes, L. A., Barnes, A. E., Birchall, M., Bland-Hawthorn, J., Bloom, J. V., Brough, S., Bryant, J. J., Cecil, G. N., Colless, M., ..., Walcher, C. J.. 2015. "The SAMI Galaxy Survey: cubism and covariance, putting round pegs into square holes." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 446 (2), pp. 1551-1566. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu2055
The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Early Data Release
Allen, J. T., Croom, S. M., Konstantopoulos, I. S., Bryant, J. J., Sharp, R., Cecil, G. N., Fogarty, L. M. R., Foster, C., Green, A. W., Ho, I. -T., Owers, M. S., Schaefer, A. L., Scott, N., Bauer, A. E., Baldry, I., Barnes, L. A., Bland-Hawthorn, J., Bloom, J. V., Brough, S., ..., Walcher, C. J.. 2015. "The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Early Data Release." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 446 (2), pp. 1567-1583. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu2057
The SAMI Galaxy Survey: instrument specification and target selection
Bryant, J. J., Owers, M. S., Robotham, A. S. G., Croom, S. M., Driver, S. P., Drinkwater, M. J., Lorente, N. P. F., Cortese, L., Scott, N., Colless, M., Schaefer, A., Taylor, E. N., Konstantopoulos, I. S., Allen, J. T., Baldry, I., Barnes, L., Bauer, A. E., Bland-Hawthorn, J., Bloom, J. V., ..., Walcher, C. J.. 2015. "The SAMI Galaxy Survey: instrument specification and target selection." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 447 (3), pp. 2857-2879. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu2635
VizieR Online Data Catalog: SAMI Galaxy Survey: EDR (Allen+, 2015)
Allen, J. T., Croom, S. M., Konstantopoulos, I. S., Bryant, J. J., Sharp, R., Cecil, G. N., Fogarty, L. M. R., Foster, C., Green, A. W., Ho, I. -T., Owers, M. S., Schaefer, A. L., Scott, N., Bauer, A. E., Baldry, I., Barnes, L. A., Bland-Hawthorn, J., Bloom, J. V., Brough, S., ..., Walcher, C. J.. 2015. VizieR Online Data Catalog: SAMI Galaxy Survey: EDR (Allen+, 2015) . University of Southern Queensland. https://doi.org/10.26192/z75x4
Spectroscopic observations of sn 2012fr: A luminous, normal type Ia supernova with early high-velocity features and a late velocity plateau
Childress, M.J., Scalzo, R.A., Sim, S.A., Tucker, B.E., Yuan, F., Schmidt, B.P., Cenko, S.B., Silverman, J.M., Contreras, C., Hsiao, E.Y., Phillips, M., Morrell, N., Jha, S.W., McCully, C., Filippenko, A.V., Anderson, J.P., Benetti, S., Bufano, F., de Jaeger, T., ..., Zhou, G.. 2013. "Spectroscopic observations of sn 2012fr: A luminous, normal type Ia supernova with early high-velocity features and a late velocity plateau." The Astrophysical Journal: an international review of astronomy and astronomical physics. 770 (1), pp. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt813