The archaeology of the Secret War: The material evidence of conflict on the Queensland frontier 1849-1901

Article

Barker, Bryce, Wallis, Lynley A., Burke, Heather, Cole, Noelene, Lowe, Kelsey, Artym, Ursula, Pagels, Anthony, Bateman, Leanne, Hatte, Elizabeth, De Leiuen, Cherrie, Davidson, Iain and Zimmerman, Larry. 2020. "The archaeology of the Secret War: The material evidence of conflict on the Queensland frontier 1849-1901." Queensland Archaeological Research. 23, pp. 25-41. https://doi.org/10.25120/qar.23.2020.3720
Article Title

The archaeology of the Secret War: The material evidence of conflict on the Queensland frontier 1849-1901

ERA Journal ID34898
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsBarker, Bryce (Author), Wallis, Lynley A. (Author), Burke, Heather (Author), Cole, Noelene (Author), Lowe, Kelsey (Author), Artym, Ursula (Author), Pagels, Anthony (Author), Bateman, Leanne (Author), Hatte, Elizabeth (Author), De Leiuen, Cherrie (Author), Davidson, Iain (Author) and Zimmerman, Larry (Author)
Journal TitleQueensland Archaeological Research
Journal Citation23, pp. 25-41
Number of Pages26
Year2020
PublisherJames Cook University
Place of PublicationAustralia
ISSN0814-3021
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.25120/qar.23.2020.3720
Web Address (URL)https://journals.jcu.edu.au/qar/article/view/3720
Abstract

Although the historical record relating to nineteenth century frontier conflict between Aboriginal groups and Europeans in Queensland has been clearly documented, there have been limited associated archaeological studies. As part of the Archaeology of the Queensland Native Mounted Police (NMP) project, this paper canvasses the physical imprint of frontier conflict across Queensland between 1849 and the early 1900s, focusing specifically on the activities and camp sites of the NMP, the paramilitary government-sanctioned force tasked with policing Aboriginal people to protect settler livelihoods. At least 148 NMP camps of varying duration once existed, and historical and archaeological investigations of these demonstrate some consistent patterning amongst them, as well as idiosyncrasies depending on individual locations and circumstances. All camps were positioned with primary regard to the availability of water and forage. Owing to their intended temporary nature and the frugality of the government, the surviving structural footprints of camps are generally limited. Buildings were typically timber slab and bark constructions with few permanent foundations and surviving architectural features are therefore rare, limited to elements such as ant bed flooring, remnant house or yard posts, stone lines demarcating pathways, and stone fireplaces. Architectural forms of spatial confinement, such as lockups or palisades, were absent from the camps themselves. The most distinctive features of NMP camps, and what allows them to be distinguished from the myriad pastoral sites of similar ages, are their artefact assemblages, especially the combined presence of gilt uniform buttons with the Victoria Regina insignia, knapped bottle glass, and certain ammunition-related objects.

KeywordsQueensland Native Mounted Police, Archaeology, frontier conflict
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020450101. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander archaeology
439999. Other history, heritage and archaeology not elsewhere classified
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Open access urlhttps://journals.jcu.edu.au/qar/article/view/3720
Institution of OriginUniversity of Southern Queensland
Byline AffiliationsSchool of Humanities and Communication
Griffith University
Flinders University
James Cook University
University of Queensland
University of Southern Queensland
Northern Archaeology Consultancies, Australia
University of New South Wales
Purdue University, United States
Indiana University Indianapolis, United States
Funding source
Australian Research Council (ARC)
Grant ID
DP160100307
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David, Bruno, McNiven, Ian J., Richards, Thomas, Connaughton, Sean P., Leavesley, Matthew, Barker, Bryce and Rowe, Cassandra. 2011. "Lapita sites in the central province of mainland Papua New Guinea." World Archaeology. 43 (4), pp. 576-593. https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2011.624720
Archaeological evidence for south sea islander traditional ritual practice at Wunjunga, Ayr, central Queensland coast
Barker, Bryce and Lamb, Lara. 2011. "Archaeological evidence for south sea islander traditional ritual practice at Wunjunga, Ayr, central Queensland coast." Australian Archaeology.
Nawarla Gabarnmang, a 45,180 ± 910 cal BP site in Jawoyn Country, southwest Arnhem Land plateau
David, Bruno, Geneste, Jean-Michel, Whear, Ray L., Delannoy, Jean-Jacques, Katherine, Margaret, Gunn, R. G., Clarkson, Christopher, Plisson, Hugues, Lee, Preston, Petchey, Fiona, Rowe, Cassandra, Barker, Bryce, Lamb, Lara, Miller, Wes, Hoerle, Stephane, James, Daniel, Boche, Elisa, Aplin, Ken, McNiven, Ian J., ..., Matthews, Jacqueline. 2011. "Nawarla Gabarnmang, a 45,180 ± 910 cal BP site in Jawoyn Country, southwest Arnhem Land plateau." Australian Archaeology.
A new ceramic assemblage from Caution Bay, south coast of mainland PNG: the Linear Shell End-Impressed Tradition from Bogi 1
David, Bruno, McNiven, Ian J., Leavelsey, Matthew, Barker, Bryce, Mandui, Herman, Richards, Thomas and Skelly, Robert. 2012. "A new ceramic assemblage from Caution Bay, south coast of mainland PNG: the Linear Shell End-Impressed Tradition from Bogi 1 ." Journal of Pacific Archaeology. 3 (1), pp. 73-89.
Prehistory of Australia by D.J. Mulvaney and J. Kamminga
Barker, Bryce. 1999. "Prehistory of Australia by D.J. Mulvaney and J. Kamminga." World Archaeological Bulletin. 10.
Shamans, sorcerers and saints: a prehistory of religion by Brian Hayden
Barker, Bryce. 2007. "Shamans, sorcerers and saints: a prehistory of religion by Brian Hayden." Australian Archaeology. 64, pp. 53-53.
Contemporary archaeology in theory: a reader
Barker, Bryce. 1997. "Contemporary archaeology in theory: a reader." Australian Archaeology. 44, pp. 70-71.
The archaeology of poverty and human dignity: charity and the work ethic in a 1930s Depression era itinerant's camp on the Toowoomba Range escarpment, Queensland
Barker, Bryce and Lamb, Lara. 2009. "The archaeology of poverty and human dignity: charity and the work ethic in a 1930s Depression era itinerant's camp on the Toowoomba Range escarpment, Queensland." Archaeologies: journal of the World Archaeological Congress. 5 (2), pp. 263-279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11759-009-9101-4
An interview with Harry Lourandos
Lourandos, Harry, David, Bruno, Barker, Bryce and McNiven, Ian J.. 2006. "An interview with Harry Lourandos." David, Bruno, Barker, Bryce and McNiven, Ian J. (ed.) The social archaeology of Australian indigenous societies. Canberra, Australia. Aboriginal Studies Press. pp. 20-39
The social archaeology of indigenous Australia
McNiven, Ian J., David, Bruno and Barker, Bryce. 2006. "The social archaeology of indigenous Australia." David, Bruno, Barker, Bryce and McNiven, Ian J. (ed.) The social archaeology of Australian indigenous societies. Canberra, Australia. Aboriginal Studies Press. pp. 2-19
Hierarchies of knowledge and the tyranny of text: archaeology, ethnohistory and oral traditions in Australian archaeological interpretation
Barker, Bryce. 2006. "Hierarchies of knowledge and the tyranny of text: archaeology, ethnohistory and oral traditions in Australian archaeological interpretation." David, Bruno, Barker, Bryce and McNiven, Ian J. (ed.) The social archaeology of Australian indigenous societies. Canberra, Australia. Aboriginal Studies Press. pp. 72-84
Morphometric analyses of Batissa violacea shells from Emo (OAC), Gulf Province, Papua New Guinea
Thangavelu, Anbarasu, David, Bruno, Barker, Bryce, Geneste, Jean-Michel, Delannoy, Jean-Jacques, Lamb, Lara, Araho, Nick and Skelly, Robert. 2011. "Morphometric analyses of Batissa violacea shells from Emo (OAC), Gulf Province, Papua New Guinea." Archaeology in Oceania. 46 (2), pp. 67-75.
The Emo site (OAC), Gulf Province, Papua New Guinea: resolving long-standing questions of antiquity and implications for the history of the ancestral Hiri maritime trade
David, Bruno, Geneste, Jean-Michel, Aplin, Ken, Delannoy, Jean-Jacques, Araho, Nick, Clarkson, Christopher, Connell, Kate, Haberle, Simon, Barker, Bryce, Lamb, Lara, Stanisic, John, Fairbairn, Andrew, Skelly, Robert and Rowe, Cassandra. 2010. "The Emo site (OAC), Gulf Province, Papua New Guinea: resolving long-standing questions of antiquity and implications for the history of the ancestral Hiri maritime trade." Australian Archaeology. 70, pp. 39-54.
The ritual dugong bone mounds of Koey Ngurtai, Torres Strait, Australia: investigating their construction
Skelly, Robert, David, Bruno, McNiven, Ian J. and Barker, Bryce. 2011. "The ritual dugong bone mounds of Koey Ngurtai, Torres Strait, Australia: investigating their construction." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 21 (1), pp. 32-54. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.1104
Koey Ngurtai: the emergence of a ritual domain in Western Torres Strait
David, Bruno, McNiven, Ian J., Crouch, Joe, Hewitt, Geoffrey, Skelly, Robert, Barker, Bryce and Courtney, Kris. 2009. "Koey Ngurtai: the emergence of a ritual domain in Western Torres Strait." Archaeology in Oceania. 44 (1), pp. 1-17.
Keveoki 1: exploring the Hiri ceramics trade at a short-lived village site near the Vailala River, Papua New Guinea
David, Bruno, Araho, Nick, Barker, Bryce, Kuaso, Alois and Moffat, Ian. 2009. "Keveoki 1: exploring the Hiri ceramics trade at a short-lived village site near the Vailala River, Papua New Guinea." Australian Archaeology. 68, pp. 11-22.
Living landscapes of the dead: archaeology of the afterworld among the Rumu of Papua New Guinea
David, Bruno, Pivoru, Max, Pivoru, William, Green, Michael, Barker, Bryce, Weiner, James F., Simala, Douglas, Kokents, Thomas, Arabo, Lisa and Dop, John. 2008. "Living landscapes of the dead: archaeology of the afterworld among the Rumu of Papua New Guinea." David, Bruno and Thomas, Julian (ed.) Handbook of landscape archaeology. Walnut Creek, CA. United States. Left Coast Press, Inc. pp. 158-166
Massacre, frontier conflict and Australian archaeology
Barker, Bryce. 2007. "Massacre, frontier conflict and Australian archaeology." Australian Archaeology. 64, pp. 9-14.
Evidence for early Holocene change in the Whitsunday Islands: a new radiocarbon determination, Nara Inlet 1
Lamb, Lara and Barker, Bryce. 2001. "Evidence for early Holocene change in the Whitsunday Islands: a new radiocarbon determination, Nara Inlet 1." Australian Archaeology. 53, pp. 42-43.
Holocene palynology of Whitehaven Swamp, Whitsunday Island, Queensland, and implications for the regional archaeological record
Genever, Matt, Grindrod, John and Barker, Bryce. 2003. "Holocene palynology of Whitehaven Swamp, Whitsunday Island, Queensland, and implications for the regional archaeological record." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 201 (1-2), pp. 141-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00542-X
The sea people: late Holocene maritime specialisation in the Whitsunday Islands, central Queensland
Barker, Bryce. 2004. The sea people: late Holocene maritime specialisation in the Whitsunday Islands, central Queensland. Canberra, Australia. Pandanus Books.
Use and continuity in the customary marine tenure of the Whitsunday Islands
Barker, Bryce. 1998. "Use and continuity in the customary marine tenure of the Whitsunday Islands." Peterson, Nicholas and Rigsby, Bruce (ed.) Customary marine tenure in Australia. Sydney, Australia. Oceania Publications (University of Sydney). pp. 89-95
The temporality of cultural material on a deflated dune system at Abbot Point, Central Queensland coast
Barker, Bryce. 2006. "The temporality of cultural material on a deflated dune system at Abbot Point, Central Queensland coast." Australian Archaeology. 62, pp. 44-46.