Geochemical analysis of the painted panels at the 'Genyornis' rock art site, Arnhem Land, Australia

Article

Chalmin, Emilie, Castets, Geraldine, Delannoy, Jean-Jacques, David, Bruno, Barker, Bryce, Lamb, Lara, Soufi, Faycal, Pairis, Sebastien, Cersoy, Sophie, Martinetto, Pauline, Geneste, Jean-Michel, Hoerle, Stephane, Richards, Thomas and Gunn, Robert. 2017. "Geochemical analysis of the painted panels at the 'Genyornis' rock art site, Arnhem Land, Australia." Quaternary International. 430 (A), pp. 60-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.04.003
Article Title

Geochemical analysis of the painted panels at the 'Genyornis' rock art site, Arnhem Land, Australia

ERA Journal ID1755
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsChalmin, Emilie (Author), Castets, Geraldine (Author), Delannoy, Jean-Jacques (Author), David, Bruno (Author), Barker, Bryce (Author), Lamb, Lara (Author), Soufi, Faycal (Author), Pairis, Sebastien (Author), Cersoy, Sophie (Author), Martinetto, Pauline (Author), Geneste, Jean-Michel (Author), Hoerle, Stephane (Author), Richards, Thomas (Author) and Gunn, Robert (Author)
Journal TitleQuaternary International
Journal Citation430 (A), pp. 60-80
Number of Pages21
Year2017
Place of PublicationUnited Kingdom
ISSN1040-6182
1873-4553
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.04.003
Web Address (URL)http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618215300410
Abstract

The so-called 'Genyornis' rockshelter site on the Arnhem Land plateau, northern Australia, features a painting of a large bird that some archaeologists and paleontologists have suggested could be an image of the megafaunal species Genyornis newtoni, until recently widely thought to have become extinct some 45,000 years ago. However, a recent archaeological–geomorphological study has concluded that the rock surface that contains the large, enigmatic bird painting only became exposed during overhang collapse between 13,739–13,976 cal BP, so the rock art on this panel can only be more recent than this age. It is, therefore, most unlikely to represent a Genyornis bird. Using a range of analytical techniques, here we report on the geochemistry (microstructure and chemistry) of the sequence of microlayers that makes up the 'surface' of the rock at the 'Genyornis' site. Our aim is to provide insights into the composition, preparation, source, application, weathering and preservation of pigment used in the making of the paintings, and to clarify the superimpositional order and relationships between the enigmatic large bird painting originally thought to possibly be of a Genyornis, and other nearby images. Micro-stratigraphic superimpositions show that the earliest painting was of a large anthropomorph, followed sometime later by the simultaneous painting of the large enigmatic ('Genyornis') bird image together with a barbed spear image embedded in it. This significantly alters the perception of the paintings on the wall of this rockshelter, with relegation of the anthropomorph to the background, followed by the image of a speared large bird.

Keywordsrock art; pigment analysis; rock surface alteration; genyornis; Arnhem Land
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020450101. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander archaeology
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Byline AffiliationsSavoy Mont-Blanc University, France
Monash University
School of Humanities and Communication
Grenoble Alpes University, France
University of Bordeaux, France
Institution of OriginUniversity of Southern Queensland
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Moffat, Ian, David, Bruno, Barker, Bryce, Kuaso, Alois, Skelly, Robert and Araho, Nick. 2011. "Magnetometer surveys in archaeological research in Papua New Guinea: Keveoki 1, Gulf Province." Archaeology in Oceania. 46 (1), pp. 17-22.
Lapita sites in the central province of mainland Papua New Guinea
David, Bruno, McNiven, Ian J., Richards, Thomas, Connaughton, Sean P., Leavesley, Matthew, Barker, Bryce and Rowe, Cassandra. 2011. "Lapita sites in the central province of mainland Papua New Guinea." World Archaeology. 43 (4), pp. 576-593. https://doi.org/10.1080/00438243.2011.624720
Archaeological evidence for south sea islander traditional ritual practice at Wunjunga, Ayr, central Queensland coast
Barker, Bryce and Lamb, Lara. 2011. "Archaeological evidence for south sea islander traditional ritual practice at Wunjunga, Ayr, central Queensland coast." Australian Archaeology.
Nawarla Gabarnmang, a 45,180 ± 910 cal BP site in Jawoyn Country, southwest Arnhem Land plateau
David, Bruno, Geneste, Jean-Michel, Whear, Ray L., Delannoy, Jean-Jacques, Katherine, Margaret, Gunn, R. G., Clarkson, Christopher, Plisson, Hugues, Lee, Preston, Petchey, Fiona, Rowe, Cassandra, Barker, Bryce, Lamb, Lara, Miller, Wes, Hoerle, Stephane, James, Daniel, Boche, Elisa, Aplin, Ken, McNiven, Ian J., ..., Matthews, Jacqueline. 2011. "Nawarla Gabarnmang, a 45,180 ± 910 cal BP site in Jawoyn Country, southwest Arnhem Land plateau." Australian Archaeology.
A new ceramic assemblage from Caution Bay, south coast of mainland PNG: the Linear Shell End-Impressed Tradition from Bogi 1
David, Bruno, McNiven, Ian J., Leavelsey, Matthew, Barker, Bryce, Mandui, Herman, Richards, Thomas and Skelly, Robert. 2012. "A new ceramic assemblage from Caution Bay, south coast of mainland PNG: the Linear Shell End-Impressed Tradition from Bogi 1 ." Journal of Pacific Archaeology. 3 (1), pp. 73-89.
Prehistory of Australia by D.J. Mulvaney and J. Kamminga
Barker, Bryce. 1999. "Prehistory of Australia by D.J. Mulvaney and J. Kamminga." World Archaeological Bulletin. 10.
Shamans, sorcerers and saints: a prehistory of religion by Brian Hayden
Barker, Bryce. 2007. "Shamans, sorcerers and saints: a prehistory of religion by Brian Hayden." Australian Archaeology. 64, pp. 53-53.
Contemporary archaeology in theory: a reader
Barker, Bryce. 1997. "Contemporary archaeology in theory: a reader." Australian Archaeology. 44, pp. 70-71.
The archaeology of poverty and human dignity: charity and the work ethic in a 1930s Depression era itinerant's camp on the Toowoomba Range escarpment, Queensland
Barker, Bryce and Lamb, Lara. 2009. "The archaeology of poverty and human dignity: charity and the work ethic in a 1930s Depression era itinerant's camp on the Toowoomba Range escarpment, Queensland." Archaeologies: journal of the World Archaeological Congress. 5 (2), pp. 263-279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11759-009-9101-4
An interview with Harry Lourandos
Lourandos, Harry, David, Bruno, Barker, Bryce and McNiven, Ian J.. 2006. "An interview with Harry Lourandos." David, Bruno, Barker, Bryce and McNiven, Ian J. (ed.) The social archaeology of Australian indigenous societies. Canberra, Australia. Aboriginal Studies Press. pp. 20-39
The social archaeology of indigenous Australia
McNiven, Ian J., David, Bruno and Barker, Bryce. 2006. "The social archaeology of indigenous Australia." David, Bruno, Barker, Bryce and McNiven, Ian J. (ed.) The social archaeology of Australian indigenous societies. Canberra, Australia. Aboriginal Studies Press. pp. 2-19
Hierarchies of knowledge and the tyranny of text: archaeology, ethnohistory and oral traditions in Australian archaeological interpretation
Barker, Bryce. 2006. "Hierarchies of knowledge and the tyranny of text: archaeology, ethnohistory and oral traditions in Australian archaeological interpretation." David, Bruno, Barker, Bryce and McNiven, Ian J. (ed.) The social archaeology of Australian indigenous societies. Canberra, Australia. Aboriginal Studies Press. pp. 72-84
Morphometric analyses of Batissa violacea shells from Emo (OAC), Gulf Province, Papua New Guinea
Thangavelu, Anbarasu, David, Bruno, Barker, Bryce, Geneste, Jean-Michel, Delannoy, Jean-Jacques, Lamb, Lara, Araho, Nick and Skelly, Robert. 2011. "Morphometric analyses of Batissa violacea shells from Emo (OAC), Gulf Province, Papua New Guinea." Archaeology in Oceania. 46 (2), pp. 67-75.
The Emo site (OAC), Gulf Province, Papua New Guinea: resolving long-standing questions of antiquity and implications for the history of the ancestral Hiri maritime trade
David, Bruno, Geneste, Jean-Michel, Aplin, Ken, Delannoy, Jean-Jacques, Araho, Nick, Clarkson, Christopher, Connell, Kate, Haberle, Simon, Barker, Bryce, Lamb, Lara, Stanisic, John, Fairbairn, Andrew, Skelly, Robert and Rowe, Cassandra. 2010. "The Emo site (OAC), Gulf Province, Papua New Guinea: resolving long-standing questions of antiquity and implications for the history of the ancestral Hiri maritime trade." Australian Archaeology. 70, pp. 39-54.
The ritual dugong bone mounds of Koey Ngurtai, Torres Strait, Australia: investigating their construction
Skelly, Robert, David, Bruno, McNiven, Ian J. and Barker, Bryce. 2011. "The ritual dugong bone mounds of Koey Ngurtai, Torres Strait, Australia: investigating their construction." International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 21 (1), pp. 32-54. https://doi.org/10.1002/oa.1104
Koey Ngurtai: the emergence of a ritual domain in Western Torres Strait
David, Bruno, McNiven, Ian J., Crouch, Joe, Hewitt, Geoffrey, Skelly, Robert, Barker, Bryce and Courtney, Kris. 2009. "Koey Ngurtai: the emergence of a ritual domain in Western Torres Strait." Archaeology in Oceania. 44 (1), pp. 1-17.
Keveoki 1: exploring the Hiri ceramics trade at a short-lived village site near the Vailala River, Papua New Guinea
David, Bruno, Araho, Nick, Barker, Bryce, Kuaso, Alois and Moffat, Ian. 2009. "Keveoki 1: exploring the Hiri ceramics trade at a short-lived village site near the Vailala River, Papua New Guinea." Australian Archaeology. 68, pp. 11-22.
Living landscapes of the dead: archaeology of the afterworld among the Rumu of Papua New Guinea
David, Bruno, Pivoru, Max, Pivoru, William, Green, Michael, Barker, Bryce, Weiner, James F., Simala, Douglas, Kokents, Thomas, Arabo, Lisa and Dop, John. 2008. "Living landscapes of the dead: archaeology of the afterworld among the Rumu of Papua New Guinea." David, Bruno and Thomas, Julian (ed.) Handbook of landscape archaeology. Walnut Creek, CA. United States. Left Coast Press, Inc. pp. 158-166
Massacre, frontier conflict and Australian archaeology
Barker, Bryce. 2007. "Massacre, frontier conflict and Australian archaeology." Australian Archaeology. 64, pp. 9-14.
Evidence for early Holocene change in the Whitsunday Islands: a new radiocarbon determination, Nara Inlet 1
Lamb, Lara and Barker, Bryce. 2001. "Evidence for early Holocene change in the Whitsunday Islands: a new radiocarbon determination, Nara Inlet 1." Australian Archaeology. 53, pp. 42-43.
Holocene palynology of Whitehaven Swamp, Whitsunday Island, Queensland, and implications for the regional archaeological record
Genever, Matt, Grindrod, John and Barker, Bryce. 2003. "Holocene palynology of Whitehaven Swamp, Whitsunday Island, Queensland, and implications for the regional archaeological record." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 201 (1-2), pp. 141-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00542-X
The sea people: late Holocene maritime specialisation in the Whitsunday Islands, central Queensland
Barker, Bryce. 2004. The sea people: late Holocene maritime specialisation in the Whitsunday Islands, central Queensland. Canberra, Australia. Pandanus Books.
Use and continuity in the customary marine tenure of the Whitsunday Islands
Barker, Bryce. 1998. "Use and continuity in the customary marine tenure of the Whitsunday Islands." Peterson, Nicholas and Rigsby, Bruce (ed.) Customary marine tenure in Australia. Sydney, Australia. Oceania Publications (University of Sydney). pp. 89-95
The temporality of cultural material on a deflated dune system at Abbot Point, Central Queensland coast
Barker, Bryce. 2006. "The temporality of cultural material on a deflated dune system at Abbot Point, Central Queensland coast." Australian Archaeology. 62, pp. 44-46.
Backed and forth: an exploration of variation in retouched implement production on the South Molle Island Quarry, Central Queensland
Lamb, Lara. 2005. "Backed and forth: an exploration of variation in retouched implement production on the South Molle Island Quarry, Central Queensland." Clarkson, Christopher and Lamb, Lara (ed.) Lithics down under: Australian perspectives on lithic reduction, use and classification. Oxford, England. Archaeopress. pp. 35-42
Casting new light on old stones
Clarkson, Christopher and Lamb, Lara. 2005. "Casting new light on old stones." Clarkson, Christopher and Lamb, Lara (ed.) Lithics down under: Australian perspectives on lithic reduction, use and classification. Oxford, England. Archaeopress. pp. 1-6
Investigating changing stone technologies, site use and occupational intensities at Fern Cave, north Queensland
Lamb, Lara. 1996. "Investigating changing stone technologies, site use and occupational intensities at Fern Cave, north Queensland ." Australian Archaeology. 42 (1), pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/03122417.1996.11681564