One year of AU Mic with HARPS: I-measuring the masses of the two transiting planets
Article
Zicher, Norbert, Barragan, Oscar, Klein, Baptiste, Aigrain, Suzanne, Owen, James E., Gandolfi, Davide, Lagrange, Anne-Marie, Serrano, Luisa Maria, Kaye, Laurel, Nielsen, Louise Dyregaard, Rajpaul, Vinesh Maguire, Grandjean, Antoine, Goffo, Elisa and Nicholson, Belinda. 2022. "One year of AU Mic with HARPS: I-measuring the masses of the two transiting planets." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 512 (2), pp. 3060-3078. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac614
| Article Title | One year of AU Mic with HARPS: I-measuring the masses of the two transiting planets |
|---|---|
| ERA Journal ID | 1074 |
| Article Category | Article |
| Authors | Zicher, Norbert, Barragan, Oscar, Klein, Baptiste, Aigrain, Suzanne, Owen, James E., Gandolfi, Davide, Lagrange, Anne-Marie, Serrano, Luisa Maria, Kaye, Laurel, Nielsen, Louise Dyregaard, Rajpaul, Vinesh Maguire, Grandjean, Antoine, Goffo, Elisa and Nicholson, Belinda |
| Journal Title | Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |
| Journal Citation | 512 (2), pp. 3060-3078 |
| Number of Pages | 19 |
| Year | 02 May 2022 |
| Publisher | Oxford University Press |
| Place of Publication | United Kingdom |
| ISSN | 0035-8711 |
| 1365-2966 | |
| Digital Object Identifier (DOI) | https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac614 |
| Web Address (URL) | https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/512/2/3060/6547782 |
| Abstract | The system of two transiting Neptune-sized planets around the bright, young M-dwarf AU Mic provides a unique opportunity to test models of planet formation, early evolution, and star–planet interaction. However, the intense magnetic activity of the hoststar makes measuring the masses of the planets via the radial velocity (RV) method very challenging. We report on a 1-yr, intensive monitoring campaign of the system using 91 observations with the HARPS spectrograph, allowing for detailed modelling of the ∼600 m s−1 peak-to-peak activity-induced RV variations. We used a multidimensional Gaussian Process framework to model these and the planetary signals simultaneously. We detect the latter with semi-amplitudes of Kb = 5.8 ± 2.5 m s−1 and Kc = 8.5 ± 2.5 m s−1, respectively. The resulting mass estimates, Mb = 11.7 ± 5.0 M⊕ and Mc = 22.2 ± 6.7 M⊕, suggest that planet b might be less dense, and planet c considerably denser than previously thought. These results are in tension with the current standard models of core-accretion. They suggest that both planets accreted a H/He envelope that is smaller than expected, and the trend between the two planets’ envelope fractions is the opposite of what is predicted by theory. |
| Keywords | techniques: radial velocities; techniques: spectroscopic; stars: individual: AU Microscopii; planets and satellites: fundamental parameters; stars: activity; stars: starspots |
| Contains Sensitive Content | Does not contain sensitive content |
| ANZSRC Field of Research 2020 | 510109. Stellar astronomy and planetary systems |
| Public Notes | This article has been accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society © The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. |
| Title | One year of AU Mic with HARPS: I-measuring the masses of the two transiting planets |
| Byline Affiliations | University of Oxford, United Kingdom |
| Imperial College London, United Kingdom | |
| University of Turin, Italy | |
| Grenoble Alpes University, France | |
| University of Geneva, Switzerland | |
| University of Cambridge, United Kingdom | |
| Karl Schwarzschild Observatory, Germany | |
| School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing | |
| Centre for Astrophysics |
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Serrano, L. M., Gandolfi, D., Hoyer, S., Brandeker, A., Hooton, M. J., Sousa, S., Murgas, F., Ciardi, D. R., Howell, S. B., Benz, W., Billot, N., Floren, H.-G., Bekkelien, A., Bonfanti, A., Krenn, A., Mustill, A. J., Wilson, T. G., Osborn, H., Parviainen, H., ..., Walton, N.. 2022. "The HD 93963 A transiting system: A 1.04 d super-Earth and a 3.65 d sub-Neptune discovered by TESS and CHEOPS." Astronomy and Astrophysics. 667, p. A1. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202243093HD 28109 hosts a trio of transiting Neptunian planets including a near-resonant pair, confirmed by ASTEP from Antarctica Get access Arrow
Dransfield, Georgina, Triaud, Amaury H M J, Guillot, Tristan, Mekarnia, Djamel, Nesvorny, David, Crouzet, Nicolas, Abe, Lyu, Agabi, Karim, Buttu, Marco, Cabrera, Juan, Gandolfi, Davide, Gunther, Maximilian N, Rodler, Florian, Schmider, Francois-Xavier, Stee, Philippe, Suarez, Olga, Collins, Karen A, Dévora-Pajares, Martín, Howell, Steve B, ..., Zhou, George. 2022. "HD 28109 hosts a trio of transiting Neptunian planets including a near-resonant pair, confirmed by ASTEP from Antarctica Get access Arrow." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 515 (1), pp. 1328-1345. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac1383TOI-954 b and K2-329 b: short-period Saturn-mass planets that test whether irradiation leads to inflation
Sha, Lizhou, Huang, Chelsea X., Shporer, Avi, Rodriguez, Joseph E., Vanderburg, Andrew, Brahm, Rafael, Hagelberg, Janis, Matthews, Elisabeth C., Ziegler, Carl, Livingston, John H., Stassun, Keivan G., Wright, Duncan J., Crane, Jeffrey D., Espinoza, Nestor, Bouchy, Francois, Bakos, Gaspar A., Collins, Karen A., Zhou, George, Bieryla, Allyson, ..., Villanueva, Steven. 2021. "TOI-954 b and K2-329 b: short-period Saturn-mass planets that test whether irradiation leads to inflation." The Astronomical Journal. 161 (2). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/abd187A transiting warm giant planet around the young active star TOI-201
Hobson, Melissa J., Brahm, Rafael, Jordan, Andres, Espinoza, Nestor, Kossakowski, Diana, Henning, Thomas, Rojas, Felipe, Schlecker, Martin, Sarkis, Paula, Trifonov, Trifon, Thorngren, Daniel, Binnenfeld, Avraham, Shahaf, Sahar, Zucker, Shay, Ricker, George R., Latham, David W., Seager, S., Winn, Joshua N., Jenkins, Jon M., ..., Wright, Duncan J.. 2021. "A transiting warm giant planet around the young active star TOI-201." The Astronomical Journal. 161 (5). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/abeaa1TESS delivers five new hot giant planets orbiting bright stars from the full-frame images
Rodriguez, Joseph E., Quinn, Samuel N., Zhou, George, Vanderburg, Andrew, Nielsen, Louise D., Wittenmyer, Robert A., Brahm, Rafael, Reed, Phillip A., Huang, Chelsea X., Vach, Sydney, Ciardi, David R., Oelkers, Ryan J., Stassun, Keivan G., Hellier, Coel, Gaudi, B. Scott, Eastman, Jason D., Collins, Karen A., Bieryla, Allyson, Christian, Sam, ..., Zhang, Hui. 2021. "TESS delivers five new hot giant planets orbiting bright stars from the full-frame images." The Astronomical Journal. 161 (4). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/abe38aPlanet Hunters TESS III: two transiting planets around the bright G dwarf HD 152843
Eisner, N. L., Nicholson, B. A., Barragan, O., Aigrain, S., Lintott, C., Kaye, L., Klein, B., Miller, G., Taylor, J., Zicher, N., Buchhave, L. A., Caldwell, D. A., Horner, J., Llama, J., Mortier, A., Rajpaul, V. M., Stassun, K., Sporer, A., Tkachenko, A., ..., Wilson, G. M.. 2021. "Planet Hunters TESS III: two transiting planets around the bright G dwarf HD 152843." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 505 (2), pp. 1827-1840. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab1253TOI-481 b and TOI-892 b: Two Long-period Hot Jupiters from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
Brahm, Rafael, Nielsen, Louise D., Wittenmyer, Robert A., Wang, Songhu, Rodriguez, Joseph E., Espinoza, Nestor, Jones, Matias I., Jordan, Andres, Henning, Thomas, Hobson, Melissa, Kossakowski, Diana, Rojas, Felipe, Sarkis, Paula, Schlecker, Martin, Trifonov, Trifon, Shahaf, Sahar, Ricker, George, Vanderspek, Roland, Latham, David W., ..., Ziegler, Carl. 2020. "TOI-481 b and TOI-892 b: Two Long-period Hot Jupiters from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite." The Astronomical Journal. 160 (5), pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/abba3bTOI-257b (HD 19916b): a warm sub-saturn orbiting an evolved F-type star
Addison, Brett C., Wright, Duncan J., Nicholson, Belinda A., Cale, Bryson, Mocnik, Teo, Huber, Daniel, Plavchan, Peter, Wittenmyer, Robert A., Vanderburg, Andrew, Chaplin, William J., Chontos, Ashley, Clark, Jake T., Eastman, Jason D., Ziegler, Carl, Brahm, Rafael, Carter, Bradley D., Clerte, Mathieu, Espinoza, Nestor, Horner, Jonathan, ..., Themeßl, Nathalie. 2021. "TOI-257b (HD 19916b): a warm sub-saturn orbiting an evolved F-type star." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 502 (3), pp. 3704-3722. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa3960Planet Hunters TESS II: findings from the first two years of TESS
Eisner, N. L., Barragan, O., Lintott, C., Aigrain, S., Nicholson, B., Boyajian, T. S., Howells, S., Johnston, C., Lakeland, B., Miller, G., McMaster, A., Parviainen, H., Safron, E. J., Schwamb, M. E., Trouille, L., Vaughan, S., Zicher, N., Allen, C., Allen, S., ..., Hoffman, T.. 2021. "Planet Hunters TESS II: findings from the first two years of TESS." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 501 (4), pp. 4669-4690. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa3739Transits of Known Planets Orbiting a Naked-eye Star
Kane, Stephen R., Yalcinkaya, Selcuk, Osborn, Hugh P., Dalba, Paul A., Nielsen, Louise D., Vanderburg, Andrew, Mocnik, Teo, Hinkel, Natalie R., Ostberg, Colby, Esmer, Ekrem Murat, Udry, Stephane, Fetherolf, Tara, Basturk, Ozgur, Ricker, George R., Vanderspek, Roland, Latham, David W., Seager, Sara, Winn, Joshua N., Jenkins, Jon M., ..., Wright, Jason T.. 2020. "Transits of Known Planets Orbiting a Naked-eye Star." The Astronomical Journal. 160 (3), pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aba835TOI-222: a single-transit TESS candidate revealed to be a 34-d eclipsing binary with CORALIE, EulerCam, and NGTS
Lendl, Monika, Bouchy, Francois, Gill, Samuel, Nielsen, Louise D., Turner, Oliver, Stassun, Keivan, Acton, Jack S., Anderson, David R., Armstrong, David J., Bayliss, Daniel, Belardi, Claudia, Bryant, Edward M., Burleigh, Matthew R., Chaushev, Alexander, Casewell, Sarah L., Cooke, Benjamin F., Eigmuller, Philipp, Gillen, Edward, Goad, Michael R., ..., Ziegler, Carl. 2019. "TOI-222: a single-transit TESS candidate revealed to be a 34-d eclipsing binary with CORALIE, EulerCam, and NGTS." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 492 (2), pp. 1761-1769. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz3545Near-resonance in a System of Sub-Neptunes from TESS
Quinn, Samuel N., Becker, Juliette C., Rodriguez, Joseph E., Hadden, Sam, Huang, Chelsea X., Morton, Timothy D., Adams, Fred C., Armstrong, David, Eastman, Jason D., Horner, Jonathan, Kane, Stephen R., Lissauer, Jack J., Twicken, Joseph D., Vanderburg, Andrew, Wittenmyer, Rob, Ricker, George R., Vanderspek, Roland K., Latham, David W., Seager, Sara, ..., Ziegler, Carl. 2019. "Near-resonance in a System of Sub-Neptunes from TESS." The Astronomical Journal. 158 (5), pp. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ab3f2bMINERVA-Australis. I. Design, Commissioning, and First Photometric Results
Addison, Brett, Wright, Duncan J., Wittenmyer, Robert A., Horner, Jonathan, Mengel, Matthew W., Johns, Daniel, Marti, Connor, Nicholson, Belinda, Okumura, Jack, Bowler, Brendan, Crossfield, Ian, Kane, Stephen R., Kielkopf, John, Plavchan, Peter, Tinney, C.G., Zhang, Hui, Clark, Jake T., Clerte, Mathieu, Eastman, Jason D., ..., Carter, Bradley D.. 2019. "MINERVA-Australis. I. Design, Commissioning, and First Photometric Results." Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 131 (1005), pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1088/1538-3873/ab03aaSupernova Hunters Discovery of 24 Optical Transients with Pan-STARRS
Fulton, M., Smith, K. W., Wright, D. E., Simmons, B., Krawczyk, C., Huber, M., Srivastav, S., Lintott, C., Nicholson, B., Miller, G., Galbany, L., Smartt, S. J., Chambers, K. C., Ince, Robin, Burton, Trent, Burton, Melinda, Gostling, Joanna, McBrien, O. R., Young, D. R., ..., Wals, Jennifer S. 2020. "Supernova Hunters Discovery of 24 Optical Transients with Pan-STARRS." Transient Name Server AstroNote.A Jovian planet in an eccentric 11.5 day orbit around HD 1397 discovered by TESS
Nielsen, L. D., Bouchy, F., Turner, O., Giles, H., Suarez Mascareno, A., Lovis, C., Marmier, M., Pepe, F., Segransan, D., Udry, S., Otegi, J. F., Ottoni, G., Staport, M., Ricker, G., Vanderspek, R., Latham, D. W., Seager, S., Winn, J. N., Jenkins, J. M., ..., Schlieder, J.. 2019. "A Jovian planet in an eccentric 11.5 day orbit around HD 1397 discovered by TESS." Astronomy and Astrophysics: a European journal. 623, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834577The gender balance of the Australian space research community: a snapshot from the 16th ASRC, 2016
Horner, Jonathan, Nicholson, Belinda, Cairns, Ann, Short, Wayne and Gorman, Alice. 2017. "The gender balance of the Australian space research community: a snapshot from the 16th ASRC, 2016." Short, Wayne and Cairns, Iver (ed.) 16th Australian Space Research Conference (ASRC 2016). Melbourne, Australia 26 - 28 Sep 2016 Sydney, Australia.The surface magnetic activity of the weak-line T Tauri stars TWA 9Aand V1095 Sco
Nicholson, B. A., Hussain, G. A. J., Donati, J.-F., Folsom, C. P., Mengel, M., Carter, B. D. and Wright, D.. 2018. "The surface magnetic activity of the weak-line T Tauri stars TWA 9Aand V1095 Sco." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 480 (2), pp. 1754-1766. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty1965The magnetic activity, winds and planets of young, cool stars
Nicholson, Belinda A.. 2018. The magnetic activity, winds and planets of young, cool stars. PhD Thesis Doctor of Philosophy. University of Southern Queensland. https://doi.org/10.26192/5f643970ce22aRotation in the Pleiades with K2. III. Speculations on origins and evolution
Stauffer, John, Rebull, Luisa, Bouvier, Jerome, Hillenbrand, Lynne A., Collier-Cameron, Andrew, Pinsonneault, Marc, Aigrain, Suzanne, Barrado, David, Bouy, Herve, Ciardi, David, Cody, Ann Marie, David, Trevor, Micela, Giusi, Soderblom, David, Somers, Garrett, Stassun, Keivan G., Valenti, Jeff and Vrba, Frederick J.. 2016. "Rotation in the Pleiades with K2. III. Speculations on origins and evolution." The Astronomical Journal. 152 (5), pp. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-6256/152/5/115Rotation in the Pleiades with K2. II. Multiperiod stars
Rebull, L. M., Stauffer, J. R., Bouvier, J., Cody, A. M., Hillenbrand, L. A., Soderblom, D. R., Valenti, J., Barrado, D., Bouy, H., Ciardi, D., Pinsonneault, M., Stassun, K., Micela, G., Aigrain, S., Vrba, F., Somers, G., Gillen, E. and Collier Cameron, A.. 2016. "Rotation in the Pleiades with K2. II. Multiperiod stars." The Astronomical Journal. 152 (5), pp. 114-133. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-6256/152/5/114Rotation in the Pleiades with K2. I. Data and first results
Rebull, L. M., Stauffer, J. R., Bouvier, J., Cody, A. M., Hillenbrand, L. A., Soderblom, D. R., Valenti, J., Barrado, D., Bouy, H., Ciardi, D., Pinsonneault, M., Stassun, K., Micela, G., Aigrain, S., Vrba, F., Somers, G., Christiansen, J., Gillen, E. and Collier Cameron, A.. 2016. "Rotation in the Pleiades with K2. I. Data and first results." The Astronomical Journal. 152 (5), pp. 113-131. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-6256/152/5/113The K2-Esprint Project. V. A short-period giant planet orbiting a subgiant star
Van Eylen, Vincent, Albrecht, Simon, Gandolfi, Davide, Dai, Fei, Winn, Joshua, Hirano, Teriyuki, Narita, Norio, Bruntt, Hans, Prieto-Arranz, Jorge, Bejar, Víctor, Nowak, Grzegorz, Lund, Mikkel, Palle, Enric, Ribas, Ignasi, Sanchis-Ojeda, Roberto, Yu, Liang, Arriagada, Pamela, Butler, R. Paul, Crane, Jeffrey D., ..., Wittenmyer, Robert. 2016. "The K2-Esprint Project. V. A short-period giant planet orbiting a subgiant star." The Astronomical Journal. 152 (5), pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-6256/152/5/143Temporal variability of the wind from the star τ Boötis
Nicholson, B. A., Vidotto, A. A., Mengel, M., Brookshaw, L., Carter, B., Petit, P., Marsden, S. C., Jeffers, S. V. and Fares, R.. 2016. "Temporal variability of the wind from the star τ Boötis." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 459 (2), pp. 1907-1915. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw731The Discovery and Mass Measurement of a New Ultra-short-period Planet: K2-131b
Dai, Fei, Winn, Joshua N., Gandolfi, Davide, Wang, Sharon X., Teske, Johanna K., Burt, Jennifer, Albrecht, Simon, Barragan, Oscar, Cochran, William D., Endl, Michael, Fridlund, Malcolm, Hatzes, Artie P., Hirano, Teruyuki, Hirsch, Lea A., Johnson, Marshall C., Justesen, Anders Bo, Livingston, John, Persson, Carina M., Prieto-Arranz, Jorge, ..., Wittenmyer, Robert A.. 2017. "The Discovery and Mass Measurement of a New Ultra-short-period Planet: K2-131b." The Astronomical Journal. 154 (6), pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aa9065Winds of planet hosting stars
Nicholson, B. A., Mengel, M. W., Brookshaw, L., Vidotto, A. A., Carter, B. D., Marsden, S. C., Soutter, J., Waite, I. A. and Horner, J.. 2015. "Winds of planet hosting stars." Short, Wayne and Cairns, Iver (ed.) 14th Australian Space Research Conference (ASRC 2014). Adelaide, Australia 29 Sep - 01 Oct 2014 Sydney, Australia.Characterizing the cross dispersion reflection gratings of CRIRES+
Follert, Roman, Taubert, Dieter, Hollandt, Joerg, Monte, Christian, Oliva, Ernesto, Seemann, Ulf, Loewinger, Tom, Anwand-Heerwart, Heiko, Schmidt, Christof, Dorn, Reinhold J., Bristow, Paul, Hatzes, Artie, Reiners, Ansgar, Piskunov, Nikolai, Heiter, Ulrike, Stempels, Eric, Marquart, Thomas, Lavail, Alexis, Cumani, Claudio, ..., Tordo, Sebastien. 2016. "Characterizing the cross dispersion reflection gratings of CRIRES+." SPIE - Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy. United States. SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2232569The "+" for CRIRES: enabling better science at infrared wavelength and high spectral resolution at the ESO VLT
Dorn, Reinhold J, Follert, Roman, Bristow, Paul, Cumani, Claudio, Eschbaumer, Siegfried, Grunhut, Jason, Haimerl, Andreas, Hatzes, Artie, Heiter, Ulrike, Hinterschuster, Renate, Ives, Derek J, Jung, Yves, Kerber, Florian, Klein, Barbara, Lavaila, Alexis, Lizon, Jean Louis, Löwinger, Tom, Molina-Condea, Ignacio, Nicholson, Belinda, ..., Tordo, Sebastien. 2016. "The "+" for CRIRES: enabling better science at infrared wavelength and high spectral resolution at the ESO VLT ." Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IV. Edinburgh, United Kingdom 26 Jun - 01 Jul 2016 United States. SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2232837Photometry of very bright stars with Kepler and K2 smear data
Pope, B. J. S., White, T. R., Huber, D., Murphy, S. J., Bedding, T. R., Caldwell, D. A., Sarai, A., Aigrain, S. and Barclay, T.. 2015. "Photometry of very bright stars with Kepler and K2 smear data." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 455 (1), pp. L36-L40. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slv143This item comprises data from the following sources: Web of Science