Revisiting K2-233 spectroscopic time-series with multidimensional Gaussian processes

Article

Barragan, Oscar, Gillen, Edward, Aigrain, Suzanne, Meech, Annabella, Klein, Baptiste, Nielsen, Louise Dyregaard, Yu, Haochuan, O'Sullivan, Niamh K., Nicholson, Belinda A. and Lillo-Box, Jorge. 2023. "Revisiting K2-233 spectroscopic time-series with multidimensional Gaussian processes." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 522 (3), pp. 3458-3471. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad1139
Article Title

Revisiting K2-233 spectroscopic time-series with multidimensional Gaussian processes

ERA Journal ID1074
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsBarragan, Oscar, Gillen, Edward, Aigrain, Suzanne, Meech, Annabella, Klein, Baptiste, Nielsen, Louise Dyregaard, Yu, Haochuan, O'Sullivan, Niamh K., Nicholson, Belinda A. and Lillo-Box, Jorge
Journal TitleMonthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Journal Citation522 (3), pp. 3458-3471
Number of Pages14
Year2023
PublisherOxford University Press
ISSN0035-8711
1365-2966
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad1139
Web Address (URL)https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/522/3/3458/7129017
AbstractDetecting planetary signatures in radial velocity time-series of young stars is challenging due to their inherently strong stellar activity. However, it is possible to learn information about the properties of the stellar signal by using activity indicators measured from the same stellar spectra used to extract radial velocities. In this manuscript, we present a reanalysis of spectroscopic High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher data of the young star K2-233, which hosts three transiting planets. We perform a multidimensional Gaussian process regression on the radial velocity and the activity indicators to characterize the planetary Doppler signals. We demonstrate, for the first time on a real data set, that the use of a multidimensional Gaussian process can boost the precision with which we measure the planetary signals compared to a one-dimensional Gaussian process applied to the radial velocities alone. We measure the semi-amplitudes of K2-233 b, c, and d as
Keywordsplanets and satellites: individual: K2-233; techniques: radial velocities; stars: activity
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020510109. Stellar astronomy and planetary systems
Byline AffiliationsUniversity of Oxford, United Kingdom
Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
European Southern Observatory, Germany
Centre for Astrophysics
Center for Astrobiology (CAB, CSIC-INTA), Spain
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Rodriguez, Joseph E., Quinn, Samuel N., Zhou, George, Vanderburg, Andrew, Nielsen, Louise D., Wittenmyer, Robert A., Brahm, Rafael, Reed, Phillip A., Huang, Chelsea X., Vach, Sydney, Ciardi, David R., Oelkers, Ryan J., Stassun, Keivan G., Hellier, Coel, Gaudi, B. Scott, Eastman, Jason D., Collins, Karen A., Bieryla, Allyson, Christian, Sam, ..., Zhang, Hui. 2021. "TESS delivers five new hot giant planets orbiting bright stars from the full-frame images." The Astronomical Journal. 161 (4). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/abe38a
Planet Hunters TESS III: two transiting planets around the bright G dwarf HD 152843
Eisner, N. L., Nicholson, B. A., Barragan, O., Aigrain, S., Lintott, C., Kaye, L., Klein, B., Miller, G., Taylor, J., Zicher, N., Buchhave, L. A., Caldwell, D. A., Horner, J., Llama, J., Mortier, A., Rajpaul, V. M., Stassun, K., Sporer, A., Tkachenko, A., ..., Wilson, G. M.. 2021. "Planet Hunters TESS III: two transiting planets around the bright G dwarf HD 152843." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 505 (2), pp. 1827-1840. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab1253
TOI-481 b and TOI-892 b: Two Long-period Hot Jupiters from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
Brahm, Rafael, Nielsen, Louise D., Wittenmyer, Robert A., Wang, Songhu, Rodriguez, Joseph E., Espinoza, Nestor, Jones, Matias I., Jordan, Andres, Henning, Thomas, Hobson, Melissa, Kossakowski, Diana, Rojas, Felipe, Sarkis, Paula, Schlecker, Martin, Trifonov, Trifon, Shahaf, Sahar, Ricker, George, Vanderspek, Roland, Latham, David W., ..., Ziegler, Carl. 2020. "TOI-481 b and TOI-892 b: Two Long-period Hot Jupiters from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite." The Astronomical Journal. 160 (5), pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/abba3b
TOI-257b (HD 19916b): a warm sub-saturn orbiting an evolved F-type star
Addison, Brett C., Wright, Duncan J., Nicholson, Belinda A., Cale, Bryson, Mocnik, Teo, Huber, Daniel, Plavchan, Peter, Wittenmyer, Robert A., Vanderburg, Andrew, Chaplin, William J., Chontos, Ashley, Clark, Jake T., Eastman, Jason D., Ziegler, Carl, Brahm, Rafael, Carter, Bradley D., Clerte, Mathieu, Espinoza, Nestor, Horner, Jonathan, ..., Themeßl, Nathalie. 2021. "TOI-257b (HD 19916b): a warm sub-saturn orbiting an evolved F-type star." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 502 (3), pp. 3704-3722. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa3960
Planet Hunters TESS II: findings from the first two years of TESS
Eisner, N. L., Barragan, O., Lintott, C., Aigrain, S., Nicholson, B., Boyajian, T. S., Howells, S., Johnston, C., Lakeland, B., Miller, G., McMaster, A., Parviainen, H., Safron, E. J., Schwamb, M. E., Trouille, L., Vaughan, S., Zicher, N., Allen, C., Allen, S., ..., Hoffman, T.. 2021. "Planet Hunters TESS II: findings from the first two years of TESS." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 501 (4), pp. 4669-4690. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa3739
Transits of Known Planets Orbiting a Naked-eye Star
Kane, Stephen R., Yalcinkaya, Selcuk, Osborn, Hugh P., Dalba, Paul A., Nielsen, Louise D., Vanderburg, Andrew, Mocnik, Teo, Hinkel, Natalie R., Ostberg, Colby, Esmer, Ekrem Murat, Udry, Stephane, Fetherolf, Tara, Basturk, Ozgur, Ricker, George R., Vanderspek, Roland, Latham, David W., Seager, Sara, Winn, Joshua N., Jenkins, Jon M., ..., Wright, Jason T.. 2020. "Transits of Known Planets Orbiting a Naked-eye Star." The Astronomical Journal. 160 (3), pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aba835
TOI-222: a single-transit TESS candidate revealed to be a 34-d eclipsing binary with CORALIE, EulerCam, and NGTS
Lendl, Monika, Bouchy, Francois, Gill, Samuel, Nielsen, Louise D., Turner, Oliver, Stassun, Keivan, Acton, Jack S., Anderson, David R., Armstrong, David J., Bayliss, Daniel, Belardi, Claudia, Bryant, Edward M., Burleigh, Matthew R., Chaushev, Alexander, Casewell, Sarah L., Cooke, Benjamin F., Eigmuller, Philipp, Gillen, Edward, Goad, Michael R., ..., Ziegler, Carl. 2019. "TOI-222: a single-transit TESS candidate revealed to be a 34-d eclipsing binary with CORALIE, EulerCam, and NGTS." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 492 (2), pp. 1761-1769. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz3545
Near-resonance in a System of Sub-Neptunes from TESS
Quinn, Samuel N., Becker, Juliette C., Rodriguez, Joseph E., Hadden, Sam, Huang, Chelsea X., Morton, Timothy D., Adams, Fred C., Armstrong, David, Eastman, Jason D., Horner, Jonathan, Kane, Stephen R., Lissauer, Jack J., Twicken, Joseph D., Vanderburg, Andrew, Wittenmyer, Rob, Ricker, George R., Vanderspek, Roland K., Latham, David W., Seager, Sara, ..., Ziegler, Carl. 2019. "Near-resonance in a System of Sub-Neptunes from TESS." The Astronomical Journal. 158 (5), pp. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ab3f2b
MINERVA-Australis. I. Design, Commissioning, and First Photometric Results
Addison, Brett, Wright, Duncan J., Wittenmyer, Robert A., Horner, Jonathan, Mengel, Matthew W., Johns, Daniel, Marti, Connor, Nicholson, Belinda, Okumura, Jack, Bowler, Brendan, Crossfield, Ian, Kane, Stephen R., Kielkopf, John, Plavchan, Peter, Tinney, C.G., Zhang, Hui, Clark, Jake T., Clerte, Mathieu, Eastman, Jason D., ..., Carter, Bradley D.. 2019. "MINERVA-Australis. I. Design, Commissioning, and First Photometric Results." Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 131 (1005), pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1088/1538-3873/ab03aa
Supernova Hunters Discovery of 24 Optical Transients with Pan-STARRS
Fulton, M., Smith, K. W., Wright, D. E., Simmons, B., Krawczyk, C., Huber, M., Srivastav, S., Lintott, C., Nicholson, B., Miller, G., Galbany, L., Smartt, S. J., Chambers, K. C., Ince, Robin, Burton, Trent, Burton, Melinda, Gostling, Joanna, McBrien, O. R., Young, D. R., ..., Wals, Jennifer S. 2020. "Supernova Hunters Discovery of 24 Optical Transients with Pan-STARRS." Transient Name Server AstroNote.
A Jovian planet in an eccentric 11.5 day orbit around HD 1397 discovered by TESS
Nielsen, L. D., Bouchy, F., Turner, O., Giles, H., Suarez Mascareno, A., Lovis, C., Marmier, M., Pepe, F., Segransan, D., Udry, S., Otegi, J. F., Ottoni, G., Staport, M., Ricker, G., Vanderspek, R., Latham, D. W., Seager, S., Winn, J. N., Jenkins, J. M., ..., Schlieder, J.. 2019. "A Jovian planet in an eccentric 11.5 day orbit around HD 1397 discovered by TESS." Astronomy and Astrophysics: a European journal. 623, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834577
The gender balance of the Australian space research community: a snapshot from the 16th ASRC, 2016
Horner, Jonathan, Nicholson, Belinda, Cairns, Ann, Short, Wayne and Gorman, Alice. 2017. "The gender balance of the Australian space research community: a snapshot from the 16th ASRC, 2016." Short, Wayne and Cairns, Iver (ed.) 16th Australian Space Research Conference (ASRC 2016). Melbourne, Australia 26 - 28 Sep 2016 Sydney, Australia.
The surface magnetic activity of the weak-line T Tauri stars TWA 9Aand V1095 Sco
Nicholson, B. A., Hussain, G. A. J., Donati, J.-F., Folsom, C. P., Mengel, M., Carter, B. D. and Wright, D.. 2018. "The surface magnetic activity of the weak-line T Tauri stars TWA 9Aand V1095 Sco." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 480 (2), pp. 1754-1766. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty1965
The magnetic activity, winds and planets of young, cool stars
Nicholson, Belinda A.. 2018. The magnetic activity, winds and planets of young, cool stars. PhD Thesis Doctor of Philosophy. University of Southern Queensland. https://doi.org/10.26192/5f643970ce22a
The Kepler follow-up observation program. I. A catalog of companions to Kepler stars from high-resolution imaging
Furlan, E., Ciardi, D. R., Everett, M. E., Saylors, M., Teske, J. K., Horch, E. P., Howell, S. B., van Belle, G. T., Hirsch, L. A., Gautier, T. N., Adams, E. R., Barrado, D., Cartier, K. M. S., Dressing, C. D., Dupree, A. K., Gilliland, R. L., Lillo-Box, J., Lucas, P. W. and Wang, J.. 2017. "The Kepler follow-up observation program. I. A catalog of companions to Kepler stars from high-resolution imaging." The Astronomical Journal. 153 (2). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/153/2/71
Rotation in the Pleiades with K2. III. Speculations on origins and evolution
Stauffer, John, Rebull, Luisa, Bouvier, Jerome, Hillenbrand, Lynne A., Collier-Cameron, Andrew, Pinsonneault, Marc, Aigrain, Suzanne, Barrado, David, Bouy, Herve, Ciardi, David, Cody, Ann Marie, David, Trevor, Micela, Giusi, Soderblom, David, Somers, Garrett, Stassun, Keivan G., Valenti, Jeff and Vrba, Frederick J.. 2016. "Rotation in the Pleiades with K2. III. Speculations on origins and evolution." The Astronomical Journal. 152 (5), pp. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-6256/152/5/115
Rotation in the Pleiades with K2. II. Multiperiod stars
Rebull, L. M., Stauffer, J. R., Bouvier, J., Cody, A. M., Hillenbrand, L. A., Soderblom, D. R., Valenti, J., Barrado, D., Bouy, H., Ciardi, D., Pinsonneault, M., Stassun, K., Micela, G., Aigrain, S., Vrba, F., Somers, G., Gillen, E. and Collier Cameron, A.. 2016. "Rotation in the Pleiades with K2. II. Multiperiod stars." The Astronomical Journal. 152 (5), pp. 114-133. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-6256/152/5/114
A sub-Mercury-sized exoplanet
Barclay, Thomas, Rowe, Jason F., Lissauer, Jack J., Huber, Daniel, Fressin, Francois, Howell, Steve B., Bryson, Stephen T., Chaplin, William J., Desert, Jean Michel, Lopez, Eric D., Marcy, Geoffrey W., Mullally, Fergal, Ragozzine, Darin, Torres, Guillermo, Adams, Elisabeth R., Agol, Eric, Barrado, David, Basu, Sarbani, Bedding, Timothy R., ..., Thompson, Susan E.. 2013. "A sub-Mercury-sized exoplanet." Nature. 494 (7438), pp. 452-454. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11914
Masses, radii, and orbits of small Kepler planets: the transition from gaseous to rocky planets
Marcy, Geoffrey W., Isaacson, Howard, Howard, Andrew W., Rowe, Jason F., Jenkins, Jon M., Bryson, Stephen T., Latham, David W., Howell, Steve B., Gautier, Thomas N., Batalha, Natalie M., Rogers, Leslie, Ciardi, David, Fischer, Debra A., Gilliland, Ronald L., Kjeldsen, Hans, Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jorgen, Huber, Daniel, Chaplin, William J., Basu, Sarbani, ..., Barrado, David. 2014. "Masses, radii, and orbits of small Kepler planets: the transition from gaseous to rocky planets." Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 210 (2), pp. 20-89. https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/210/2/20
Rotation in the Pleiades with K2. I. Data and first results
Rebull, L. M., Stauffer, J. R., Bouvier, J., Cody, A. M., Hillenbrand, L. A., Soderblom, D. R., Valenti, J., Barrado, D., Bouy, H., Ciardi, D., Pinsonneault, M., Stassun, K., Micela, G., Aigrain, S., Vrba, F., Somers, G., Christiansen, J., Gillen, E. and Collier Cameron, A.. 2016. "Rotation in the Pleiades with K2. I. Data and first results." The Astronomical Journal. 152 (5), pp. 113-131. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-6256/152/5/113
Temporal variability of the wind from the star τ Boötis
Nicholson, B. A., Vidotto, A. A., Mengel, M., Brookshaw, L., Carter, B., Petit, P., Marsden, S. C., Jeffers, S. V. and Fares, R.. 2016. "Temporal variability of the wind from the star τ Boötis." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 459 (2), pp. 1907-1915. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw731
The Discovery and Mass Measurement of a New Ultra-short-period Planet: K2-131b
Dai, Fei, Winn, Joshua N., Gandolfi, Davide, Wang, Sharon X., Teske, Johanna K., Burt, Jennifer, Albrecht, Simon, Barragan, Oscar, Cochran, William D., Endl, Michael, Fridlund, Malcolm, Hatzes, Artie P., Hirano, Teruyuki, Hirsch, Lea A., Johnson, Marshall C., Justesen, Anders Bo, Livingston, John, Persson, Carina M., Prieto-Arranz, Jorge, ..., Wittenmyer, Robert A.. 2017. "The Discovery and Mass Measurement of a New Ultra-short-period Planet: K2-131b." The Astronomical Journal. 154 (6), pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aa9065
Winds of planet hosting stars
Nicholson, B. A., Mengel, M. W., Brookshaw, L., Vidotto, A. A., Carter, B. D., Marsden, S. C., Soutter, J., Waite, I. A. and Horner, J.. 2015. "Winds of planet hosting stars." Short, Wayne and Cairns, Iver (ed.) 14th Australian Space Research Conference (ASRC 2014). Adelaide, Australia 29 Sep - 01 Oct 2014 Sydney, Australia.
Characterizing the cross dispersion reflection gratings of CRIRES+
Follert, Roman, Taubert, Dieter, Hollandt, Joerg, Monte, Christian, Oliva, Ernesto, Seemann, Ulf, Loewinger, Tom, Anwand-Heerwart, Heiko, Schmidt, Christof, Dorn, Reinhold J., Bristow, Paul, Hatzes, Artie, Reiners, Ansgar, Piskunov, Nikolai, Heiter, Ulrike, Stempels, Eric, Marquart, Thomas, Lavail, Alexis, Cumani, Claudio, ..., Tordo, Sebastien. 2016. "Characterizing the cross dispersion reflection gratings of CRIRES+." SPIE - Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy. United States. SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2232569
The "+" for CRIRES: enabling better science at infrared wavelength and high spectral resolution at the ESO VLT
Dorn, Reinhold J, Follert, Roman, Bristow, Paul, Cumani, Claudio, Eschbaumer, Siegfried, Grunhut, Jason, Haimerl, Andreas, Hatzes, Artie, Heiter, Ulrike, Hinterschuster, Renate, Ives, Derek J, Jung, Yves, Kerber, Florian, Klein, Barbara, Lavaila, Alexis, Lizon, Jean Louis, Löwinger, Tom, Molina-Condea, Ignacio, Nicholson, Belinda, ..., Tordo, Sebastien. 2016. "The "+" for CRIRES: enabling better science at infrared wavelength and high spectral resolution at the ESO VLT ." Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IV. Edinburgh, United Kingdom 26 Jun - 01 Jul 2016 United States. SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2232837
Photometry of very bright stars with Kepler and K2 smear data
Pope, B. J. S., White, T. R., Huber, D., Murphy, S. J., Bedding, T. R., Caldwell, D. A., Sarai, A., Aigrain, S. and Barclay, T.. 2015. "Photometry of very bright stars with Kepler and K2 smear data." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 455 (1), pp. L36-L40. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slv143