Targeting Subsoil Constraints in Southern Queensland: Concept Proof of Spraying Polyacrylamide for Subsoil Stabilisation during Tillage

Article


Zhu, Yingcan, Ali, Aram, Bennett, John McLean, Guppy, Chris and McKenzie, David. 2022. "Targeting Subsoil Constraints in Southern Queensland: Concept Proof of Spraying Polyacrylamide for Subsoil Stabilisation during Tillage ." Sustainability. 14 (20), pp. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013147
Article Title

Targeting Subsoil Constraints in Southern Queensland: Concept Proof of Spraying Polyacrylamide for Subsoil Stabilisation during Tillage

ERA Journal ID41498
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsZhu, Yingcan, Ali, Aram, Bennett, John McLean, Guppy, Chris and McKenzie, David
Journal TitleSustainability
Journal Citation14 (20), pp. 1-16
Article Number13147
Number of Pages16
Year2022
PublisherMDPI AG
Place of PublicationSwitzerland
ISSN2071-1050
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013147
Web Address (URL)https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/20/13147
Abstract

Deep ripping, in conjunction with gypsum and/or organic amendment, is known to be useful for removing physical constraints and improving crop yields in dispersive subsoils. However, the benefits are short-lived due to lateral movement of Na into soil between the rip lines, and slumping following the wetting of loosened soil, leaving low pore volume for air and water movement. This study evaluated the effect of high concentration polyacrylamide (PAM) solutions on stabilising soil structure, with a focus on PAM application on dispersive aggregates theoretically dislodged by ripping, as part of the subsoil decompaction. Three distinct soils (Vertosol, Kandosol, and Dermosol) from southern Queensland were treated to be sodic. These aggregates were further applied with PAM solutions under three scenarios, including: immersion, coating, and no application. In general, PAM stabilised soil aggregates with a concentration above 1.5 g L–1 when immersed into PAM solution or coated with PAM product, as compared to non-PAM-treated samples. The efficacy depended on PAM concentration, viscosity, soil type, and mechanical force. The concept of spraying PAM for stabilising the subsoil during tillage was proposed, as there is feasible potential for PAM to prolong the benefits of subsoil decompaction long enough through stabilising aggregate structure.

Keywordsclay dispersion; soil structural stability; tillage; viscosity
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020410699. Soil sciences not elsewhere classified
FunderCotton Research and Development Corporation
Byline AffiliationsCentre for Sustainable Agricultural Systems
The Soil Company, Australia
University of New England
Soil Management Designs, Australia
Permalink -

https://research.usq.edu.au/item/yy382/targeting-subsoil-constraints-in-southern-queensland-concept-proof-of-spraying-polyacrylamide-for-subsoil-stabilisation-during-tillage

Download files


Published Version
sustainability-14-13147-v2.pdf
License: CC BY 4.0
File access level: Anyone

  • 5
    total views
  • 7
    total downloads
  • 1
    views this month
  • 1
    downloads this month

Export as

Related outputs

Insight to workability, compressive strength and microstructure of lithium slag-steel slag based cement under standard condition
Zhou, Mengya, Yan, Jiahao, Fan, Jinyuan, Xu, Yuan, Lu, Yuwei, Duan, Ping, Zhu, Yingcan, Zhang, Zuhua and Lu, Zheng. 2023. "Insight to workability, compressive strength and microstructure of lithium slag-steel slag based cement under standard condition." Journal of Building Engineering. 75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.107076
Cover cropping impacts on soil water and carbon in dryland cropping system
Zhang, Hanlu, Ghahramani, Afshin, Ali, Aram and Erbacher, Andrew. 2023. "Cover cropping impacts on soil water and carbon in dryland cropping system." PLoS One. 18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286748
Hydration Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Cement-Based Materials Modified by Calcined Zeolite and Montmorillonite
Qin, Lingling, Zhou, Mengya, Yan, Jiahao, Duan, Ping, Zhu, Yingcan, Chen, Wei, Zhang, Zuhua and Wang, Aiguo. 2023. "Hydration Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Cement-Based Materials Modified by Calcined Zeolite and Montmorillonite." Journal of Renewable Materials. 11 (5), pp. 2191-2207. https://doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2023.025197
Synthesis of alkali-activated uncalcined Pisha sandstone cement composites
Dong, Jingliang, Zhang, Tingting, Zhu, Yingcan, Zhang, Liqing, Jiang, Yalong and Zhu, Junhua. 2021. "Synthesis of alkali-activated uncalcined Pisha sandstone cement composites." Composites Part B: Engineering. 225, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109311
Valorization of calcined coal gangue as coarse aggregate in concrete
Zhu, Yuanyuan, Zhu, Yingcan, Wang, Aiguo, Sun, Daosheng, Liu, Kaiwei, Liu, Peng and Chu, Yingjie. 2021. "Valorization of calcined coal gangue as coarse aggregate in concrete." Cement and Concrete Composites. 121, pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.104057
Incorporating solution alkalinity into a hydraulic reduction model to account for disaggregation and dispersion
Ali, Aram, Bennett, John McL., Biggs, Andrew J. W. and Marchuk, Alla. 2022. "Incorporating solution alkalinity into a hydraulic reduction model to account for disaggregation and dispersion." Geoderma. 413, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2022.115742
Enhancing the performance of basic magnesium sulfate cement-based coral aggregate concrete through gradient composite design technology
Chu, Yingjie, Wang, Aiguo, Zhu, Yingcan, Wang, Hao, Liu, Kaiwei, Ma, Rui, Guo, Liping and Sun, Daosheng. 2021. "Enhancing the performance of basic magnesium sulfate cement-based coral aggregate concrete through gradient composite design technology." Composites Part B: Engineering. 227, pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109382
The impact of clay dispersion and migration on soil hydraulic conductivity and pore networks
Awedat, Awedat Musbah, Zhu, Yingcan, Bennett, John McLean and Raine, Steven R.. 2021. "The impact of clay dispersion and migration on soil hydraulic conductivity and pore networks." Geoderma. 404, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115297
Do regenerative grazing management practices improve vegetation and soil health in grazed rangelands? Preliminary insights from a space-for-time study in the Great Barrier Reef catchments, Australia
Bartley, Rebecca, Abbott, Brett N., Ghahramani, Afshin, Ali, Aram, Kerr, Rod, Roth, Christian H. and Kinsey-Henderson, Anne. 2022. "Do regenerative grazing management practices improve vegetation and soil health in grazed rangelands? Preliminary insights from a space-for-time study in the Great Barrier Reef catchments, Australia." The Rangeland Journal. 44 (4), pp. 221-246. https://doi.org/10.1071/RJ22047
Conventional tillage combined with residue removal reduces growing-season methane emissions in flooded paddy (Oryza sativa L. subsp. japonica Kato) fields
Deng, Jiayu, Wang, Gang, Zhu, Yingcan, Zhou, Deyi, Zhou, Lingling, Yuan, Hongfang, Huang, Dongyan and Jia, Honglei. 2022. "Conventional tillage combined with residue removal reduces growing-season methane emissions in flooded paddy (Oryza sativa L. subsp. japonica Kato) fields." European Journal of Agronomy. 140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2022.126612
Alkali leaching features of 3-year-old alkali activated fly ash-slag-silica fume: For a better understanding of stability
Zhu, Yingcan, Longhi, Marlon A., Wang, Aiguo, Hou, Dongshuai, Wang, Hao and Zhang, Zuhua. 2022. "Alkali leaching features of 3-year-old alkali activated fly ash-slag-silica fume: For a better understanding of stability ." Composites Part B: Engineering. 230, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109469
Research Progress of Geopolymer-based Protective Coating and Its Performance Improvement Technology
Xu, Haiyan, Yang, Xuelei, Wang, Aiguo, Zhu, Yingcan, Liu, Kaiwei, Huang, Meng and Wang, Xingyao. 2022. "Research Progress of Geopolymer-based Protective Coating and Its Performance Improvement Technology ." Cailiao Daobao/Materials Reports. 36 (19), pp. 1-7.
An analytical approach to estimating electrostatic repulsion between soil particles
Li, Yiyang, Zhu, Yingcan, Ding, Wuquan, Liu, Xinmin and Li, Hang. 2022. "An analytical approach to estimating electrostatic repulsion between soil particles ." Soil and Tillage Research. 223, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2022.105488
Optimization of mix proportion of basic magnesium sulfate cement-based high-strength coral concrete
Wang, Aiguo, Huang, Meng, Chu, Yingjie, Zhu, Yingcan, Liu, Kaiwei, Guo, Liping, Liu, Peng and Sun, Daosheng. 2022. "Optimization of mix proportion of basic magnesium sulfate cement-based high-strength coral concrete ." Construction and Building Materials. 341, pp. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127709
Effects of sodium adsorption ratio and electrolyte concentration on soil saturated hydraulic conductivity
Liu, Xinmin, Zhu, Yingcan, Bennett, John McLean, Wu, Laosheng and Li, Hang. 2022. "Effects of sodium adsorption ratio and electrolyte concentration on soil saturated hydraulic conductivity ." Geoderma. 414, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2022.115772
A Comparative Study on the Degradation of Alkali-Activated Slag/Fly Ash and Cement-Based Mortars in Phosphoric Acid
Ren, Jie, Zhang, Lihai, Zhu, Yingcan, Li, Zhenming and San Nicolas, Rackel. 2022. "A Comparative Study on the Degradation of Alkali-Activated Slag/Fly Ash and Cement-Based Mortars in Phosphoric Acid ." Frontiers in Materials. 9, pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2022.845349
An efficient approach for mitigation of efflorescence in fly ash-based geopolymer mortars under high-low humidity cycles
Wu, Bo, Ma, Xue, Deng, Hao, Li, Yuxiang, Xiang, Yi and Zhu, Yingcan. 2022. "An efficient approach for mitigation of efflorescence in fly ash-based geopolymer mortars under high-low humidity cycles ." Construction and Building Materials. 317, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126159
Finite Element Modeling for Thermal Conductivity of Cement-based Encapsulation Materials
Gao, Hanyan, Zhang, Jing, Zhu, Yingcan, Guo, Ruiqian, Zhang, Wanlu, Zhang, Guoqi and Liu, Pan. 2022. "Finite Element Modeling for Thermal Conductivity of Cement-based Encapsulation Materials." 2022 23rd International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology (ICEPT). Dalian, China 10 - 13 Aug 2022 China. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEPT56209.2022.9873392
Prediction of mechanical solutions for a laminated LCEs system fusing an analytical model and neural networks
Wang, Jue, Yuan, Weiyi, Li, Zichuan, Zhu, Yingcan, Santos, Thebano and Fan, Jiajie. 2022. "Prediction of mechanical solutions for a laminated LCEs system fusing an analytical model and neural networks ." Journal of The Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials. 125, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104918
Advances in immobilization of radionuclide wastes by alkali activated cement and related materials
Zhu Yingcan, Zheng, Zhao, Deng, Yulin, Shi, Caijun and Zhang, Zuhua. 2022. "Advances in immobilization of radionuclide wastes by alkali activated cement and related materials ." Cement and Concrete Composites. 126, pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.104377
The soil-water cost of heavy machinery traffic on a Queensland Vertisol, Australia
McGeary, R., West, D.J., Roberton S.D. and Bennett, J. McL. 2022. "The soil-water cost of heavy machinery traffic on a Queensland Vertisol, Australia ." Geoderma Regional. 29, pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geodrs.2022.e00506
Final Technical Report: Economics of soil practices adoption in the northern region
Cockfield, Geoff, Ghahramani, Afshin, An-Vo, Duc-Anh, Roberton, Stirling, Bennett, John and McKenzie, David. 2022. Final Technical Report: Economics of soil practices adoption in the northern region. Australia. GRDC.
A risk-based approach to mine-site rehabilitation: use of Bayesian Belief Network Modelling to manage dispersive soil and spoil
Ghahramani, Afshin, Bennett, John McLean, Ali, Aram, Reardon-Smith, Kathryn, Dale, Glenn, Roberton, Stirling D. and Raine, Steven. 2021. "A risk-based approach to mine-site rehabilitation: use of Bayesian Belief Network Modelling to manage dispersive soil and spoil." Sustainability. 13 (20), pp. 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011267
Assessing the hydraulic reduction performance of HYDRUS-1D for application of alkaline irrigation in variably-saturated soils: Validation of pH driven hydraulic reduction scaling factors
Ali, Aram, Bennett, John McL, Biggs, Andrew A. J., Marchuk, Alla and Ghahramani, Afshin. 2021. "Assessing the hydraulic reduction performance of HYDRUS-1D for application of alkaline irrigation in variably-saturated soils: Validation of pH driven hydraulic reduction scaling factors." Agricultural Water Management. 256, pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107101
Land amendment for irrigation with coal seam gas water and subsequent rainfall
Ali, Aram and Bennett, John McL.. 2016. "Land amendment for irrigation with coal seam gas water and subsequent rainfall." 2016 Joint Australian and New Zealand Soils Conference. Queenstown, New Zealand 12 - 16 Dec 2016
Impact of irrigation wastewater pH on saturated hydraulic conductivity of acidic, neutral, and alkaline Kaolinitic soils
Ali, Aram, Bennett, John McL, Marchuk, Alla and Biggs, Andrew. 2018. "Impact of irrigation wastewater pH on saturated hydraulic conductivity of acidic, neutral, and alkaline Kaolinitic soils." Hulugalle, Nilantha, Biswas, Tapas, Greene, Richard and Bacon, Peter (ed.) 2018 National Soil Science Conference. Canberra, Australia 18 - 23 Nov 2018 Bridgewater, SA, Australia.
Development of a soil specific function for scaling hydraulic conductivity reduction using alkaline irrigation water in HYDRUS model
Ali, Aram, Bennett, John McL, Biggs, Andrew J. W. and Simunek, Jirka. 2021. "Development of a soil specific function for scaling hydraulic conductivity reduction using alkaline irrigation water in HYDRUS model." 2021 Joint Australia and New Zealand Soil Science Conference. Cairns, Australia 27 Jun - 02 Jul 2021
Strategic use of alkaline irrigation water: soil structural constraints and predictive amendment management
Ali, Aram. 2021. Strategic use of alkaline irrigation water: soil structural constraints and predictive amendment management. PhD Thesis Doctor of Philosophy. University of Southern Queensland. https://doi.org/10.26192/e7sc-gy67
Growing-season soil microbial respiration response to long-term no tillage and spring ridge tillage
Wang, Gang, Jia, Honglei, Zhuang, Jian, Glatzel, Stephan, Bennett, John McL. and Zhu, Yingcan. 2020. "Growing-season soil microbial respiration response to long-term no tillage and spring ridge tillage." International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering. 13 (4), pp. 143-150. https://doi.org/10.25165/j.ijabe.20201304.5587
Ionicity of clay-cation bonds in relation to dispersive behavior of Mg and K soil clays as influenced by pH
Zhu, Yingcan, Marchuk, Alla and Bennett, John McLean. 2020. "Ionicity of clay-cation bonds in relation to dispersive behavior of Mg and K soil clays as influenced by pH." Clays and Clay Minerals. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42860-020-00100-x
Research Progress on Setting and Hardening of Geopolymers and Their Control
Wang, Aiguo, Wang, Xingyao, Sun, Daosheng, Zhu Yingcan, Liu, Kaiwei, Jing, Yan and Guan, Yanmei. 2021. "Research Progress on Setting and Hardening of Geopolymers and Their Control ." Cailiao Daobao/Materials Reports. 35 (13), pp. 13001-13010.
Overview of Finite-Element Analysis in Simulation of SiC Power Device Packaging
Li, Liangtao, Tang, Jiuyang, Zhang, Jon Qingchun, Zhang, Jing, Zhu, Yingcan, Zhang, Guoqi and Liu, Pan. 2021. "Overview of Finite-Element Analysis in Simulation of SiC Power Device Packaging." 2021 18th China International Forum on Solid State Lighting & 2021 7th International Forum on Wide Bandgap Semiconductors (SSLChina: IFWS). Shenzhen, China 06 - 08 Dec 2021 IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). pp. 53-57 https://doi.org/10.1109/SSLChinaIFWS54608.2021.9675174
A Bayesian approach toward the use of qualitative information to inform on-farm decision making: The example of soil compaction
Roberton S.D., Lobsey, C.R. and Bennett, J.McL.. 2021. "A Bayesian approach toward the use of qualitative information to inform on-farm decision making: The example of soil compaction ." Geoderma. 382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114705
A gentle acid-wash and pre-coating treatment of coral aggregate to manufacture high-strength geopolymer concrete
Wang, Aiguo, Lyu, Bangcheng, Zhu, Yingcan, Liu, Kaiwei, Guo, Liping and Sun, Daosheng. 2021. "A gentle acid-wash and pre-coating treatment of coral aggregate to manufacture high-strength geopolymer concrete." Construction and Building Materials. 274, pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121780
Reduction of hydraulic conductivity and loss of organic carbon in non-dispersive soils of different clay mineralogy is related to magnesium induced disaggregation
Zhu, Yingcan, Bennett, John McLean and Marchuk, Alla. 2019. "Reduction of hydraulic conductivity and loss of organic carbon in non-dispersive soils of different clay mineralogy is related to magnesium induced disaggregation." Geoderma. 349, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.04.019
Effect of irrigation water pH on saturated hydraulic conductivity and electrokinetic properties of acidic, neutral, and alkaline soils
Ali, Aram, Biggs, Andrew J. W., Marchuk, Alla and Bennett, John McL.. 2019. "Effect of irrigation water pH on saturated hydraulic conductivity and electrokinetic properties of acidic, neutral, and alkaline soils." Soil Science Society of America Journal. 83 (6), pp. 1672-1682. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2019.04.0123
A pH-based pedotransfer function for scaling saturated hydraulic conductivity reduction: improved estimation of hydraulic dynamics in HYDRUS
Ali, Aram, Biggs, Andrew J. W., Simunek, Jirka and Bennett, John McL.. 2019. "A pH-based pedotransfer function for scaling saturated hydraulic conductivity reduction: improved estimation of hydraulic dynamics in HYDRUS." Vadose Zone Journal. 18 (1), pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.2136/vzj2019.07.0072
Re-examining the flocculating power of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium for a broad range of soils
Zhu, Yingcan, Ali, Aram, Dang, Aaditi, Wandel, Andrew P. and Bennett, John McLean. 2019. "Re-examining the flocculating power of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium for a broad range of soils." Geoderma. 352, pp. 422-428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.05.041
Assessing the Sensitivity of Site-Specific Lime and Gypsum Recommendations to Soil Sampling Techniques and Spatial Density of Data Collection in Australian Agriculture: A Pedometric Approach
Roberton, Stirling, Bennett, John McL., Lobsey, Craig R. and Bishop, Thomas F. A.. 2020. "Assessing the Sensitivity of Site-Specific Lime and Gypsum Recommendations to Soil Sampling Techniques and Spatial Density of Data Collection in Australian Agriculture: A Pedometric Approach ." Agronomy. 10 (11), pp. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111676
Magnesic soils: first principle soil management strategies for increased productivity
Zhu, Yingcan. 2019. Magnesic soils: first principle soil management strategies for increased productivity. PhD Thesis Doctor of Philosophy. University of Southern Queensland. https://doi.org/10.26192/fp4j-sj70
Effect of drying procedures on pore structure and phase evolution of alkali-activated cements
Zhang, Zuhua, Zhu, Yingcan, Zhu, Huajun, Zhang, Yu, Provis, John L. and Wang, Hao. 2019. "Effect of drying procedures on pore structure and phase evolution of alkali-activated cements." Cement and Concrete Composites. 96, pp. 194-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.12.003
Laboratory evaluation of soil amendments to limit structural degradation under a sequential irrigation with coal seam gas and rain water
Ali, Aram, Bennett, John mcLean, Marchuk, Alla and Watson, Caitlin. 2018. "Laboratory evaluation of soil amendments to limit structural degradation under a sequential irrigation with coal seam gas and rain water." Soil Science Society of America Journal. 82 (1), pp. 214-222. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2017.07.0217
Conversion of local industrial wastes into greener cement through geopolymer technology: a case study of high-magnesium nickel slag
Zhang, Zuhua, Zhu, Yingcan, Yang, Tao, Li, Liangfeng, Zhu, Huajun and Wang, Hao. 2017. "Conversion of local industrial wastes into greener cement through geopolymer technology: a case study of high-magnesium nickel slag." Journal of Cleaner Production. 141, pp. 463-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.147
Rapid method for assessment of soil structural stability by turbidimeter
Zhu, Yingcan, Marchuk, Alla and Bennett, John McLean. 2016. "Rapid method for assessment of soil structural stability by turbidimeter." Soil Science Society of America Journal. 80 (6), pp. 1629-1637. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2016.07.0222
The importance of fly ash property in the manufacture of geopolymers
Zhang, Zuhua, Zhu, Yingcan, Reid, Andrew and Wang, Hao. 2014. "The importance of fly ash property in the manufacture of geopolymers." Shi, Caijun and Shen, Xiaodong (ed.) 2nd International Conference on Advances in Chemically Activated Materials (CAM 2014). Changsha, China 01 - 03 Jun 2014 Bagneux, France.
Durability of alkali-activated fly ash concrete: chloride penetration in pastes and mortars
Zhu, Huajun, Zhang, Zuhua, Zhu, Yingcan and Tian, Liang. 2014. "Durability of alkali-activated fly ash concrete: chloride penetration in pastes and mortars." Construction and Building Materials. 65, pp. 51-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.110
Using fly ash to partially substitute metakaolin in geopolymer synthesis
Zhang, Zuhua, Wang, Hao, Zhu, Yingcan, Reid, Andrew, Provis, John L. and Bullen, Frank. 2014. "Using fly ash to partially substitute metakaolin in geopolymer synthesis." Applied Clay Science. 88-89, pp. 194-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2013.12.025
Quantitative kinetic and structural analysis of geopolymers. Part 1. The activation of metakaolin with sodium hydroxide
Zhang, Zuhua, Wang, Hao, Provis, John L., Bullen, Frank, Reid, Andrew and Zhu, Yingcan. 2012. "Quantitative kinetic and structural analysis of geopolymers. Part 1. The activation of metakaolin with sodium hydroxide." Thermochimica Acta. 539, pp. 23-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2012.03.021
Effects of halloysite in kaolin on the formation and properties of geopolymers
Zhang, Z., Wang, H., Yao, X. and Zhu, Y.. 2012. "Effects of halloysite in kaolin on the formation and properties of geopolymers." Cement and Concrete Composites. 34 (5), pp. 709-715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.02.003
Silicon nutrition of rice is affected by soil pH, weathering, and silicon fertilisation
Tavakkoli, Ehsan, Lyons, Graham, English, Peter and Guppy, Chris. 2011. "Silicon nutrition of rice is affected by soil pH, weathering, and silicon fertilisation." Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science. 174 (3), pp. 437-446. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpln.201000023
Interaction of silicon and phosphorus mitigate manganese toxicity in rice in a highly weathered soil
Tavakkoli, Ehsan, English, Peter and Guppy, Chris. 2011. "Interaction of silicon and phosphorus mitigate manganese toxicity in rice in a highly weathered soil." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 42 (5), pp. 503-513. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2011.546931