The First Evidence of a Host Star Metallicity Cutoff in the Formation of Super-Earth Planets

Article

Boley, Kiersten M., Christiansen, Jessie L., Zink, Jon, Hardegree-Ullman, Kevin, Lee, Eve J., Hopkins, Philip F. H, Wang, Ji, Fernandes, Rachel B., Bergsten, Galen J. and Bhure, Sakhee. 2024. "The First Evidence of a Host Star Metallicity Cutoff in the Formation of Super-Earth Planets." The Astronomical Journal. 168 (3). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ad6570
Article Title

The First Evidence of a Host Star Metallicity Cutoff in the Formation of Super-Earth Planets

ERA Journal ID1048
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsBoley, Kiersten M., Christiansen, Jessie L., Zink, Jon, Hardegree-Ullman, Kevin, Lee, Eve J., Hopkins, Philip F. H, Wang, Ji, Fernandes, Rachel B., Bergsten, Galen J. and Bhure, Sakhee
Journal TitleThe Astronomical Journal
Journal Citation168 (3)
Article Number128
Number of Pages8
Year2024
PublisherIOP Publishing
Place of PublicationUnited States
ISSN0004-6256
1538-3881
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ad6570
Web Address (URL)https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-3881/ad6570
AbstractPlanet formation is expected to be severely limited in disks of low metallicity, owing to both the small solid mass reservoir and the low-opacity accelerating the disk gas dissipation. While previous studies have found a weak correlation between the occurrence rates of small planets (≲4R⊕) and stellar metallicity, so far no studies have probed below the metallicity limit beyond which planet formation is predicted to be suppressed. Here, we constructed a large catalog of ∼110,000 metal-poor stars observed by the TESS mission with spectroscopically derived metallicities, and systematically probed planet formation within the metal-poor regime ([Fe/H] ≤−0.5) for the first time. Extrapolating known higher-metallicity trends for small, short-period planets predicts the discovery of ∼68 super-Earths around these stars (∼85,000 stars) after accounting for survey completeness; however, we detect none. As a result, we have placed the most stringent upper limit on super-Earth occurrence rates around metal-poor stars (−0.75 < [Fe/H] ≤ −0.5) to date, ≤ 1.67%, a statistically significant (p-value = 0.000685) deviation from the prediction of metallicity trends derived with Kepler and K2. We find a clear host star metallicity cliff for super-Earths that could indicate the threshold below which planets are unable to grow beyond an Earth-mass at short orbital periods. This finding provides a crucial input to planet-formation theories, and has implications for the small planet inventory of the Galaxy and the galactic epoch at which the formation of small planets started.
KeywordsExoplanet astronomy
Contains Sensitive ContentDoes not contain sensitive content
ANZSRC Field of Research 20205101. Astronomical sciences
Byline AffiliationsOhio State University, United States
California Institute of Technology (Caltech), United States
NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, United States
University of Arizona, United States
McGill University, Canada
Pennsylvania State University, United States
Centre for Astrophysics
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The Kepler follow-up observation program. I. A catalog of companions to Kepler stars from high-resolution imaging
Furlan, E., Ciardi, D. R., Everett, M. E., Saylors, M., Teske, J. K., Horch, E. P., Howell, S. B., van Belle, G. T., Hirsch, L. A., Gautier, T. N., Adams, E. R., Barrado, D., Cartier, K. M. S., Dressing, C. D., Dupree, A. K., Gilliland, R. L., Lillo-Box, J., Lucas, P. W. and Wang, J.. 2017. "The Kepler follow-up observation program. I. A catalog of companions to Kepler stars from high-resolution imaging." The Astronomical Journal. 153 (2). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/153/2/71
Spitzer observations confirm and rescue the habitable-zone super-earth K2-18b for future characterization
Benneke, Bjorn, Werner, Michael, Petigura, Erik, Knutson, Heather, Dressing, Courtney, Crossfield, Ian J. M., Schlieder, Joshua E., Livingston, John, Beichman, Charles, Christiansen, Jessie, Krick, Jessica, Gorjian, Varoujan, Howard, Andrew W., Sinukoff, Evan, Ciardi, David R. and Akeson, Rachel L.. 2017. "Spitzer observations confirm and rescue the habitable-zone super-earth K2-18b for future characterization." The Astrophysical Journal: an international review of astronomy and astronomical physics. 834 (2). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/834/2/187
Mass constraints of the WASP-47 planetary system from radial velocities
Sinukoff, Evan, Howard, Andrew W., Petigura, Erik A., Fulton, Benjamin J., Isaacson, Howard, Weiss, Lauren M., Brewer, John M., Hansen, Brad M. S., Hirsch, Lea, Christiansen, Jessie L., Crepp, Justin R., Crossfield, Ian J. M., Schlieder, Joshua E., Ciardi, David R., Beichman, Charles A., Knutson, Heather A., Benneke, Bjoern, Dressing, Courtney D., Livingston, John H., ..., Rogers, Leslie A.. 2017. "Mass constraints of the WASP-47 planetary system from radial velocities." The Astronomical Journal. 153 (2). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/153/2/70
197 candidates and 104 validated planets in K2's first five fields
Crossfield, Ian J., Ciardi, David R., Petigura, Erik A., Sinukoff, Evan, Schlieder, Joshua E., Howard, Andrew W., Beichman, Charles A., Isaacson, Howard, Dressing, Courtney D., Christiansen, Jessie L., Fulton, Benjamin J., Lepine, Sebastien, Weiss, Lauren, Hirsch, Lea, Livingston, John, Baranec, Christoph, Law, Nicholas M., Riddle, Reed, Ziegler, Carl, ..., Defrere, Denis. 2016. "197 candidates and 104 validated planets in K2's first five fields." Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 226 (1), pp. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3847/0067-0049/226/1/7
Planetary candidates observed by Kepler. III. Analysis of the first 16 months of data
Batalha, Natalie M., Rowe, Jason F., Bryson, Stephen T., Barclay, Thomas, Burke, Christopher J., Caldwell, Douglas A., Christiansen, Jessie L., Mullally, Fergal, Thompson, Susan E., Brown, Timothy M., Dupree, Andrea K., Fabrycky, Daniel C., Ford, Eric B., Fortney, Jonathan J., Gilliland, Ronald L., Isaacson, Howard, Latham, David W., Marcy, Geoffrey W., Quinn, Samuel N., ..., Welsh, William F.. 2013. "Planetary candidates observed by Kepler. III. Analysis of the first 16 months of data." Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 204 (2), pp. 24-44. https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/204/2/24
Characteristics of Kepler planetary candidates based on the first data set
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Characteristics of planetary candidates observed by Kepler. II. Analysis of the first four months of data
Borucki, William J., Koch, David G., Bryson, Stephen T., Lissauer, Jack J., Rowe, Jason, Haas, Michael, Basri, Gibor, Marcy, Geoffrey W., Howard, Andrew, Isaacson, Howard, Walkowicz, Lucianne, Batalha, Natalie, Brown, Timothy M., Shporer, Avi, Caldwell, Douglas, DeVore, Edna, Jenkins, Jon M., Doyle, Laurance, Tarter, Jill, ..., Prsa, Andrej. 2011. "Characteristics of planetary candidates observed by Kepler. II. Analysis of the first four months of data." The Astrophysical Journal: an international review of astronomy and astronomical physics. 736 (1). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/736/1/19
Kepler-22b: a 2.4 earth-radius planet in the habitable zone of a sun-like star
Borucki, William J., Koch, David G., Batalha, Natalie, Bryson, Stephen T., Rowe, Jason, Fressin, Francois, Torres, Guillermo, Caldwell, Douglas A., Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jorgen, Cochran, William D., DeVore, Edna, Gautier, Thomas N., Geary, John C., Gilliland, Ronald, Gould, Alan, Howell, Steve B., Jenkins, Jon M., Latham, David W., Lissauer, Jack J., ..., Rapin, William. 2012. "Kepler-22b: a 2.4 earth-radius planet in the habitable zone of a sun-like star." The Astrophysical Journal: an international review of astronomy and astronomical physics. 745 (2), pp. 120-135. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/745/2/120
KEPLER-21b: a 1.6 REarth planet transiting the bright oscillating F subgiant star HD179070
Howell, Steve B., Rowe, Jason F., Bryson, Stephen T., Quinn, Samuel N., Marcy, Geoffrey W., Isaacson, Howard, Ciardi, David R., Chaplin, William J., Metcalfe, Travis S., Monteiro, Mario J. P. F. G., Appourchaux, Thierry, Basu, Sarbani, Creevey, Orlagh L., Gilliland, Ronald L., Quirion, Pierre Olivier, Stello, Denis, Kjeldsen, Hans, Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jorgen, Elsworth, Yvonne, ..., Henze, Christopher E.. 2012. "KEPLER-21b: a 1.6 REarth planet transiting the bright oscillating F subgiant star HD179070." The Astrophysical Journal: an international review of astronomy and astronomical physics. 746 (2), pp. 123-140. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/746/2/123
Kepler-62: A five-planet system with planets of 1.4 and 1.6 Earth radii in the habitable zone
Borucki, William J., Agol, Eric, Fressin, Francois, Kaltenegger, Lisa, Rowe, Jason, Isaacson, Howard, Fischer, Debra, Batalha, Natalie, Lissauer, Jack J., Marcy, Geoffrey W., Fabrycky, Daniel, Desert, Jean Michel, Bryson, Stephen T., Barclay, Thomas, Bastien, Fabienne, Boss, Alan, Brugamyer, Erik, Buchhave, Lars A., Burke, Chris, ..., Winn, Joshua N.. 2013. "Kepler-62: A five-planet system with planets of 1.4 and 1.6 Earth radii in the habitable zone." Science. 340 (6132), pp. 587-590. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1234702
Observations of transiting exoplanets with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)
Beichman, Charles, Benneke, Bjoern, Knutson, Heather, Smith, Roger, Lagage, Pierre Olivier, Dressing, Courtney, Latham, David, Lunine, Jonathan, Birkmann, Stephan, Ferruit, Pierre, Giardino, Giovanna, Kempton, Eliza, Carey, Sean, Krick, Jessica, Deroo, Pieter D., Mandell, Avi, Ressler, Michael E., Shporer, Avi, Swain, Mark, ..., Sing, David. 2014. "Observations of transiting exoplanets with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)." Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 126 (946), pp. 1134-1173. https://doi.org/10.1086/679566
Two transiting low density sub-Saturns from K2
Petigura, Erik A., Howard, Andrew W., Lopez, Eric D., Deck, Katherine M., Fulton, Benjamin J., Crossfield, Ian J. M., Ciardi, David R., Chiang, Eugene, Lee, Eve J., Isaacson, Howard, Beichman, Charles A., Hansen, Brad M. S., Schlieder, Joshua E. and Sinukoff, Evan. 2016. "Two transiting low density sub-Saturns from K2." The Astrophysical Journal: an international review of astronomy and astronomical physics. 818 (1), pp. 36-46. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/818/1/36
Kepler's first rocky planet: Kepler-10b
Batalha, Natalie M., Borucki, William J., Bryson, Stephen T., Buchhave, Lars A., Caldwell, Douglas A., Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jorgen, Ciardi, David, Dunham, Edward W., Fressin, Francois, Gautier, Thomas N., Gilliland, Ronald L., Haas, Michael R., Howell, Steve B., Jenkins, Jon M., Kjeldsen, Hans, Koch, David G., Latham, David W., Lissauer, Jack J., Marcy, Geoffrey W., ..., Gould, Alan. 2011. "Kepler's first rocky planet: Kepler-10b." The Astrophysical Journal: an international review of astronomy and astronomical physics. 729 (1), pp. 27-47. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/729/1/27
A first comparison of Kepler planet candidates in single and multiple systems
Latham, David W., Rowe, Jason F., Quinn, Samuel N., Batalha, Natalie M., Borucki, William J., Brown, Timothy M., Bryson, Stephen T., Buchhave, Lars A., Caldwell, Douglas A., Carter, Joshua A., Christiansen, Jessie L., Ciardi, David R., Cochran, William D., Dunham, Edward W., Fabrycky, Daniel C., Ford, Eric B., Gautier, Thomas N., Gilliland, Ronald L., Holman, Matthew J., ..., Wohler, Bill. 2011. "A first comparison of Kepler planet candidates in single and multiple systems." The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 732 (2), pp. L24-L27. https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/732/2/L24
Kepler-14b: A massive hot Jupiter transiting an F star in a close visual binary
Buchhave, Lars A., Latham, David W., Carter, Joshua A., Desert, Jean Michel, Torres, Guillermo, Adams, Elisabeth R., Bryson, Stephen T., Charbonneau, David B., Ciardi, David R., Kulesa, Craig, Dupree, Andrea K., Fischer, Debra A., Fressin, Francois, Gautier, Thomas N., Gilliland, Ronald L., Howell, Steve B., Isaacson, Howard, Jenkins, Jon M., Marcy, Geoffrey W., ..., Van Cleve, Jeffrey. 2011. "Kepler-14b: A massive hot Jupiter transiting an F star in a close visual binary." Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 197 (1), pp. 3-12. https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/197/1/3
Discovery and atmospheric characterization of giant planet Kepler-12b: An inflated radius outlier
Fortney, Jonathan J., Demory, Brice Olivier, Desert, Jean Michel, Rowe, Jason, Marcy, Geoffrey W., Isaacson, Howard, Buchhave, Lars A., Ciardi, David, Gautier, Thomas N., Batalha, Natalie M., Caldwell, Douglas A., Bryson, Stephen T., Nutzman, Philip, Jenkins, Jon M., Howard, Andrew, Charbonneau, David, Knutson, Heather A., Howell, Steve B., Everett, Mark, ..., Geary, John C.. 2011. "Discovery and atmospheric characterization of giant planet Kepler-12b: An inflated radius outlier." Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 197 (1), pp. 9-20. https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/197/1/9
Kepler-15b: a hot Jupiter enriched in heavy elements and the first Kepler mission planet confirmed with the Hobby-Eberly Telescope
Endl, Michael, MacQueen, Phillip J., Cochran, William D., Brugamyer, Erik J., Buchhave, Lars A., Rowe, Jason, Lucas, Phillip, Isaacson, Howard, Bryson, Steve, Howell, Steve B., Fortney, Jonathan J., Hansen, Terese, Borucki, William J., Caldwell, Douglas, Christiansen, Jessie L., Ciardi, David R., Demory, Brice Olivier, Everett, Mark, Ford, Eric B., ..., Twicken, Joseph D.. 2011. "Kepler-15b: a hot Jupiter enriched in heavy elements and the first Kepler mission planet confirmed with the Hobby-Eberly Telescope." Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 197 (1), pp. 13-23. https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/197/1/13
The kepler-19 system: a transiting 2.2 R ⊕ planet and a second planet detected via transit timing variations
Ballard, Sarah, Fabrycky, Daniel, Fressin, Francois, Charbonneau, David, Desert, Jean Michel, Torres, Guillermo, Marcy, Geoffrey, Burke, Christopher J., Isaacson, Howard, Henze, Christopher, Steffen, Jason H., Ciardi, David R., Howell, Steven B., Cochran, William D., Endl, Michael, Bryson, Stephen T., Rowe, Jason F., Holman, Matthew J., Lissauer, Jack J., ..., Borucki, William J.. 2011. "The kepler-19 system: a transiting 2.2 R ⊕ planet and a second planet detected via transit timing variations." The Astrophysical Journal: an international review of astronomy and astronomical physics. 743 (2), pp. 200-219. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/743/2/200
Kepler-20: a sun-like star with three sub-neptune exoplanets and two earth-size candidates
Gautier, Thomas N., Charbonneau, David, Rowe, Jason F., Marcy, Geoffrey W., Isaacson, Howard, Torres, Guillermo, Fressin, Francois, Rogers, Leslie A., Desert, Jean Michel, Buchhave, Lars A., Latham, David W., Quinn, Samuel N., Ciardi, David R., Fabrycky, Daniel C., Ford, Eric B., Gilliland, Ronald L., Walkowicz, Lucianne M., Bryson, Stephen T., Cochran, William D., ..., Van Cleve, Jeffrey. 2012. "Kepler-20: a sun-like star with three sub-neptune exoplanets and two earth-size candidates." The Astrophysical Journal: an international review of astronomy and astronomical physics. 749 (1), pp. 15-33. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/749/1/15
Transit timing observations from Kepler. IV. Confirmation of four multiple-planet systems by simple physical models
Fabrycky, Daniel C., Ford, Eric B., Steffen, Jason H., Rowe, Jason F., Carter, Joshua A., Moorhead, Althea V., Batalha, Natalie M., Borucki, William J., Bryson, Steve, Buchhave, Lars A., Christiansen, Jessie L., Ciardi, David R., Cochran, William D., Endl, Michael, Fanelli, Michael N., Fischer, Debra, Fressin, Francois, Geary, John, Haas, Michael R., ..., Shporer, Avi. 2012. "Transit timing observations from Kepler. IV. Confirmation of four multiple-planet systems by simple physical models." The Astrophysical Journal: an international review of astronomy and astronomical physics. 750 (2), pp. 114-130. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/750/2/114
Planet occurrence within 0.25AU of solar-type stars from Kepler
Howard, Andrew W., Marcy, Geoffrey W., Bryson, Stephen T., Jenkins, Jon M., Rowe, Jason F., Batalha, Natalie M., Borucki, William J., Koch, David G., Dunham, Edward W., Gautier, Thomas N., Van Cleve, Jeffrey, Cochran, William D., Latham, David W., Lissauer, Jack J., Torres, Guillermo, Brown, Timothy M., Gilliland, Ronald L., Buchhave, Lars A., Caldwell, Douglas A., ..., MacQueen, Phillip J.. 2012. "Planet occurrence within 0.25AU of solar-type stars from Kepler." Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 201 (2), pp. 15-34. https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/201/2/15
A sub-Mercury-sized exoplanet
Barclay, Thomas, Rowe, Jason F., Lissauer, Jack J., Huber, Daniel, Fressin, Francois, Howell, Steve B., Bryson, Stephen T., Chaplin, William J., Desert, Jean Michel, Lopez, Eric D., Marcy, Geoffrey W., Mullally, Fergal, Ragozzine, Darin, Torres, Guillermo, Adams, Elisabeth R., Agol, Eric, Barrado, David, Basu, Sarbani, Bedding, Timothy R., ..., Thompson, Susan E.. 2013. "A sub-Mercury-sized exoplanet." Nature. 494 (7438), pp. 452-454. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11914
Confirmation of hot jupiter Kepler-41B via phase curve analysis
Quintana, Elisa V., Rowe, Jason F., Barclay, Thomas, Howell, Steve B., Ciardi, David R., Demory, Brice Olivier, Caldwell, Douglas A., Borucki, William J., Christiansen, Jessie L., Jenkins, Jon M., Klaus, Todd C., Fulton, Benjamin J., Morris, Robert L., Sanderfer, Dwight T., Shporer, Avi, Smith, Jeffrey C., Still, Martin and Thompson, Susan E.. 2013. "Confirmation of hot jupiter Kepler-41B via phase curve analysis." The Astrophysical Journal: an international review of astronomy and astronomical physics. 767 (2), pp. 137-145. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/767/2/137
A super-earth-sized planet orbiting in or near the habitable zone around a sun-like star
Barclay, Thomas, Burke, Christopher J., Howell, Steve B., Rowe, Jason F., Huber, Daniel, Isaacson, Howard, Jenkins, Jon M., Kolbl, Rea, Marcy, Geoffrey W., Quintana, Elisa V., Still, Martin, Twicken, Joseph D., Bryson, Stephen T., Borucki, William J., Caldwell, Douglas A., Ciardi, David, Clarke, Bruce D., Christiansen, Jessie L., Coughlin, Jeffrey L., ..., Thompson, Susan E.. 2013. "A super-earth-sized planet orbiting in or near the habitable zone around a sun-like star." The Astrophysical Journal: an international review of astronomy and astronomical physics. 768 (2), pp. 101-108. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/768/2/101
Masses, radii, and orbits of small Kepler planets: the transition from gaseous to rocky planets
Marcy, Geoffrey W., Isaacson, Howard, Howard, Andrew W., Rowe, Jason F., Jenkins, Jon M., Bryson, Stephen T., Latham, David W., Howell, Steve B., Gautier, Thomas N., Batalha, Natalie M., Rogers, Leslie, Ciardi, David, Fischer, Debra A., Gilliland, Ronald L., Kjeldsen, Hans, Christensen-Dalsgaard, Jorgen, Huber, Daniel, Chaplin, William J., Basu, Sarbani, ..., Barrado, David. 2014. "Masses, radii, and orbits of small Kepler planets: the transition from gaseous to rocky planets." Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 210 (2), pp. 20-89. https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/210/2/20
Planetary candidates observed by Kepler IV: Planet sample from Q1-Q8 (22 months)
Burke, Christopher J., Bryson, Stephen T., Mullally, F., Rowe, Jason F., Christiansen, Jessie L., Thompson, Susan E., Coughlin, Jeffrey L., Haas, Michael R., Batalha, Natalie M., Caldwell, Douglas A., Jenkins, Jon M., Still, Martin, Barclay, Thomas, Borucki, William J., Chaplin, William J., Ciardi, David R., Clarke, Bruce D., Cochran, William D., Demory, Brice Olivier, ..., Wolfgang, Angie. 2014. "Planetary candidates observed by Kepler IV: Planet sample from Q1-Q8 (22 months)." Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 210 (2), pp. 19-30. https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/210/2/19
Influence of stellar multiplicity on planet formation. II. Planets are less common in multiple-star systems with separations smaller than 1500 AU
Wang, Ji, Fischer, Debra A., Xie, Ji Wei and Ciardi, David R.. 2014. "Influence of stellar multiplicity on planet formation. II. Planets are less common in multiple-star systems with separations smaller than 1500 AU." The Astrophysical Journal: an international review of astronomy and astronomical physics. 791 (2), pp. 111-126. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/111
A nearby M star with three transiting super-earths discovered by K2
Crossfield, Ian J. M., Petigura, Erik, Schlieder, Joshua E., Howard, Andrew W., Fulton, B. J., Aller, Kimberly M., Ciardi, David R., Lepine, Sebastien, Barclay, Thomas, de Pater, Imke, de Kleer, Katherine, Quintana, Elisa V., Schlafly, Eddie, Christiansen, Jessie L., Kaltenegger, Lisa, Crepp, Justin R., Henning, Thomas, Obermeier, Christian, Deacon, Niall, ..., Mordasini, Christoph. 2015. "A nearby M star with three transiting super-earths discovered by K2." The Astrophysical Journal: an international review of astronomy and astronomical physics. 804 (1), pp. 10-17. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/804/1/10
Influence of stellar multiplicity on planet formation. IV. Adaptive optics imaging of Kepler stars with multiple transiting planet candidates
Wang, Ji, Fischer, Debra A., Xie, Ji Wei and Ciardi, David R.. 2015. "Influence of stellar multiplicity on planet formation. IV. Adaptive optics imaging of Kepler stars with multiple transiting planet candidates." The Astrophysical Journal: an international review of astronomy and astronomical physics. 813 (2), pp. 130-144. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/813/2/130
Spitzer observations of exoplanets discovered with the Kepler K2 mission
Beichman, Charles, Livingston, John, Werner, Michael, Gorjian, Varoujan, Krick, Jessica, Deck, Katherine, Knutson, Heather, Wong, Ian, Petigura, Erik, Christiansen, Jessie, Ciardi, David, Greene, Thomas P., Schlieder, Joshua E., Line, Mike, Crossfield, Ian, Howard, Andrew and Sinukoff, Evan. 2016. "Spitzer observations of exoplanets discovered with the Kepler K2 mission." The Astrophysical Journal: an international review of astronomy and astronomical physics. 822 (1), pp. 39-47. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/822/1/39
Rotation in the Pleiades with K2. I. Data and first results
Rebull, L. M., Stauffer, J. R., Bouvier, J., Cody, A. M., Hillenbrand, L. A., Soderblom, D. R., Valenti, J., Barrado, D., Bouy, H., Ciardi, D., Pinsonneault, M., Stassun, K., Micela, G., Aigrain, S., Vrba, F., Somers, G., Christiansen, J., Gillen, E. and Collier Cameron, A.. 2016. "Rotation in the Pleiades with K2. I. Data and first results." The Astronomical Journal. 152 (5), pp. 113-131. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-6256/152/5/113
K2 discovers a busy bee: an unusual transiting Neptune found in the beehive cluster
Obermeier, Christian, Henning, Thomas, Schlieder, Joshua E., Crossfield, Ian J. M., Petigura, Erik A., Howard, Andrew W., Sinukoff, Evan, Isaacson, Howard, Ciardi, David R., David, Trevor J., Hillenbrand, Lynne A., Beichman, Charles A., Howell, Steve B., Horch, Elliott, Everett, Mark, Hirsch, Lea, Teske, Johanna, Christiansen, Jessie L., Lepine, Sebastien, ..., Kluge, Matthias. 2016. "K2 discovers a busy bee: an unusual transiting Neptune found in the beehive cluster." The Astronomical Journal. 152 (6), pp. 223-234. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/152/6/223
Transiting circumbinary planets Kepler-34 b and Kepler-35 b
Welsh, William F., Orosz, Jerome A., Carter, Joshua A., Fabrycky, Daniel C., Ford, Eric B., Lissauer, Jack J., Prsa, Andrej, Quinn, Samuel N., Ragozzine, Darin, Short, Donald R., Torres, Guillermo, Winn, Joshua N., Doyle, Laurance R., Barclay, Thomas, Batalha, Natalie, Bloemen, Steven, Brugamyer, Erik, Buchhave, Lars A., Caldwell, Caroline, ..., Borucki, William J.. 2012. "Transiting circumbinary planets Kepler-34 b and Kepler-35 b." Nature. 481 (7382), pp. 475-479. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10768
On the Occurrence Rate of Hot Jupiters in Different Stellar Environments
Wang, Ji, Fischer, Debra A., Horch, Elliott P. and Huang, Xu. 2015. "On the Occurrence Rate of Hot Jupiters in Different Stellar Environments." The Astrophysical Journal: an international review of astronomy and astronomical physics. 799 (2), pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637x/799/2/229
Unusual high-frequency oscillations in the Kepler δ Scuti star KIC 4840675
Balona, L. A., Breger, M., Catanzaro, G., Cunha, M. S., Handler, G., Kolaczkowski, Z., Kurtz, D. W., Murphy, S., Niemczura, E., Paparo, M., Smalley, B., Szabo, R., Uytterhoeven, K., Christiansen, J. L., Uddin, K. and Stumpe, M. C.. 2012. "Unusual high-frequency oscillations in the Kepler δ Scuti star KIC 4840675." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 424 (2), pp. 1187-1196. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21295.x