Scaling K2. VI. Reduced Small-planet Occurrence in High-galactic-amplitude Stars
Article
Zink, Jon K., Hardegree-Ullman, Kevin K., Christiansen, Jessie L., Petigura, Erik A., Boley, Kiersten M., Bhure, Sakhee, Rice, Malena, Yee, Samuel W., Isaacson, Howard, Fernandes, Rachel B., Howard, Andrew W., Blunt, Sarah, Lubin, Jack, Chontos, Ashley, Pidhorodetska, Daria and MacDougall, Mason G.. 2023. "Scaling K2. VI. Reduced Small-planet Occurrence in High-galactic-amplitude Stars." Astronomical Journal. 165 (6). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/acd24c
Article Title | Scaling K2. VI. Reduced Small-planet Occurrence in High-galactic-amplitude Stars |
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ERA Journal ID | 41911 |
Article Category | Article |
Authors | Zink, Jon K., Hardegree-Ullman, Kevin K., Christiansen, Jessie L., Petigura, Erik A., Boley, Kiersten M., Bhure, Sakhee, Rice, Malena, Yee, Samuel W., Isaacson, Howard, Fernandes, Rachel B., Howard, Andrew W., Blunt, Sarah, Lubin, Jack, Chontos, Ashley, Pidhorodetska, Daria and MacDougall, Mason G. |
Journal Title | Astronomical Journal |
Serbian Astronomical Journal | |
Journal Citation | 165 (6) |
Article Number | 262 |
Number of Pages | 21 |
Year | 2023 |
Publisher | Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade |
Place of Publication | United States |
ISSN | 1450-698X |
Digital Object Identifier (DOI) | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/acd24c |
Web Address (URL) | https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-3881/acd24c/meta |
Abstract | In this study, we performed a homogeneous analysis of the planets around FGK dwarf stars observed by the Kepler and K2 missions, providing spectroscopic parameters for 310 K2 targets —including 239 Scaling K2 hosts—observed with Keck/HIRES. For orbital periods less than 40 days, we found that the distribution of planets as a function of orbital period, stellar effective temperature, and metallicity was consistent between K2 and Kepler, reflecting consistent planet formation efficiency across numerous ∼1 kpc sight-lines in the local Milky Way. Additionally, we detected a 3× excess of sub-Saturns relative to warm Jupiters beyond 10 days, suggesting a closer association between sub-Saturn and sub-Neptune formation than between sub-Saturn and Jovian formation. Performing a joint analysis of Kepler and K2 demographics, we observed diminishing super-Earth, sub-Neptune, and sub-Saturn populations at higher stellar effective temperatures, implying an inverse relationship between formation and disk mass. In contrast, no apparent host-star spectral-type dependence was identified for our population of Jupiters, which indicates gas-giant formation saturates within the FGK mass regimes. We present support for stellar metallicity trends reported by previous Kepler analyses. Using Gaia DR3 proper motion and radial velocity measurements, we discovered a galactic location trend; stars that make large vertical excursions from the plane of the Milky Way host fewer super-Earths and sub-Neptunes. While oscillation amplitude is associated with metallicity, metallicity alone cannot explain the observed trend, demonstrating that galactic influences are imprinted on the planet population. Overall, our results provide new insights into the distribution of planets around FGK dwarf stars and the factors that influence their formation and evolution. |
Keywords | Exoplanet catalogs; Astrostatistics; Galactic archaeology; Exoplanet formation; Planet formation |
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020 | 5101. Astronomical sciences |
Byline Affiliations | California Institute of Technology (Caltech), United States |
University of Arizona, United States | |
NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, United States | |
University of California Los Angeles, United States | |
Ohio State University, United States | |
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, United States | |
Yale University, United States | |
Princeton University, United States | |
University of California Berkeley, United States | |
Centre for Astrophysics | |
NASA Nexus for Exoplanet System Science, United States | |
University of California Irvine, United States | |
University of California Riverside, United Sates |
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