Evaluation of greenwaste mulch to control runoff quality from landfill sites during frequent storms

Article

Brodie, I. M. and Misra, R. K.. 2009. "Evaluation of greenwaste mulch to control runoff quality from landfill sites during frequent storms." Water, Air and Soil Pollution: an international journal of environmental pollution. 201 (1-4), pp. 75-85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-008-9928-0
Article Title

Evaluation of greenwaste mulch to control runoff quality from landfill sites during frequent storms

ERA Journal ID1992
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsBrodie, I. M. (Author) and Misra, R. K. (Author)
Journal TitleWater, Air and Soil Pollution: an international journal of environmental pollution
Journal Citation201 (1-4), pp. 75-85
Number of Pages11
Year2009
Place of PublicationLeiden, Netherlands
ISSN0049-6979
1567-7230
1573-2932
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-008-9928-0
Web Address (URL)http://www.springerlink.com/content/t157231224431206/fulltext.pdf
Abstract

This paper describes a preliminary evaluation of two types of greenwaste (fresh and aged) used as a mulch layer to control runoff from disturbed landfill areas. Fresh greenwaste refers to woody and herbaceous garden waste that has been recently collected, chopped and shredded. Aged greenwaste is greenwaste which has been stockpiled for 18 months. We used rainfall simulator tests to investigate two aspects: (1) the performance of greenwaste mulch in reducing runoff during designed storm events with a high frequency of occurrence and (2) the release of pollutants via runoff as total suspended solids (TSS) and total organic carbon (TOC) during rain. Rainfall of <5-year average recurrence interval (ARI) was generally applied, consistent with stormwater compliance requirements for many Australian landfills. TOC released from fresh greenwaste material was higher in concentration than from aged greenwaste. However when used as a 10cm-deep mulch layer, fresh greenwaste was able to completely prevent runoff, even when tested under rainfalls up to 50 year ARI duration. An equivalent mulch layer of aged greenwaste was also effective in reducing runoff volume and TSS concentration compared with the bare soil during a 3.5-year ARI rainfall, but mean TOC concentration was higher. Based on these preliminary results, fresh greenwaste mulching of bare soils is an attractive option to control runoff and erosion from areas subject to intermittent landfill operations and worthy of further investigations.

Keywordsstormwater; landfill; runoff; erosion; mulch; runoff quality; sediment control
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020400499. Chemical engineering not elsewhere classified
401199. Environmental engineering not elsewhere classified
410404. Environmental management
Public Notes

File reproduced in accordance with the copyright policy of the publisher/author.

Byline AffiliationsDepartment of Agricultural, Civil and Environmental Engineering
Permalink -

https://research.usq.edu.au/item/9z619/evaluation-of-greenwaste-mulch-to-control-runoff-quality-from-landfill-sites-during-frequent-storms

Log in to edit

Download files

Submitted Version
Brodie_Misra_2009_SV.pdf
File access level: Anyone

  • 2068
    total views
  • 338
    total downloads
  • 4
    views this month
  • 2
    downloads this month

Export as

Related outputs

A direct analysis of flood interval probability using approximately 100-year stream flow datasets
Brodie, Ian M. and Khan, Shahjahan. 2016. "A direct analysis of flood interval probability using approximately 100-year stream flow datasets." Hydrological Sciences Journal. 61 (12), pp. 2213-2225. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2015.1099790
Comparison of the penetration of primary and lateral roots of pea and different tree seedlings growing in hard soils
Azam, Gausul, Grant, Cameron D., Murray, Robert S., Nuberg, Ian K. and Misra, Rabindra K.. 2014. "Comparison of the penetration of primary and lateral roots of pea and different tree seedlings growing in hard soils." Soil Research. 52 (1), pp. 87-96. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR13201
System engineering the engineering education process: a gap analysis
Brodie, Ian and Brodie, Lyn. 2013. "System engineering the engineering education process: a gap analysis." van Huttum-Janssen, Natascha, Lima, Rui M. and Carvalho, Dinis (ed.) 5th International Symposium on Project Approaches in Engineering Education (PAEE 2013): Closing the Gap between University and Industry. Eindhoven, Netherlands 08 - 09 Jul 2013 Braga, Portugal.
Growth of tree roots in hostile soil: a comparison of root growth pressures of tree seedlings with peas
Azam, Gausul, Grant, Cameron D., Misra, Rabindra K., Murray, Robert S. and Nuberg, Ian K.. 2013. "Growth of tree roots in hostile soil: a comparison of root growth pressures of tree seedlings with peas." Plant and Soil: international journal on plant-soil relationships. 368 (1-2), pp. 569-580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1537-4
Stability of chitosan/montmorillonite nanohybrid towards enzymatic degradation on grafting with poly(lactic acid)
Depan, D., Annamalai, A. Pratheep, Singh, R. P. and Misra, R. D. K.. 2014. "Stability of chitosan/montmorillonite nanohybrid towards enzymatic degradation on grafting with poly(lactic acid)." Materials Science and Technology. 30 (5), pp. 587-592. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743284713y.0000000501
Using volume delivery time to identify independent partial series events
Brodie, Ian. 2013. "Using volume delivery time to identify independent partial series events." Water Resources Management. 27 (10), pp. 3727-3738. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-013-0377-1
Establishing woody perennials on hostile soils in arid and semi-arid regions: a review
Azam, Gausul, Grant, Cameron D., Nuberg, Ian K., Murray, Robert S. and Misra, Rabindra K.. 2012. "Establishing woody perennials on hostile soils in arid and semi-arid regions: a review ." Plant and Soil: international journal on plant-soil relationships. 360 (1-2), pp. 55-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-012-1215-6
Rational Monte Carlo method for flood frequency analysis in urban catchments
Brodie, Ian M.. 2013. "Rational Monte Carlo method for flood frequency analysis in urban catchments ." Journal of Hydrology. 486, pp. 306-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.01.039
The impact of rain water on soil pore networks following irrigation with saline-sodic water
Awedat, A. M., Bennett, J. McL., Raine, S. R. and Misra, R. K.. 2012. "The impact of rain water on soil pore networks following irrigation with saline-sodic water." Birkett, Lucy and Sparrow, Leigh (ed.) 5th Joint Australian and New Zealand Soil Science Conference (SSA 2012): Soil Solutions for Diverse Landscapes. Hobart, Australia 02 - 07 Dec 2012 Melbourne, Australia.
Influence of porosity and permeate suspended clay concentration on clay entrainment within a red ferrosol
Awedat, A. M., Raine, S. R., Bennett, J. McL. and Misra, R. K.. 2012. "Influence of porosity and permeate suspended clay concentration on clay entrainment within a red ferrosol." Birkitt, Lucy and Sparrow, Leigh (ed.) 5th Joint Australian and New Zealand Soil Science Conference (SSA 2012): Soil Solutions for Diverse Landscapes. Hobart, Australia 02 - 07 Dec 2012 Melbourne, Australia.
Comparison of plagiarism rates between oncampus and offcampus engineering hydrology students
Brodie, I. M. and Hellyer, L.. 2012. "Comparison of plagiarism rates between oncampus and offcampus engineering hydrology students." Avdelas, Aris (ed.) 40th Annual Conference of European Society for Engineering Education (SEFI 2012): Engineering Education 2020: Meet the Future. Thessaloniki, Greece 23 - 26 Sep 2012 Brussels, Belgium.
Estimation of soil water deficit in an irrigated cotton field with infrared thermography
Padhi, J., Misra, R. K. and Payero, J. O.. 2012. "Estimation of soil water deficit in an irrigated cotton field with infrared thermography." Field Crops Research. 126 (1), pp. 45-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2011.09.015
Stormwater harvesting and WSUD frequent flow management: a compatibility analysis
Brodie, I.. 2012. "Stormwater harvesting and WSUD frequent flow management: a compatibility analysis." Water Science and Technology. 66 (3), pp. 612-619. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.214
SSUIS: a research model for predicting suspended solids loads in stormwater runoff from urban impervious surfaces
Brodie, Ian M.. 2012. "SSUIS: a research model for predicting suspended solids loads in stormwater runoff from urban impervious surfaces." Water Science and Technology. 65 (12), pp. 2140-2147. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.131
Stormwater reuse treatment requirements and screening-level risk assessment at two urban spatial scales
Brodie, Ian M.. 2012. "Stormwater reuse treatment requirements and screening-level risk assessment at two urban spatial scales." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination. 2 (1), pp. 13-21. https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2012.072
Stormwater harvesting and water sensitive urban design detention: a compatibility analysis
Brodie, I.. 2011. "Stormwater harvesting and water sensitive urban design detention: a compatibility analysis." Nascimento, Nilo (ed.) 12th International Conference on Urban Drainage (IUCD 2011). Porto Alegre, Brazil 11 - 16 Sep 2011 London, United Kingdom.
Application of level spreader grass filter strips in south east Queensland, Australia for discharge reduction and passive irrigation
Brodie, I.. 2011. "Application of level spreader grass filter strips in south east Queensland, Australia for discharge reduction and passive irrigation." Nascimento, Nilo (ed.) 12th International Conference on Urban Drainage (IUCD 2011). Porto Alegre, Brazil 11 - 16 Sep 2011 London, United Kingdom.
Classification of stormwater treatment devices for performance evaluation
Shrestha, R. and Brodie, I.. 2011. "Classification of stormwater treatment devices for performance evaluation." Cowled, Craig J. L. (ed.) 1st International Postgraduate Conference on Engineering, Designing and Developing the Built Environment for Sustainable Wellbeing (eddBE 2011). Brisbane, Australia 27 - 29 Apr 2011 Brisbane, Australia.
A protocol for the use of particle counting in stormwater suspended solids analysis
Shrestha, Roshani and Brodie, Ian. 2011. "A protocol for the use of particle counting in stormwater suspended solids analysis." Ramilo, Nicole (ed.) 2011 Stormwater Industry Association of Queensland State Conference: Achieving Multiple Outcomes - A Time to Reflect (SIA 2011) . Gold Coast, Australia 25 - 27 May 2011 Brisbane, Australia.
Use of GUEST technology to parameterize a physically-based model for assessing soil erodibility and evaluating conservation practices in tropical steeplands
Rose, C. W., Yu, B., Misra, R. K., Coughlan, K. and Fentie, B.. 2011. "Use of GUEST technology to parameterize a physically-based model for assessing soil erodibility and evaluating conservation practices in tropical steeplands." Morgan, R. P. C. and Nearing, M. A. (ed.) Handbook of erosion modelling. United Kingdom. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 195-222
Review of dynamic water allocation systems
Baillie, J. and Brodie, I.. 2011. "Review of dynamic water allocation systems." Banhazi, T., Saunders, C. and Hegarty, R. (ed.) SEAg 2011: Diverse Challenges, Innovative Solutions. Gold Coast, Australia 29 - 30 Sep 2011 Canberra, Australia.
Prediction of stormwater particle loads from impervious urban surfaces based on a rainfall detachment index
Brodie, I. M.. 2007. "Prediction of stormwater particle loads from impervious urban surfaces based on a rainfall detachment index." Water Science and Technology. 55 (4), pp. 49-56. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.094
Stormwater particles and their sampling using passive devices
Brodie, Ian. 2005. "Stormwater particles and their sampling using passive devices." 10th International Conference on Urban Drainage (ICUD 2005). Copenhagen, Denmark 21 - 26 Aug 2005 Lyngby, Denmark.
Stormwater particle characteristics of five different urban surfaces
Brodie, Ian and Porter, Mark. 2006. "Stormwater particle characteristics of five different urban surfaces." Deletic, Ana and Fletcher, Tim (ed.) 7th International Conference on Urban Drainage Modelling & 4th International Conference on Water Sensitive Urban Design. Melbourne, Australia 02 - 07 Apr 2006 Melbourne, Australia.
Prediction of stormwater particle loads from impervious urban surfaces based on a rainfall detachment index
Brodie, I. M.. 2006. "Prediction of stormwater particle loads from impervious urban surfaces based on a rainfall detachment index." Deletic, Ana and Fletcher, Tim (ed.) 7th International Conference on Urban Drainage Modelling & 4th International Conference on Water Sensitive Urban Design. Melbourne, Australia 02 - 07 Apr 2006 Melbourne, Australia.
Measurement and prediction of nitrogen loss by simulated erosion events on cultivated forest soils of contrasting structure
Teixeira, P. C. and Misra, R. K.. 2005. "Measurement and prediction of nitrogen loss by simulated erosion events on cultivated forest soils of contrasting structure." Soil and Tillage Research. 83 (2), pp. 204-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2004.07.014
Sensitivity of EM38 in determining soil water distribution in an irrigated wheat field
Padhi, J. and Misra, R. K.. 2011. "Sensitivity of EM38 in determining soil water distribution in an irrigated wheat field." Soil and Tillage Research. 117, pp. 93-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2011.09.003
Relationships between rainfall intensity, duration and suspended particle washoff from an urban road surface
Brodie, Ian M. and Egodawatta, Prasanna. 2011. "Relationships between rainfall intensity, duration and suspended particle washoff from an urban road surface." Hydrology Research: an international journal. 42 (4), pp. 239-249. https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2011.117
Proof of concept analysis of level spreader – grass filter strips for runoff reduction
Brodie, Ian. 2011. "Proof of concept analysis of level spreader – grass filter strips for runoff reduction." Ramilo, Nicole (ed.) 2011 Stormwater Industry Association of Queensland State Conference: Achieving Multiple Outcomes - A Time to Reflect (SIA 2011) . Gold Coast, Australia 25 - 27 May 2011 Brisbane, Australia.
A calibration procedure for load cells to improve accuracy of mini-lysimeters in monitoring evapotranspiration
Misra, R. K., Padhi, J. and Payero, J. O.. 2011. "A calibration procedure for load cells to improve accuracy of mini-lysimeters in monitoring evapotranspiration." Journal of Hydrology. 406 (1-2), pp. 113-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.06.009
Commonality of rainfall variables influencing suspended solids concentrations in storm runoff from three different urban impervious surfaces
Brodie, Ian M. and Dunn, Peter K.. 2010. "Commonality of rainfall variables influencing suspended solids concentrations in storm runoff from three different urban impervious surfaces." Journal of Hydrology. 387 (3-4), pp. 202-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.04.008
Prospects of using infrared thermography for irrigation scheduling of wheat crop
Padhi, Jyotiprakash, Misra, R. K. and Payero, Jose. 2010. "Prospects of using infrared thermography for irrigation scheduling of wheat crop." Montagu, Kelvin (ed.) Australian Irrigation Conference and Exibition 2010: One Water Many Futures. Sydney, Australia 08 - 10 Jun 2010 Sydney, Australia.
Measuring the effect of water stress on wheat evapotranspiration
Padhi, Jyotiprakash, Payero, Jose and Misra, R. K.. 2010. "Measuring the effect of water stress on wheat evapotranspiration." Montagu, Kelvin (ed.) Australian Irrigation Conference and Exibition 2010: One Water Many Futures. Sydney, Australia 08 - 10 Jun 2010 Sydney, Australia.
Root growth pressure at the soil–root interface
Misra, R. K.. 2003. "Root growth pressure at the soil–root interface." Lal, Rattan (ed.) Encyclopedia of soil science, 2nd ed.. New York, NY. United States. Marcel Dekker, Inc.. pp. 1-3
Australian examples of residential integrated water cycle planning: accepted current practice and a suggested alternative
Brodie, I. M.. 2009. "Australian examples of residential integrated water cycle planning: accepted current practice and a suggested alternative." Desalination and Water Treatment. 12 (1-3), pp. 324-330. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2009.964
Monitoring spatial variation of soil moisture in crop fields with EM38
Padhi, Jyotiprakash and Misra, R. K.. 2009. "Monitoring spatial variation of soil moisture in crop fields with EM38." Irrigation Australia 2009: Irrigation Australia Irrigation and Drainage Conference: Irrigation Today - Meeting the Challenge. Swan Hill, Australia 18 - 21 Oct 2009 Sydney, Australia.
Reuse potential of laundry greywater for irrigation based on growth, water and nutrient use of tomato
Misra, R. K., Patel, Jishiv H. and Baxi, Vijay. 2010. "Reuse potential of laundry greywater for irrigation based on growth, water and nutrient use of tomato." Journal of Hydrology. 386 (1-4), pp. 95-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.03.010
Capability of APSIM-Oryza to stimulate lowland rice-based farming systems under nitrogen treatments in a tropical climate
Suriadi, Ahmad, Gaydon, Donald, Abawi, Yahya and Misra, R. K.. 2009. "Capability of APSIM-Oryza to stimulate lowland rice-based farming systems under nitrogen treatments in a tropical climate." Hatfield, Jerry L. and Hanson, Jon D. (ed.) 2nd Biennial International Symposium on Farming Systems Design: Methodologies for Integrated Analysis of Farm Production Systems. Monterey, United States 23 - 26 Aug 2009
A knowledge-information-data concept model for engineering education
Brodie, Ian and Brodie, Lyn. 2009. "A knowledge-information-data concept model for engineering education." Australasian Journal of Engineering Education. 15 (3), pp. 137-144.
Use of infrared thermography to detect water deficit response in an irrigated cotton crop
Padhi, Jyotiprakash, Misra, R. K. and Payero, Jose. 2009. "Use of infrared thermography to detect water deficit response in an irrigated cotton crop." International Conference on Food Security and Environmental Sustainability (FSES 2009). Kharagpur, India 17 - 19 Dec 2009 Kharagpur, India.
Removal of pollutants by tomato plants during reuse of laundry greywater for irrigation
Misra, R. K., Patel, Jishiv H. and Baxi, V. R.. 2009. "Removal of pollutants by tomato plants during reuse of laundry greywater for irrigation." International Conference on Food Security and Environmental Sustainability (FSES 2009). Kharagpur, India 17 - 19 Dec 2009 West Bengal, India.
Performance of rice on a coarse sandy loam soil in response to water-saving irrigation practices in lowland eastern Indonesia
Suriadi, Ahmad, Misra, R. K., Gaydon, Donald and Abawi, Yahya. 2009. "Performance of rice on a coarse sandy loam soil in response to water-saving irrigation practices in lowland eastern Indonesia." Hatfield, Jerry L. and Hanson, Jon D. (ed.) 2nd Biennial International Symposium on Farming Systems Design: Methodologies for Integrated Analysis of Farm Production Systems. Monterey, United States 23 - 26 Aug 2009
Suspended particle characteristics in storm runoff from urban impervious surfaces in Toowoomba, Australia
Brodie, Ian M. and Dunn, Peter K.. 2009. "Suspended particle characteristics in storm runoff from urban impervious surfaces in Toowoomba, Australia." Urban Water Journal. 6 (2), pp. 137-146. https://doi.org/10.1080/15730620802541607
Hydrological analysis of single and dual storage systems for stormwater harvesting
Brodie, I. M.. 2008. "Hydrological analysis of single and dual storage systems for stormwater harvesting." Water Science and Technology. 58 (5), pp. 1039-1046. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.469
Reuse of laundry greywater as affected by its interaction with saturated soil
Misra, Rabindra K. and Sivongxay, Amphone. 2009. "Reuse of laundry greywater as affected by its interaction with saturated soil." Journal of Hydrology. 366 (1-4), pp. 55-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.12.010
Using soil loss models to estimate suspended solids concentrations in stormwater runoff from pre-urban areas
Brodie, I. M. and Rosewell, C. J.. 2008. "Using soil loss models to estimate suspended solids concentrations in stormwater runoff from pre-urban areas." Australasian Journal of Water Resources . 12 (1), pp. 49-59.
Comparison of storage requirements for two different stormwater harvesting strategies
Brodie, Ian. 2008. "Comparison of storage requirements for two different stormwater harvesting strategies." Stormwater 2008. Surfers Paradise, Australia 08 - 11 Jul 2008 Queensland.
Case studies of applying urban surface data in evaluating stormwater management issues
Brodie, Ian and Young, Frank. 2007. "Case studies of applying urban surface data in evaluating stormwater management issues." Journal of Spatial Hydrology. 7 (2), pp. 1-16.
Use of passive stormwater samplers in water sensitive urban design
Brodie, Ian and Porter, Mark. 2004. "Use of passive stormwater samplers in water sensitive urban design." WSUD 2004 International Conference on Water Sensitive Urban Design: Cities As Catchments. Adelaide, Australia 21 - 25 Nov 2004 Adelaide, Australia.
Evaporation, seepage and water quality management in storage dams: a review of research methods
Craig, Ian, Aravinthan, Vasantha, Baillie, Craig Peter, Beswick, Alan, Barnes, Geoff, Bradbury, Ron, Connell, Luke, Cooper, Paul, Fellows, Christopher, Fitzmaurice, Li, Foley, Joseph P., Hancock, Nigel, Lamb, David, Morrison, Pippa, Mossad, Ruth, Misra, R. K., Pittaway, Pam, Prime, Emma, Rees, Steve, ..., Turnbull, David. 2007. "Evaporation, seepage and water quality management in storage dams: a review of research methods." Environmental Health. 7 (3), pp. 84-97.
Suspended solids in stormwater runoff from various urban surfaces
Brodie, Ian. 2005. Suspended solids in stormwater runoff from various urban surfaces. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
Desktop review of Polyacrylamide use in the Australian cotton industry
Misra, R. K. and Hood, Sarah. 2007. Desktop review of Polyacrylamide use in the Australian cotton industry. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
Investigation of stormwater particles generated from common urban surfaces
Brodie, Ian. 2007. Investigation of stormwater particles generated from common urban surfaces. PhD Thesis Doctor of Philosophy. University of Southern Queensland.
Theoretical relationships between rainfall intensity and kinetic energy variants associated with stormwater particle washoff
Brodie, Ian and Rosewell, Colin. 2007. "Theoretical relationships between rainfall intensity and kinetic energy variants associated with stormwater particle washoff." Journal of Hydrology. 340 (1-2), pp. 40-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.03.019
Comparison of methods to estimate suspended solids loads in urban stormwater
Brodie, Ian and Porter, Mark. 2007. "Comparison of methods to estimate suspended solids loads in urban stormwater." Australasian Journal of Water Resources . 11 (2), pp. 221-230.
Using urban surface composition to model stormwater suspended solids: a case study of the effect of rainwater tanks
Brodie, Ian. 2007. "Using urban surface composition to model stormwater suspended solids: a case study of the effect of rainwater tanks." Mimicking Nature - Evolution or Revolution in Stormwater Management (2007). Twin Waters, Australia 19 - 21 Sep 2007 Brisbane, Australia.
Modelling of soil fragmentation dynamics
Misra, R. K. and Sands, P. J.. 2006. "Modelling of soil fragmentation dynamics." ISTRO 17th Triennial Conference. Kiel, Germany 28 Aug - 03 Sep 2006 Kiel, Germany.
A scoping study on measuring and monitoring tools and technology for precision irrigation
Misra, R. K., Raine, Steven R., Pezzaniti, David, Charlesworth, Philip and Hancock, Nigel. 2005. A scoping study on measuring and monitoring tools and technology for precision irrigation . Toowoomba, Australia. CRC for Irrigation Futures.
Laundry grey water potential impact on Toowoomba soils - final report : report #1001420/2
Howard, E., Misra, R., Loch, R. and Le-Minh, N.. 2005. Laundry grey water potential impact on Toowoomba soils - final report : report #1001420/2. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
Recent developments and strategies in the use of plant indicators for irrigation scheduling
Misra, R. K., Fuentes, S. and Raine, Steven R.. 2005. "Recent developments and strategies in the use of plant indicators for irrigation scheduling." Irrigation Australia 2005: Irrigation Association of Australia National Conference and Exhibition: Restoring the Balance. Townsville, Australia 17 - 19 May 2005 Sydney, NSW.