Exploring environmental factors in nursing workplaces that promote psychological resilience: constructing a unified theoretical model

Article

Cusack, Lynette, Smith, Morgan, Hegney, Desley, Rees, Clare S., Breen, Lauren, Witt, Regina R., Rogers, Cath, Williams, Alison, Cross, Wendy and Cheung, Kin. 2016. "Exploring environmental factors in nursing workplaces that promote psychological resilience: constructing a unified theoretical model." Frontiers in Psychology. 7, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00600

Article Title	Exploring environmental factors in nursing workplaces that promote psychological resilience: constructing a unified theoretical model
ERA Journal ID	123048
Article Category	Article
Authors	Cusack, Lynette (Author), Smith, Morgan (Author), Hegney, Desley (Author), Rees, Clare S. (Author), Breen, Lauren (Author), Witt, Regina R. (Author), Rogers, Cath (Author), Williams, Alison (Author), Cross, Wendy (Author) and Cheung, Kin (Author)
Journal Title	Frontiers in Psychology
Journal Citation	7, pp. 1-8
Article Number	600
Number of Pages	8
Year	2016
Publisher	Frontiers Media SA
Place of Publication	Switzerland
ISSN	1664-1078
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)	https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00600
Web Address (URL)	http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00600/full
Abstract	Building nurses’ resilience to complex and stressful practice environments is necessary to keep skilled nurses in the workplace and ensuring safe patient care. A unified theoretical framework titled Health Services Workplace Environmental Resilience Model (HSWERM), is presented to explain the environmental factors in the workplace that promote nurses’ resilience. The framework builds on a previously-published theoretical model of individual resilience, which identified the key constructs of psychological resilience as self-efficacy, coping and mindfulness, but did not examine environmental factors in the workplace that promote nurses’ resilience. This unified theoretical framework was developed using a literary synthesis drawing on data from international studies and literature reviews on the nursing workforce in hospitals. The most frequent workplace environmental factors were identified, extracted and clustered in alignment with key constructs for psychological resilience. Six major organizational concepts emerged that related to a positive resilience-building workplace and formed the foundation of the theoretical model. Three concepts related to nursing staff support (professional, practice, personal) and three related to nursing staff development (professional, practice, personal) within the workplace environment. The unified theoretical model incorporates these concepts within the workplace context, linking to the nurse, and then impacting on personal resilience and workplace outcomes, and its use has the potential to increase staff retention and quality of patient care.
Keywords	resilience; nurses; workplace; environment
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020	520104. Industrial and organisational psychology (incl. human factors)
	420599. Nursing not elsewhere classified
Byline Affiliations	University of Adelaide
	School of Nursing and Midwifery
	Curtin University
	Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
	Monash University
	Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China
Institution of Origin	University of Southern Queensland

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Rogers-Clark, Cath. 2005. "Introduction to psychosocial nursing." Rogers-Clark, Cath, McCarthy, Alexandra and Martin-McDonald, Kristine (ed.) Living with illness: psychosocial challenges for nursing. Sydney, Australia. Elsevier. pp. 1-7

Gender and health

Rogers-Clark, Cath, Kyle, Wendy Lee and Wilson, Geoff. 2005. "Gender and health." Rogers-Clark, Cath, McCarthy, Alexandra and Martin-McDonald, Kristine (ed.) Living with illness: psychosocial challenges for nursing . Sydney, Australia. Elsevier. pp. 38-53

Organizational factors: impact on administration violations in rural nursing

McKeon, Christine, Fogarty, Gerard J. and Hegney, Desley. 2006. "Organizational factors: impact on administration violations in rural nursing." Journal of Advanced Nursing. 55 (1), pp. 115-123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03880.x

Adequacy of support for new graduates during their transition into the workplace: a Queensland, Australia study

Parker, Victoria, Plank, Ashley and Hegney, Desley. 2003. "Adequacy of support for new graduates during their transition into the workplace: a Queensland, Australia study." International Journal of Nursing Practice. 9 (5), pp. 300-305.

Nursing workloads: the results of a study of Queensland nurses

Hegney, Desley, Plank, Ashley and Parker, Victoria. 2003. "Nursing workloads: the results of a study of Queensland nurses." Journal of Nursing Management. 11 (5), pp. 307-314. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2834.2003.00376.x

Extrinsic and intrinsic work values: their impact on job satisfaction in nursing

Hegney, Desley, Plank, Ashley and Parker, Victoria. 2006. "Extrinsic and intrinsic work values: their impact on job satisfaction in nursing." Journal of Nursing Management. 14 (4), pp. 271-281. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2934.2006.00618.x

Workplace violence: differences in perceptions of nursing work between those exposed and those not exposed: a cross-sector analysis

Hegney, Desley, Tuckett, Anthony, Parker, Deborah and Eley, Robert. 2010. "Workplace violence: differences in perceptions of nursing work between those exposed and those not exposed: a cross-sector analysis ." International Journal of Nursing Practice. 16 (2), pp. 188-202. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-172X.2010.01829.x

Access to and support for continuing professional education amongst Queensland nurses: 2004 and 2007

Hegney, Desley, Tuckett, Anthony, Parker, Deborah and Eley, Robert. 2010. "Access to and support for continuing professional education amongst Queensland nurses: 2004 and 2007." Nurse Education Today. 30 (2), pp. 142-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2009.06.015

Career breaks and intentions for retirement by Queensland's nurses - a sign of the times?

Eley, Robert, Parker, Deborah, Tuckett, Anthony and Hegney, Desley. 2010. "Career breaks and intentions for retirement by Queensland's nurses - a sign of the times? " Collegian: The Australian Journal of Nursing Practice, Scholarship and Research. 17 (1), pp. 38-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2009.10.004

Strategies for success: a toolbox of coming strategies used by breastfeeding women

Hegney, Desley, O'Brien, Maxine L., Buikstra, Elizabeth and Fallon, Tony. 2009. "Strategies for success: a toolbox of coming strategies used by breastfeeding women." Journal of Clinical Nursing. 18 (11), pp. 1574-1582. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02667.x

Nurses' confidence and experience in using information technology

Eley, Robert, Fallon, Tony, Soar, Jeffrey, Buikstra, Elizabeth and Hegney, Desley. 2008. "Nurses' confidence and experience in using information technology." Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing. 25 (3), pp. 23-35.

Gender and personal breastfeeding experience of rural GP registrars in Australia - a qualitative study of their effect on breastfeeding attitudes and knowledge

Brodribb, W. E., Jackson, C., Fallon, A. B. and Hegney, D.. 2007. "Gender and personal breastfeeding experience of rural GP registrars in Australia - a qualitative study of their effect on breastfeeding attitudes and knowledge." Rural and Remote Health. 7 (737), p. 737.

Individual resilience in rural people: a Queensland study, Australia

Hegney, D. G., Buikstra, E., Baker, P., Rogers-Clark, C., Pearce, S., Ross, H., King, C. and Watson-Luke, A.. 2007. "Individual resilience in rural people: a Queensland study, Australia." Rural and Remote Health. 7 (4), pp. 1-13.

Implementation of oral health recommendations into two residential aged care facilities in a regional Australian city

Fallon, Tony, Buikstra, Elizabeth, Cameron, Michelle, Hegney, Desley, Mackenzie, Debra, March, Judith, Moloney, Clint and Pitt, Jacinta. 2006. "Implementation of oral health recommendations into two residential aged care facilities in a regional Australian city." International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare. 4 (3), pp. 162-179. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-6988.2006.00040.x

Evaluation of the role of the breast care nurse at Toowoomba Base Hospital

Eley, Robert, Rogers-Clark, Cath and Knight, Christine. 2007. Evaluation of the role of the breast care nurse at Toowoomba Base Hospital . Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.

Nurses worth listening to

Hegney, Desley, Plank, Ashley, Buikstra, Elizabeth, Parker, Victoria and Eley, Robert. 2005. Nurses worth listening to. Tooowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.

Nurses and information technology

Hegney, Desley, Buikstra, Elizabeth, Eley, Robert, Fallon, Anthony Bruce, Gilmore, Victoria and Soar, Jeffrey. 2007. Nurses and information technology. Canberra, Australia. Commonwealth of Australia.

Barriers to use of information and computer technology by Australia's nurses: a national survey

Eley, Robert, Fallon, Anthony Bruce, Soar, Jeffrey, Buikstra, Elizabeth and Hegney, Desley. 2009. "Barriers to use of information and computer technology by Australia's nurses: a national survey." Journal of Clinical Nursing. 18 (8), pp. 1151-1158. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02336.x

The status of training and education in information and computer technology of Australia's nurses: a national survey

Eley, Robert, Fallon, Tony, Soar, Jeffrey, Buikstra, Elizabeth and Hegney, Desley. 2008. "The status of training and education in information and computer technology of Australia's nurses: a national survey." Journal of Clinical Nursing. 17 (20), pp. 2758-2767. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02285.x

Job satisfaction and nurses in rural Australia

Hegney, Desley and McCarthy, Alexandra. 2000. "Job satisfaction and nurses in rural Australia." Journal of Nursing Administration. 30 (7-8), pp. 347 - 350.

Gender roles and geographic locations as predictors of emotional distress in Australian women

Bramston, Paul, Rogers-Clark, Cathy, Hegney, Desley and Bishop, Janet. 2000. "Gender roles and geographic locations as predictors of emotional distress in Australian women." Australian Journal of Rural Health. 8 (3), pp. 154-160. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1584.2000.00272.x

The perceptions of rural nurses towards role change within the context of organisational change

McCarthy, Alexandra, Hegney, Desley and Pearson, Alan. 2000. "The perceptions of rural nurses towards role change within the context of organisational change." Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing. 17 (4), pp. 21-28.

Effects of size of health service on scope of rural nursing practice

Hegney, Desley, McCarthy, Alexandra and Pearson, Alan. 1999. "Effects of size of health service on scope of rural nursing practice." Collegian: The Australian Journal of Nursing Practice, Scholarship and Research. 6 (4), pp. 21-26, 42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1322-7696(08)60605-8

Evidence-based practice and rural nursing: a literature review

McCarthy, A. and Hegney, D.. 1998. "Evidence-based practice and rural nursing: a literature review." Australian Journal of Rural Health. 6 (2), pp. 96-99. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1584.1998.tb00291.x

Extended, expanded, multi-skilled or advanced practice? - rural nurses in Australia 1991-1994

Hegney, Desley. 1997. "Extended, expanded, multi-skilled or advanced practice? - rural nurses in Australia 1991-1994." Collegian: The Australian Journal of Nursing Practice, Scholarship and Research. 4 (4), pp. 22-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1322-7696(08)60252-8

An overview of a study into the role and function of the rural nurse in Australia

Hegney, Desley, Pearson, Alan and McCarthy, Alexandra. 1997. An overview of a study into the role and function of the rural nurse in Australia. Adelaide, Australia. University of Adelaide.

The role and function of the rural nurse in Australia

Hegney, Desley, Pearson, Alan and McCarthy, Alexandra. 1997. The role and function of the rural nurse in Australia. Melbourne, Australia. Royal College of Nursing, Australia.

Remote and rural palliative care

McCarthy, Alexandra and Hegney, Desley. 1999. "Remote and rural palliative care." Aranda, Sanchia and O'Connor, Margaret (ed.) Palliative care nursing: a guide to practice. Melbourne, Australia. AUSMED Publications. pp. 83-101

Living with breast cancer: the influence of rurality on women's suffering and resilience. A postmodern feminist inquiry

Rogers-Clark, Cath. 2002. "Living with breast cancer: the influence of rurality on women's suffering and resilience. A postmodern feminist inquiry." Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing. 20 (2), pp. 34-39.

Experiences of regional and rural people with cancer being treated with radiotherapy in a metropolitan centre

Martin-McDonald, Kristine, Rogers-Clark, Cath, Hegney, Desley, McCarthy, Alexandra and Pearce, Susanne. 2003. "Experiences of regional and rural people with cancer being treated with radiotherapy in a metropolitan centre." International Journal of Nursing Practice. 9 (3), pp. 176-182. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-172X.2003.00421.x

Why nurses are attracted to rural and remote practice

Hegney, Desley, McCarthy, Alexandra, Rogers-Clark, Cath and Gorman, Don. 2002. "Why nurses are attracted to rural and remote practice." Australian Journal of Rural Health. 10 (3), pp. 178-186.

Why nurses are resigning from rural and remote Queensland health facilities

Hegney, Desley, McCarthy, Alexandra, Rogers-Clark, Cath and Gorman, Don. 2002. "Why nurses are resigning from rural and remote Queensland health facilities." Collegian: The Australian Journal of Nursing Practice, Scholarship and Research. 9 (2), pp. 33-39.

Retaining rural and remote area nurses: the Queensland Australia experience

Hegney, Desley, McCarthy, Alexandra, Rogers-Clark, Cath and Gorman, Don. 2002. "Retaining rural and remote area nurses: the Queensland Australia experience." Journal of Nursing Administration. 32 (3), pp. 128-135.

Mental health nursing standards and practice indicators for Australia: a review of current literature

Neville, Christine, Eley, Diann, Quinn, John, Weir, Jim, Hegney, Desley, Hangan, Catherine and Grasby, David. 2006. Mental health nursing standards and practice indicators for Australia: a review of current literature. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.

Aged care in the future and baby boomers: shall the twain ever meet? - baby boomers and aged care

Fallon, Anthony Bruce, Price, Kay, Hegney, Desley, Abbey, Jennifer, Neville, Christine C., Oxlade, Deborah and Soar, Jeffrey. 2004. "Aged care in the future and baby boomers: shall the twain ever meet? - baby boomers and aged care." Conrick, Moya and Soar, Jeffrey (ed.) 1st Australian Aged and Community Care Informatics Conference (ACCIC'04). Brisbane, Australia 24 - 25 Aug 2004 Brunswick East, Australia.

Evaluation of the health careers in the Bush Health Careers Workshops 1994 - 2002

Hegney, Desley, Eley, Robert and Buikstra, Elizabeth. 2005. Evaluation of the health careers in the Bush Health Careers Workshops 1994 - 2002. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.

An analysis of accommodation needs of adults with an intellectual disability in Toowoomba and surrounding areas

Eley, Diann, Hegney, Desley and Boyes, Joanne. 2006. An analysis of accommodation needs of adults with an intellectual disability in Toowoomba and surrounding areas. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.

The Toowoomba adult trauma triage tool

Hegney, Desley, Wollaston, Anthony, Fahey, Paul, McKay, Michelle, Miller, Peter and Wollaston, James. 2003. The Toowoomba adult trauma triage tool. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.

Against all odds: a retrospective study of women who succeeded at breastfeeding despite extraordinary difficulties

Hegney, Desley, Fallon, Tony, Crepinsek, Maree, O'Brien, Maxine and Doolan, Jackie. 2005. Against all odds: a retrospective study of women who succeeded at breastfeeding despite extraordinary difficulties. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.

The administration and supply of controlled and restricted medication by nurses in rural and remote Queensland.

Hegney, Desley, McKeon, Christine, Plank, Ashley, Raith, Lisa and Watson, Jennifer. 2003. The administration and supply of controlled and restricted medication by nurses in rural and remote Queensland. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.

Aged care nursing in Queensland - the nurses' view

Eley, Robert, Hegney, Desley, Buikstra, Elizabeth, Fallon, Anthony Bruce, Plank, Ashley and Parker, Victoria. 2007. "Aged care nursing in Queensland - the nurses' view ." Journal of Clinical Nursing. 16 (5), pp. 860-872. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01696.x

Key issues in rural health: perspectives of health service providers in Queensland

Eley, Robert, Fallon, Anthony Bruce, Gorman, Don, Fahey, Paul P., Rogers-Clark, Cath and Hegney, Desley. 2006. Key issues in rural health: perspectives of health service providers in Queensland. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.

Workplace violence in Queensland, Australia: the results of a comparative study

Hegney, Desley, Eley, Robert, Plank, Ashley, Buikstra, Elizabeth and Parker, Victoria. 2006. "Workplace violence in Queensland, Australia: the results of a comparative study." International Journal of Nursing Practice. 12 (4), pp. 220-231. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-172X.2006.00571.x

Tenure, mobility and retention of nurses in Queensland, Australia: 2001 and 2004

Eley, Robert, Hegney, Desley, Buikstra, Elizabeth, Plank, Ashley and Parker, Victoria. 2007. "Tenure, mobility and retention of nurses in Queensland, Australia: 2001 and 2004 ." Journal of Nursing Management. 15 (3), pp. 285-293.

Dealing with distance: rural and remote area nursing

Hegney, Desley. 2006. "Dealing with distance: rural and remote area nursing." Daly, John, Speedy, Sandra and Jackson, Debra (ed.) Contexts of nursing: an introduction. Marrickville, NSW. Elsevier. pp. 213-228

SEAM: improving the quality of palliative care in regional Toowoomba, Australia - lessons learned

Buikstra, Elizabeth, Pearce, Susanne, Hegney, Desley and Fallon, Tony. 2006. "SEAM: improving the quality of palliative care in regional Toowoomba, Australia - lessons learned ." Rural and Remote Health. 6 (1), pp. 1-10.

Planning research in rural and remote areas

Baker, P. G., Hegney, D., Rogers-Clark, C., Fahey, P., Gorman, D. and Mitchell, G.. 2004. "Planning research in rural and remote areas." Rural and Remote Health. 4 (266), pp. 1-11.

The interface of acute and aged care: the role of the nurse in a provincial area

Hegney, Desley, McCarthy, Alexandra, De La Rue, Mary Beth, Gorman, Don, Martin-McDonald, Kris, Fahey, Paul and Pretty, Grace. 2003. "The interface of acute and aged care: the role of the nurse in a provincial area." Australasian Journal on Ageing. 22 (2), pp. 85-90. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.2003.tb00472.x

General practitioners' perceptions of after hours primary medical care services: a Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia study

Hegney, Desley, Fahey, Paul P. and Nanka, Annette. 2004. "General practitioners' perceptions of after hours primary medical care services: a Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia study." Rural and Remote Health. 4 (287).

Primary health care and general practice nurses: what is the nexus?

Patterson, Elizabeth, Price, Kay and Hegney, Desley. 2005. "Primary health care and general practice nurses: what is the nexus?" Australian Journal of Primary Health. 11 (1), pp. 47-54. https://doi.org/10.1071/PY05007

Risk reduction in general practice and the role of the receptionist

Patterson, Elizabeth, Forrester, Kim, Price, Kay and Hegney, Desley. 2005. "Risk reduction in general practice and the role of the receptionist." Journal of Law and Medicine. 12 (3), pp. 340-347.

The baby-friendly hospital initiative and breastfeeding duration: relating the evidence to the Australian context

Fallon, Anthony Bruce, Crepinsek, Maree, Hegney, Desley and O'Brien, Maxine. 2005. "The baby-friendly hospital initiative and breastfeeding duration: relating the evidence to the Australian context." Birth Issues. 14 (3), pp. 90-95.

Patient education and consumer medicine information: a study of provision by Queensland rural and remote area registered nurses

Hegney, Desley, Plank, Ashley, Watson, Jennifer, Raith, Lisa and McKeon, Christine. 2005. "Patient education and consumer medicine information: a study of provision by Queensland rural and remote area registered nurses." Journal of Clinical Nursing. 14 (7), pp. 855-862. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2005.01203.x

Separation of conjoined twins: experiences of perioperative nurses and their recommendations

Martin-McDonald, K., McIntyre, P. and Hegney, D.. 2005. "Separation of conjoined twins: experiences of perioperative nurses and their recommendations." International Nursing Review. 52 (1), pp. 52-59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-7657.2004.00239.x

Attitudes of Australian nurses to information technology in the workplace: A national survey

Eley, Robert, Soar, Jeffrey, Buikstra, Elizabeth, Fallon, Tony and Hegney, Desley. 2009. "Attitudes of Australian nurses to information technology in the workplace: A national survey." CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing. 27 (2), pp. 114-121. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCN.0b013e318197557e

Acute pain in surgical patients

Schoenwald, Anthony and Rogers Clark, Cath. 2006. "Acute pain in surgical patients." Contemporary Nurse. 22 (1), pp. 97-108. https://doi.org/10.5172/conu.2006.22.1.97