Investment in research and development compared to military expenditure: is research worthwhile?

Article

Biswas, Raaj Kishore, Kabir, Enamul and Rafi, Refat Bin Reza. 2019. "Investment in research and development compared to military expenditure: is research worthwhile?" Defence and Peace Economics. 30 (7), pp. 846-857. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2018.1477235
Article Title

Investment in research and development compared to military expenditure: is research worthwhile?

ERA Journal ID30484
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsBiswas, Raaj Kishore (Animator), Kabir, Enamul (Author) and Rafi, Refat Bin Reza (Author)
Journal TitleDefence and Peace Economics
Journal Citation30 (7), pp. 846-857
Number of Pages13
Year2019
Place of PublicationUnited Kingdom
ISSN1024-2694
1476-8267
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2018.1477235
Web Address (URL)https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/10242694.2018.1477235?needAccess=true
Abstract

Both research and development (R&D) and military expenditure are pivotal areas for any country’s economy. However, most countries tend to spend more on military because of global insecurity and power politics. Nevertheless, this study shows the merit of R&D investment and how it contributes to the national human capital. An analysis was undertaken on the gap between R&D and military expenditure considering the Human Development Index (HDI) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of 76 countries for a period of 15 years (2000–2014). Mixed effect models were applied to adjust the effect of six different continents. The results showed that HDI has a positive bi-directional significant relationship with higher R&D investment. National spending on R&D builds human capital, which in turn contributes to public development over the years, unlike military expenditure that only marginally contributes towards GDP and makes no contribution to HDI.

KeywordsHDI; GDP; human capital; investment gap; research; defense; investment; spending; development; military
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020389999. Other economics not elsewhere classified
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Byline AffiliationsUniversity of New South Wales
School of Agricultural, Computational and Environmental Sciences
University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
Institution of OriginUniversity of Southern Queensland
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Biswas, Raaj Kishore, Rahman, Nusma, Kabir, Enamul and Raihan, Farabi. 2017. "Women’s opinion on the justification of physical spousal violence: a quantitative approach to model the most vulnerable households in Bangladesh." PLoS One. 12 (11). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187884
Effect of sex and age on traumatic brain injury: a geographical comparative study
Biswas, Raaj Kishore, Kabir, Enamul and King, Rachel. 2017. "Effect of sex and age on traumatic brain injury: a geographical comparative study." Archives of Public Health. 75 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-017-0211-y
Influence of distance between residence and health facilities on non-communicable diseases: an assessment over hypertension and diabetes in Bangladesh
Biswas, Raaj Kishore and Kabir, Enamul. 2017. "Influence of distance between residence and health facilities on non-communicable diseases: an assessment over hypertension and diabetes in Bangladesh." PLoS One. 12 (5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177027
What factors should we focus on to prevent progression from healthy to unhealthy BMI in Australian women?
Brown, Wendy, Kabir, Enamul, Clark, Bronwyn and Gomersall, Sjaan. 2016. "What factors should we focus on to prevent progression from healthy to unhealthy BMI in Australian women?" 6th International Congress on Physical Activity and Public Health (ISPAH 2016). Bangkok, Thailand 16 - 19 Nov 2016 Thailand.
Microaggregation sorting framework for k-anonymity statistical disclosure control in cloud computing
Kabir, Md Enamul, Mahmood, Abdun Naser, Mustafa, Abdul K. and Wang, Hua. 2020. "Microaggregation sorting framework for k-anonymity statistical disclosure control in cloud computing." IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing. 8 (2), pp. 408-417. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCC.2015.2469649
Modeling of agricultural drought risk pattern using Markov chain and GIS in the western part of Bangladesh
Kamruzzaman, Md., Kabir, Md Enamul, Rahman, A. T. M. Sakiur, Jahan, Chowdhury Sarwar, Mazumder, Quamrul Hasan and Rahman, M. Sayedur. 2018. "Modeling of agricultural drought risk pattern using Markov chain and GIS in the western part of Bangladesh." Environment, Development and Sustainability: a multidisciplinary approach to the theory and practice of sustainable development. 20 (2), pp. 569-588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-016-9898-0
Trade-off between Type I error and power: a requirement of robust technique for analysing ordinal outcomes
Biswas, Raaj, King, Rachel and Kabir, Enamul. 2016. "Trade-off between Type I error and power: a requirement of robust technique for analysing ordinal outcomes." Australian Statistical Conference 2016. Canberra, Australia 05 - 09 Dec 2016 Australia.
Maintaining a healthy BMI: data from a 16-year study of young Australian women
Brown, Wendy J., Kabir, Enamul, Clark, Bronwyn K. and Gomersall, Sjaan R.. 2016. "Maintaining a healthy BMI: data from a 16-year study of young Australian women." American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 51 (6), pp. e165-e178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2016.09.007
Spatio-temporal analysis of climatic variables in the western part of Bangladesh
Kamruzzaman, Md., Rahman, A. T. M. Sakiur, Ahmed, Md. Shakil, Kabir, Md Enamul, Mazumder, Quamrul Hasan, Rahman, M. Sayedur and Jahan, Chowdhury Sarwar. 2018. "Spatio-temporal analysis of climatic variables in the western part of Bangladesh." Environment, Development and Sustainability: a multidisciplinary approach to the theory and practice of sustainable development. 20 (1), pp. 89-108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-016-9872-x
New multi-dimensional sorting based k-anonymity microaggregation for statistical disclosure control
Mahmood, Abdun Naser, Kabir, Md Enamul and Mustofa, Abdul K.. 2013. "New multi-dimensional sorting based k-anonymity microaggregation for statistical disclosure control." 8th International ICST Conference, SecureComm 2012: Security and Privacy in Communication Networks. Padua, Italy 03 - 05 Sep 2012 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36883-7_16
Modelling corporate stakeholder orientation: does the relationship between stakeholder background characteristics and corporate social performance matter?
Erdiaw-Kwasie, Michael O., Alam, Khorshed and Kabir, Enamul. 2017. "Modelling corporate stakeholder orientation: does the relationship between stakeholder background characteristics and corporate social performance matter?" Business Strategy and the Environment. 26 (4), pp. 465-479. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.1930
Shewhart control chart for individual measurement: an application in a weaving mill
Biswas, Raaj Kishore, Masud, Mohammad Shahed and Kabir, Enamul. 2015. "Shewhart control chart for individual measurement: an application in a weaving mill." Melbourne International Business and Social Science Research Conference 2015. Melbourne, Australia 02 - 04 Oct 2015 Australia.
Epileptic seizure detection from EEG signals using logistic model trees
Kabir, Enamul, Siuly, . and Zhang, Yanchun. 2016. "Epileptic seizure detection from EEG signals using logistic model trees." Brain Informatics. 3 (2), pp. 93-100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40708-015-0030-2
Cluster analysis of behavioural weight management strategies and associations with weight change in young women: a longitudinal analysis
Madigan, C. D., Daley, A. J., Kabir, E., Aveyard, P. and Brown, W.. 2015. "Cluster analysis of behavioural weight management strategies and associations with weight change in young women: a longitudinal analysis." International Journal of Obesity. 39 (11), pp. 1601-1606. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2015.116
Exploring sampling in the detection of multicategory EEG signals
Siuly, Siuly, Kabir, Enamul, Wang, Hua and Zhang, Yanchun. 2015. "Exploring sampling in the detection of multicategory EEG signals." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/576437
K−means clustering microaggregation for statistical disclosure control
Kabir, Md Enamul, Mahmood, Abdur Naser and Mustafa, Abdul K.. 2012. "K−means clustering microaggregation for statistical disclosure control." 2012 International Conference on Advances in Computing (ICADC 2012). Bangalore 04 - 06 Jul 2012 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-0740-5_135
Novel iterative min-max clustering to minimize information loss in statistical disclosure control
Mahmood, Abdun Naser, Kabir, Md Enamul and Mustafa, Abdul K.. 2014. "Novel iterative min-max clustering to minimize information loss in statistical disclosure control." 10th International Conference on Security and Privacy in Communication Networks (SecureComm 2014). Beijing, China 24 - 26 Sep 2014 Germany. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23802-9_14
A statistical framework for intrusion detection system
Kabir, Md Enamul and Hu, Jiankun. 2014. "A statistical framework for intrusion detection system." Zhang, Defu (ed.) 11th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD 2014). Xiamen, China 19 - 21 Aug 2014 Piscataway, NJ. United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/FSKD.2014.6980966
A role-involved purpose-based access control model
Kabir, Md Enamul, Wang, Hua and Bertino, Elisa. 2012. "A role-involved purpose-based access control model." Information Systems Frontiers: a journal of research and innovation. 14 (3), pp. 809-822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-011-9305-1
Microdata protection method through microaggregation: a systematic approach
Kabir, Md Enamul and Wang, Hua. 2012. "Microdata protection method through microaggregation: a systematic approach." Journal of Software. 7 (11), pp. 2415-2422. https://doi.org/10.4304/jsw.7.11.2415-2423
A conditional purpose-based access control model with dynamic roles
Kabir, Md Enamul, Wang, Hua and Bertino, Elisa. 2011. "A conditional purpose-based access control model with dynamic roles." Expert Systems with Applications. 38 (3), pp. 1482-1489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2010.07.057
Efficient systematic clustering method for k-anonymization
Kabir, Md Enamul, Wang, Hua and Bertino, Elisa. 2011. "Efficient systematic clustering method for k-anonymization." Acta Informatica. 48 (1), pp. 51-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00236-010-0131-6
Access control management and privacy-preserving
Kabir, Md Enamul. 2010. Access control management and privacy-preserving. PhD Thesis Doctor of Philosophy. University of Southern Queensland.
Estimation of univariate normal mean using p-value
Kabir, Md Enamul and Khan, Shahjahan. 2007. "Estimation of univariate normal mean using p-value." 9th Islamic Countries Conference on Statistical Sciences. Shah Alam, Malaysia 12 - 14 Dec 2007 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Microdata protection method through microaggregation: a median-based approach
Kabir, Md Enamul and Wang, Hua. 2011. "Microdata protection method through microaggregation: a median-based approach." Information Security Journal: a Global Perspective. 20 (1), pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/19393555.2010.515288
Systematic clustering-based microaggregation for statistical disclosure control
Kabir, Md Enamul and Wang, Hua. 2010. "Systematic clustering-based microaggregation for statistical disclosure control." NSS 2010: 4th International Conference on Network and System Security . Melbourne, Australia 01 - 03 Sep 2010 Washington, DC, USA. https://doi.org/10.1109/NSS.2010.66
A pairwise systematic microaggregation for statistical disclosure control
Kabir, Md Enamul, Wang, Hua and Zhang, Yanchun. 2010. "A pairwise systematic microaggregation for statistical disclosure control." Webb, Geoffrey I., Liu, Bing, Zhang, Chengqi, Gunopulos, Dimitrios and Wu, Xindong (ed.) 10th IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM 2010). Sydney, Australia 14 - 17 Dec 2010 Los Alamitos, CA. United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDM.2010.111
A conditional role-involved purpose-based access control model
Kabir, Md Enamul, Wang, Hua and Bertino, Elisa. 2011. "A conditional role-involved purpose-based access control model." Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce. 21 (1), pp. 71-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/10919392.2011.541007
Systematic clustering method for l-diversity model
Kabir, Md Enamul, Wang, Hua, Bertino, Elisa and Chi, Yunxiang. 2010. "Systematic clustering method for l-diversity model." Shen, Heng Tao and Bouguettaya, Athman (ed.) ADC 2010: 21st Australasian Conference on Database Technologies. Brisbane, Australia 18 - 22 Jan 2010 Sydney, Australia.
Conditional purpose based access control model for privacy protection
Kabir, Md Enamul and Wang, Hua. 2009. "Conditional purpose based access control model for privacy protection." Bouguettaya, Athman and Lin, Xuemin (ed.) ADC 2009: 20th Australasian Conference on Australasian Database. Wellington, New Zealand 20 - 23 Jan 2009 Sydney, Australia.
Distribution of future location vector and residual sum of squares for multivariate location-scale model with spherically contoured errors
Khan, Shahjahan and Kabir, Md Enamul. 2006. "Distribution of future location vector and residual sum of squares for multivariate location-scale model with spherically contoured errors." Journal of Statistical Theory and Applications. 5 (2), pp. 91-104.