Exploring the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among university students in Bangladesh and their determinants

Article

Kamruzzaman, Md., Hossain, Ahammad, Islam, Md. Aminul, Ahmed, Md. Shakil, Kabir, Enamul and Khan, Md. Nuruzzaman. 2024. "Exploring the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among university students in Bangladesh and their determinants." Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health. 28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2024.101677
Article Title

Exploring the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among university students in Bangladesh and their determinants

ERA Journal ID212091
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsKamruzzaman, Md., Hossain, Ahammad, Islam, Md. Aminul, Ahmed, Md. Shakil, Kabir, Enamul and Khan, Md. Nuruzzaman
Journal TitleClinical Epidemiology and Global Health
Journal Citation28
Article Number101677
Number of Pages6
Year2024
PublisherElsevier BV
Place of PublicationNetherlands
ISSN2213-3984
2452-0918
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2024.101677
Web Address (URL)https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213398424001738
Abstract

Background
Depression, anxiety and stress among university students present a growing global challenge. This study aims to explore the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress and identifying their associated factors among university students in Bangladesh.

Methods
We analyzed data of 738 university students collected through a cross-sectional survey. Outcome variables considered were depression, anxiety, and stress levels. Explanatory variables considered were several socio-demographic characteristics. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was employed to explore the association of the outcome variables with explanatory variables.

Results
We found a notable prevalence of moderate to severe levels of depression, anxiety, and stress among university students in Bangladesh, ranging from 25 % to 71 %. Among students from extended families, there was a 32 % lower likelihood of experiencing moderate depression (relative risk ratio [RRR], 0.68; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.47–0.97) and a 35 % lower likelihood of experiencing stress (RRR, 0.65; 95 % CI, 0.44–0.97) compared to their counterparts without depression and stress. Furthermore, students enrolled in the business faculty reported a significantly higher likelihood of stress, with a 2.28 times greater odds (95 % CI, 1.32–3.93) compared to students in the Science and Engineering faculty.

Conclusion
This study underscores the pressing necessity for tailored interventions to address the elevated prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among university students in Bangladesh. The findings accentuate the importance of recognizing diverse risk factors and implementing mental health support programs.

KeywordsAnxiety
Contains Sensitive ContentDoes not contain sensitive content
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020420699. Public health not elsewhere classified
Byline AffiliationsUniversity of Rajshahi, Bangladesh
Varendra University, Bangladesh
University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh, Bangladesh
School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing
Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Bangladesh
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Joadder, Md. A. M., Siuly, S., Kabir, E., Wang, H. and Zhang, Y.. 2019. "A new design of mental state classification for subject independent BCI systems." IRBM. 40 (5), pp. 297-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irbm.2019.05.004
Presence of books for children in the households of Bangladesh: a district-wise distribution
Biswas, Raaj Kishore, Sarker, Elizabeth Bianca, Kabir, Enamul and Senserrick, Teresa. 2020. "Presence of books for children in the households of Bangladesh: a district-wise distribution." Reading and Writing Quarterly: overcoming learning difficulties. 36 (1), pp. 65-79. https://doi.org/10.1080/10573569.2019.1624665
Trend of child marriage in Bangladesh: a reflection on significant socioeconomic factors
Biswas, Raaj Kishore, Khan, Jahidur Rahman and Kabir, Enamul. 2019. "Trend of child marriage in Bangladesh: a reflection on significant socioeconomic factors." Children and Youth Services Review. 104, pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.06.017
A novel statistical technique for intrusion detection systems
Kabir, Enamul, Hu, Jiankun, Wang, Hua and Zhou, Guangping. 2018. "A novel statistical technique for intrusion detection systems." Future Generation Computer Systems: the international journal of grid computing: theory, methods and applications. 79, pp. 303-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2017.01.029
A New Way of Channel Selection in the Motor Imagery Classification for BCI Applications
Joadder, Md. A. Mannan, Siuly, Siuly and Kabir, Enamul. 2018. "A New Way of Channel Selection in the Motor Imagery Classification for BCI Applications ." Siuly, Siuly, Lee, Ickjai, Huang, Zhisheng, Zhou, Rui, Wang, Hua and Xiang, Wei (ed.) 7th International Conference on Health Information Science (HIS 2018). Cairns, Australia 05 - 07 Oct 2018 Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01078-2_10
Investment in research and development compared to military expenditure: is research worthwhile?
Biswas, Raaj Kishore, Kabir, Enamul and Rafi, Refat Bin Reza. 2019. "Investment in research and development compared to military expenditure: is research worthwhile?" Defence and Peace Economics. 30 (7), pp. 846-857. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2018.1477235
A macro-level approach to assess the early developmental vulnerabilities of children in Australia: a local government area-based analysis
Biswas, Raaj Kishore and Kabir, Enamul. 2018. "A macro-level approach to assess the early developmental vulnerabilities of children in Australia: a local government area-based analysis." Children and Youth Services Review. 93, pp. 161-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.07.005
Socioeconomic transition and its influence on body mass index (BMI) pattern in Bangladesh
Biswas, Raaj Kishore, Kabir, Enamul and Khan, Hafiz T. A.. 2019. "Socioeconomic transition and its influence on body mass index (BMI) pattern in Bangladesh." Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice. 25 (1), pp. 130-141. https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.13028
Does income inequality matters for accessing health facility? Evidence from Bangladesh
Kabir, Enamul and Biswas, Raaj Kishore. 2018. "Does income inequality matters for accessing health facility? Evidence from Bangladesh." Melbourne International Business and Social Science Research Conference (MIBSRC 2018). Melbourne, Australia 27 - 28 Oct 2018 Australia.
Does national investment on R&D compared to military expenditure achieve greater development?
Kabir, Enamul, Biswas, Raaj and Rafi, Refat Bin Reza. 2017. "Does national investment on R&D compared to military expenditure achieve greater development?" Melbourne International Business and Social Science Research Conference 2017. Melbourne, Australia 28 - 30 Oct 2017 Australia.
An analysis system detecting epileptic seizure from EEG
Kabir, Enamul and Wang, Hua. 2017. "An analysis system detecting epileptic seizure from EEG." 2017 Young Statisticians Conference: Modelling Our Future. Tweed Heads, Australia 26 - 27 Sep 2017 Australia.
Urban heat island effect: A systematic review of spatio-temporal factors, data, methods, and mitigation measures
Deilami, Kaveh, Kamruzzaman, Md. and Liu, Yan. 2018. "Urban heat island effect: A systematic review of spatio-temporal factors, data, methods, and mitigation measures." International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 67, pp. 30-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2017.12.009
A computer aided analysis scheme for detecting epileptic seizure from EEG data
Kabir, Enamul, Siuly, Siuly, Cao, Jinli and Wang, Hua. 2018. "A computer aided analysis scheme for detecting epileptic seizure from EEG data." International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems. 11, pp. 663-671. https://doi.org/10.2991/ijcis.11.1.51
BMI transitions in Australian women: amount and causes of weight change associated with progression from healthy to unhealthy BMI over 16 years
Brown, Wendy J., Kabir, Enamul, Gomersall, Sjaan and Clark, Bronwyn. 2017. "BMI transitions in Australian women: amount and causes of weight change associated with progression from healthy to unhealthy BMI over 16 years." 24th European Congress on Obesity (ECO2017). Porto, Portugal 17 - 20 May 2017
Women’s opinion on the justification of physical spousal violence: a quantitative approach to model the most vulnerable households in Bangladesh
Biswas, Raaj Kishore, Rahman, Nusma, Kabir, Enamul and Raihan, Farabi. 2017. "Women’s opinion on the justification of physical spousal violence: a quantitative approach to model the most vulnerable households in Bangladesh." PLoS One. 12 (11). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187884
Effect of sex and age on traumatic brain injury: a geographical comparative study
Biswas, Raaj Kishore, Kabir, Enamul and King, Rachel. 2017. "Effect of sex and age on traumatic brain injury: a geographical comparative study." Archives of Public Health. 75 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-017-0211-y
Influence of distance between residence and health facilities on non-communicable diseases: an assessment over hypertension and diabetes in Bangladesh
Biswas, Raaj Kishore and Kabir, Enamul. 2017. "Influence of distance between residence and health facilities on non-communicable diseases: an assessment over hypertension and diabetes in Bangladesh." PLoS One. 12 (5). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177027
What factors should we focus on to prevent progression from healthy to unhealthy BMI in Australian women?
Brown, Wendy, Kabir, Enamul, Clark, Bronwyn and Gomersall, Sjaan. 2016. "What factors should we focus on to prevent progression from healthy to unhealthy BMI in Australian women?" 6th International Congress on Physical Activity and Public Health (ISPAH 2016). Bangkok, Thailand 16 - 19 Nov 2016 Thailand.
Microaggregation sorting framework for k-anonymity statistical disclosure control in cloud computing
Kabir, Md Enamul, Mahmood, Abdun Naser, Mustafa, Abdul K. and Wang, Hua. 2020. "Microaggregation sorting framework for k-anonymity statistical disclosure control in cloud computing." IEEE Transactions on Cloud Computing. 8 (2), pp. 408-417. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCC.2015.2469649
Modeling of agricultural drought risk pattern using Markov chain and GIS in the western part of Bangladesh
Kamruzzaman, Md., Kabir, Md Enamul, Rahman, A. T. M. Sakiur, Jahan, Chowdhury Sarwar, Mazumder, Quamrul Hasan and Rahman, M. Sayedur. 2018. "Modeling of agricultural drought risk pattern using Markov chain and GIS in the western part of Bangladesh." Environment, Development and Sustainability: a multidisciplinary approach to the theory and practice of sustainable development. 20 (2), pp. 569-588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-016-9898-0
Trade-off between Type I error and power: a requirement of robust technique for analysing ordinal outcomes
Biswas, Raaj, King, Rachel and Kabir, Enamul. 2016. "Trade-off between Type I error and power: a requirement of robust technique for analysing ordinal outcomes." Australian Statistical Conference 2016. Canberra, Australia 05 - 09 Dec 2016 Australia.
Maintaining a healthy BMI: data from a 16-year study of young Australian women
Brown, Wendy J., Kabir, Enamul, Clark, Bronwyn K. and Gomersall, Sjaan R.. 2016. "Maintaining a healthy BMI: data from a 16-year study of young Australian women." American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 51 (6), pp. e165-e178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2016.09.007
Spatio-temporal analysis of climatic variables in the western part of Bangladesh
Kamruzzaman, Md., Rahman, A. T. M. Sakiur, Ahmed, Md. Shakil, Kabir, Md Enamul, Mazumder, Quamrul Hasan, Rahman, M. Sayedur and Jahan, Chowdhury Sarwar. 2018. "Spatio-temporal analysis of climatic variables in the western part of Bangladesh." Environment, Development and Sustainability: a multidisciplinary approach to the theory and practice of sustainable development. 20 (1), pp. 89-108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-016-9872-x
New multi-dimensional sorting based k-anonymity microaggregation for statistical disclosure control
Mahmood, Abdun Naser, Kabir, Md Enamul and Mustofa, Abdul K.. 2013. "New multi-dimensional sorting based k-anonymity microaggregation for statistical disclosure control." 8th International ICST Conference, SecureComm 2012: Security and Privacy in Communication Networks. Padua, Italy 03 - 05 Sep 2012 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36883-7_16
Modelling corporate stakeholder orientation: does the relationship between stakeholder background characteristics and corporate social performance matter?
Erdiaw-Kwasie, Michael O., Alam, Khorshed and Kabir, Enamul. 2017. "Modelling corporate stakeholder orientation: does the relationship between stakeholder background characteristics and corporate social performance matter?" Business Strategy and the Environment. 26 (4), pp. 465-479. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.1930
Cluster analysis of behavioural weight management strategies and associations with weight change in young women: a longitudinal analysis
Madigan, C. D., Daley, A. J., Kabir, E., Aveyard, P. and Brown, W.. 2015. "Cluster analysis of behavioural weight management strategies and associations with weight change in young women: a longitudinal analysis." International Journal of Obesity. 39 (11), pp. 1601-1606. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2015.116
Shewhart control chart for individual measurement: an application in a weaving mill
Biswas, Raaj Kishore, Masud, Mohammad Shahed and Kabir, Enamul. 2015. "Shewhart control chart for individual measurement: an application in a weaving mill." Melbourne International Business and Social Science Research Conference 2015. Melbourne, Australia 02 - 04 Oct 2015 Australia.
Epileptic seizure detection from EEG signals using logistic model trees
Kabir, Enamul, Siuly, . and Zhang, Yanchun. 2016. "Epileptic seizure detection from EEG signals using logistic model trees." Brain Informatics. 3 (2), pp. 93-100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40708-015-0030-2
Exploring sampling in the detection of multicategory EEG signals
Siuly, Siuly, Kabir, Enamul, Wang, Hua and Zhang, Yanchun. 2015. "Exploring sampling in the detection of multicategory EEG signals." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/576437
K−means clustering microaggregation for statistical disclosure control
Kabir, Md Enamul, Mahmood, Abdur Naser and Mustafa, Abdul K.. 2012. "K−means clustering microaggregation for statistical disclosure control." 2012 International Conference on Advances in Computing (ICADC 2012). Bangalore 04 - 06 Jul 2012 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-0740-5_135
Novel iterative min-max clustering to minimize information loss in statistical disclosure control
Mahmood, Abdun Naser, Kabir, Md Enamul and Mustafa, Abdul K.. 2014. "Novel iterative min-max clustering to minimize information loss in statistical disclosure control." 10th International Conference on Security and Privacy in Communication Networks (SecureComm 2014). Beijing, China 24 - 26 Sep 2014 Germany. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23802-9_14
A statistical framework for intrusion detection system
Kabir, Md Enamul and Hu, Jiankun. 2014. "A statistical framework for intrusion detection system." Zhang, Defu (ed.) 11th International Conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (FSKD 2014). Xiamen, China 19 - 21 Aug 2014 Piscataway, NJ. United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/FSKD.2014.6980966
Should disaster management strategies in Bangladesh be just about constructing new shelters?
Mahmood, Muhammad Nateque, Dhakal, Subas and Kamruzzaman, M. D.. 2013. "Should disaster management strategies in Bangladesh be just about constructing new shelters?" Kajewski, Stephen , Manley, Karen and Hampson, Keith (ed.) 19th International CIB World Building Congress. Brisbane, Australia 05 - 09 May 2013 Brisbane, Australia.
A role-involved purpose-based access control model
Kabir, Md Enamul, Wang, Hua and Bertino, Elisa. 2012. "A role-involved purpose-based access control model." Information Systems Frontiers: a journal of research and innovation. 14 (3), pp. 809-822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-011-9305-1
Microdata protection method through microaggregation: a systematic approach
Kabir, Md Enamul and Wang, Hua. 2012. "Microdata protection method through microaggregation: a systematic approach." Journal of Software. 7 (11), pp. 2415-2422. https://doi.org/10.4304/jsw.7.11.2415-2423
A conditional purpose-based access control model with dynamic roles
Kabir, Md Enamul, Wang, Hua and Bertino, Elisa. 2011. "A conditional purpose-based access control model with dynamic roles." Expert Systems with Applications. 38 (3), pp. 1482-1489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2010.07.057
Efficient systematic clustering method for k-anonymization
Kabir, Md Enamul, Wang, Hua and Bertino, Elisa. 2011. "Efficient systematic clustering method for k-anonymization." Acta Informatica. 48 (1), pp. 51-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00236-010-0131-6
Access control management and privacy-preserving
Kabir, Md Enamul. 2010. Access control management and privacy-preserving. PhD Thesis Doctor of Philosophy. University of Southern Queensland.
Estimation of univariate normal mean using p-value
Kabir, Md Enamul and Khan, Shahjahan. 2007. "Estimation of univariate normal mean using p-value." 9th Islamic Countries Conference on Statistical Sciences. Shah Alam, Malaysia 12 - 14 Dec 2007 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Microdata protection method through microaggregation: a median-based approach
Kabir, Md Enamul and Wang, Hua. 2011. "Microdata protection method through microaggregation: a median-based approach." Information Security Journal: a Global Perspective. 20 (1), pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1080/19393555.2010.515288
Systematic clustering-based microaggregation for statistical disclosure control
Kabir, Md Enamul and Wang, Hua. 2010. "Systematic clustering-based microaggregation for statistical disclosure control." NSS 2010: 4th International Conference on Network and System Security . Melbourne, Australia 01 - 03 Sep 2010 Washington, DC, USA. https://doi.org/10.1109/NSS.2010.66
A pairwise systematic microaggregation for statistical disclosure control
Kabir, Md Enamul, Wang, Hua and Zhang, Yanchun. 2010. "A pairwise systematic microaggregation for statistical disclosure control." Webb, Geoffrey I., Liu, Bing, Zhang, Chengqi, Gunopulos, Dimitrios and Wu, Xindong (ed.) 10th IEEE International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM 2010). Sydney, Australia 14 - 17 Dec 2010 Los Alamitos, CA. United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDM.2010.111
A conditional role-involved purpose-based access control model
Kabir, Md Enamul, Wang, Hua and Bertino, Elisa. 2011. "A conditional role-involved purpose-based access control model." Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce. 21 (1), pp. 71-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/10919392.2011.541007
Systematic clustering method for l-diversity model
Kabir, Md Enamul, Wang, Hua, Bertino, Elisa and Chi, Yunxiang. 2010. "Systematic clustering method for l-diversity model." Shen, Heng Tao and Bouguettaya, Athman (ed.) ADC 2010: 21st Australasian Conference on Database Technologies. Brisbane, Australia 18 - 22 Jan 2010 Sydney, Australia.
Conditional purpose based access control model for privacy protection
Kabir, Md Enamul and Wang, Hua. 2009. "Conditional purpose based access control model for privacy protection." Bouguettaya, Athman and Lin, Xuemin (ed.) ADC 2009: 20th Australasian Conference on Australasian Database. Wellington, New Zealand 20 - 23 Jan 2009 Sydney, Australia.
Distribution of future location vector and residual sum of squares for multivariate location-scale model with spherically contoured errors
Khan, Shahjahan and Kabir, Md Enamul. 2006. "Distribution of future location vector and residual sum of squares for multivariate location-scale model with spherically contoured errors." Journal of Statistical Theory and Applications. 5 (2), pp. 91-104.