Effect of Maturity Stages on Physical Properties of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Pods

Article

Soyoye, Babatunde Oluwamayokun, Nawi, Nazmi Mat, Zulkifli, Mohamad Ariffin, Chen, Guangnan, Madian, Nurfadzilah, Mokhtar, Ahmad Faiz, Adam, Siti Nooradzah and Al Riza, Dimas Firmanda. 2024. "Effect of Maturity Stages on Physical Properties of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Pods." Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology. 32 (3), pp. 1401-1411. https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.32.3.23
Article Title

Effect of Maturity Stages on Physical Properties of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Pods

ERA Journal ID17670
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsSoyoye, Babatunde Oluwamayokun, Nawi, Nazmi Mat, Zulkifli, Mohamad Ariffin, Chen, Guangnan, Madian, Nurfadzilah, Mokhtar, Ahmad Faiz, Adam, Siti Nooradzah and Al Riza, Dimas Firmanda
Journal TitlePertanika Journal of Science and Technology
Journal Citation32 (3), pp. 1401-1411
Number of Pages11
Year2024
PublisherUniversiti Putra Malaysia
Place of PublicationMalaysia
ISSN0128-7680
2231-8526
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.32.3.23
Web Address (URL)http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/pjst/browse/regular-issue?article=JST-4844-2023
AbstractCocoa is one of the main plantation crops in Malaysia. Significant efforts have been made to modernise the industry using mechanisation and automation technologies. Thus, determination of the physical properties of cocoa pods at different maturity stages is paramount for an appropriate design and development of a post-harvest machinery system for pod breaking, sorting and grading. This study investigated the effect of five different maturity stages (unripe, under-ripe, ripe, very-ripe and over-ripe) on the physical properties of cocoa pods. A total of 80 cocoa pods (Clone PBC140) were used as samples, where 16 pods represented each maturity stage. For the unripe stage, the largest mean dimensional values were 172.45, 89.3 and 111.18 mm for the pods’ length, diameter and geometric mean diameter, respectively. The highest mean values of 0.66 and 0.54 for the over-ripe stage were recorded for sphericity and aspect ratio, respectively. The geometric mean diameter, weight and firmness were found to be inversely proportional to the maturity stages. The advanced maturity stages experience greater colour intensity, as reflected in the chroma (C*) and higher L*, a* and b* values. This study has found that the colour and texture of the cocoa pods change throughout their maturity. In conclusion, the results reported in this study can be used as a reference for designing and developing a machinery system for post-harvest fruit processing. © Universiti Putra Malaysia Press.
KeywordsCocoa fruits; colour intensity; dimensional analysis; firmness; maturity stages
Contains Sensitive ContentDoes not contain sensitive content
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020300210. Sustainable agricultural development
Byline AffiliationsFederal University of Technology, Nigeria
University of Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
School of Agriculture and Environmental Science
Malaysian Cocoa Board, Malaysia
Brawijaya University, Indonesia
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Life cycle energy analysis of eight residential houses in Brisbane, Australia
Guan, Lisa, Walmselya, Madeleine and Chen, Guangnan. 2015. "Life cycle energy analysis of eight residential houses in Brisbane, Australia." Procedia Engineering. 121, pp. 653-661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.1059
A preliminary assessment of cotton gin waste-mixture co-gasification performance
Widjaya, Elita R., Chen, Guangnan, Bowtell, Leslie and Hills, Catherine. 2015. "A preliminary assessment of cotton gin waste-mixture co-gasification performance." 2nd International Conference on Agriculture, Environment and Biological Sciences (ICAEBS'15). Bali, Indonesia 16 - 17 Aug 2015
Towards a sustainable energy technologies based agriculture
Bundschuh, Jochen, Chen, Guangnan and Mushtaq, Shahbaz. 2014. "Towards a sustainable energy technologies based agriculture." Bundschuh, Jochen and Chen, Guangnan (ed.) Sustainable energy solutions in agriculture: sustainable energy developments. London, United Kingdom. CRC Press. pp. 3-15
Prediction of sugarcane quality parameters using visible-shortwave near infrared spectroradiometer
Nawi, Nazmi Mat, Rowshon, Kamal Md., Chen, Guangnan and Jensen, Troy. 2014. "Prediction of sugarcane quality parameters using visible-shortwave near infrared spectroradiometer." Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia. 2, pp. 136 -143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaspro.2014.11.020
Alternative energy sources for cotton production in Australia
Chen, Guangnan, Sandell, Gary and Baillie, Craig. 2014. "Alternative energy sources for cotton production in Australia." 18th World Congress of the International Commission of Agriculture and Biosystems Engineering (CIGR 2014): Upgrading the Quality of our Life. Beijing, China 16 - 19 Sep 2014 Kyoto, Japan.
Improving energy efficiency in agriculture
Chen, Guangnan, Sandell, Gary and Baillie, Craig. 2014. "Improving energy efficiency in agriculture." 18th World Congress of the International Commission of Agriculture and Biosystems Engineering (CIGR 2014): Upgrading the Quality of our Life. Beijing, China 16 - 19 Sep 2014 Kyoto, Japan.
Prediction of sugarcane quality from juice samples using portable spectroscopy
Nawi, Nazmi M., Chen, Guangnan and Jensen, Troy. 2014. "Prediction of sugarcane quality from juice samples using portable spectroscopy." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences. 7, pp. 1219-1226. https://doi.org/10.15282/jmes.7.2014.21.0119
Application of spectroscopic method to predict sugar content of sugarcane internodes
Nawi, N. M., Jensen, T. and Chen, G.. 2014. "Application of spectroscopic method to predict sugar content of sugarcane internodes." Journal of Tropical Agriculture and Food Science. 41 (2), pp. 211-220.
Developing life cycle inventory for life cycle assessment of Australian cotton
Chen, Guangnan, Baillie, Craig, Eady, Sandra and Grant, Tim. 2013. "Developing life cycle inventory for life cycle assessment of Australian cotton." Grant, Tim (ed.) 8th Australian Life Cycle Assessment Conference (ALCAS 2013): Pathways to Greening Global Markets. Sydney, Australia 16 - 18 Jul 2013 Sydney, Australia.
In-field measurement and sampling technologies for monitoring quality in the sugarcane industry: a review
Nawi, Nazmi Mat, Chen, Guangnan and Jensen, Troy. 2014. "In-field measurement and sampling technologies for monitoring quality in the sugarcane industry: a review." Precision Agriculture. 15 (6), pp. 684-703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-014-9362-9
Development of new measurement methods to determine sugarcane quality from stalk samples
Nawi, Nazmi Mat. 2014. Development of new measurement methods to determine sugarcane quality from stalk samples. Masters Thesis Doctor of Philosophy. University of Southern Queensland.
Physical properties of cumin and caraway seeds
Zare, D., Bakhshipour, A. and Chen, G.. 2013. "Physical properties of cumin and caraway seeds." International Agrophysics. 27 (4), pp. 491-494. https://doi.org/10.2478/intag-2013-0020
Visible and shortwave near infrared spectroscopy for predicting sugar content of sugarcane based on a cross-sectional scanning method
Nawi, Nazmi Mat, Chen, Guangnan and Jensen, Troy. 2013. "Visible and shortwave near infrared spectroscopy for predicting sugar content of sugarcane based on a cross-sectional scanning method." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy. 21 (4), pp. 289-297. https://doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.1060
Development of EnergyCalc - a tool to assess cotton on-farm energy uses
Chen, Guangnan and Baillie, Craig. 2007. Development of EnergyCalc - a tool to assess cotton on-farm energy uses. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
Opportunities to enhance energy efficiency and minimise greenhouse gases in Queensland's intensive agricultural sector
Chen, Guangnan, Kupke, Paul and Baillie, Craig. 2008. Opportunities to enhance energy efficiency and minimise greenhouse gases in Queensland's intensive agricultural sector. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
Visible and shortwave near infrared spectroscopy to predict sugarcane quality from clear and raw juice samples
Nawi, N. M., Chen, G. and Jensen, T.. 2013. "Visible and shortwave near infrared spectroscopy to predict sugarcane quality from clear and raw juice samples." 3rd Malaysian Postgraduate Conference (MPC 2013). Sydney, Australia 04 - 05 Jul 2013 Sydney, Australia.
Application of visible and shortwave near infrared spectrometer to predict sugarcane quality from different sample forms
Nawi, Nazmi Mat, Chen, Guangnan and Jensen, Troy. 2013. "Application of visible and shortwave near infrared spectrometer to predict sugarcane quality from different sample forms." Kondo, Naoshi (ed.) 1st International Conference on Sensing Technologies for Biomaterial, Food and Agriculture (SeTBio 2013). Yokohama, Japan 23 - 25 Apr 2013 Bellingham, WA. United States. SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2029395
Agriculture: energy use and conservation
Chen, Guangnan and Maraseni, Tek Narayan. 2013. "Agriculture: energy use and conservation." Jorgensen, S. E. (ed.) Encyclopedia of environmental management. New York, NY. United States. CRC Press. pp. 129-137
Buildings: climate change
Guan, Lisa and Chen, Guangnan. 2012. "Buildings: climate change." Jorgensen, Sven Erik (ed.) Encyclopedia of environmental management. New York, NY. United States. CRC Press. pp. 457-463
Air conditioning systems: design and energy efficiency
Guan, Lisa and Chen, Guangnan. 2012. "Air conditioning systems: design and energy efficiency." Capehart, Barney L. (ed.) Encyclopedia of energy engineering and technology. London, United Kingdom. CRC Press. pp. 1-8
Prediction and classification of sugar content of sugarcane based on skin scanning using visible and shortwave near infrared
Nawi, Nazmi Mat, Chen, Guangnan, Jensen, Troy and Mehdizadeh, Saman Abdanan. 2013. "Prediction and classification of sugar content of sugarcane based on skin scanning using visible and shortwave near infrared." Biosystems Engineering. 115 (2), pp. 154-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2013.03.005
Opportunities for reducing on-farm energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in sugarcane
Baillie, Craig and Chen, Guangnan. 2012. "Opportunities for reducing on-farm energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in sugarcane." Bruce, R. C. (ed.) 34th Annual Conference of the Australian Society of Sugar Cane Technologists (ASSCT 2012). Palm Cove, Australia 01 - 04 May 2012 Mackay, Australia.
Calculator for renewable energy resources for nursery production
Schmidt, E., Chen, G., Symes, T., Zhao, B. and Cameron, R.. 2010. Calculator for renewable energy resources for nursery production. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
Opportunities for reducing on-farm energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in sugarcane
Baillie, Craig and Chen, Guangnan. 2012. "Opportunities for reducing on-farm energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in sugarcane." International Sugar Journal: a technical and commercial periodical devoted entirely to the sugar and sweetener industry. 114 (1366), pp. 725-730.
The application of spectroscopic methods to predict sugarcane quality based on stalk cross-sectional scanning
Nawi, Nazmi Mat, Jensen, Troy and Chen, Guangnan. 2012. "The application of spectroscopic methods to predict sugarcane quality based on stalk cross-sectional scanning." American Society of Sugar Cane Technologists Journal. 32, pp. 16-27.
Potential technologies to measure sugarcane quality in the field
Nawi, Nazmi Mat, Chen, Guangnan, Jensen, Troy and Baillie, Craig. 2012. "Potential technologies to measure sugarcane quality in the field." 2012 International Conference of Agricultural Engineering (CIGR-AgEng 2012). Valencia, Spain 08 - 12 Jul 2012 Valencia, Spain.
Prediction of sugar content along the height of sugarcane internodes using VisNIR
Nawi, Nazmi Mat, Chen, Guangnan, Jensen, Troy and Baillie, Craig. 2012. "Prediction of sugar content along the height of sugarcane internodes using VisNIR." 2012 International Conference of Agricultural Engineering (CIGR-AgEng 2012). Valencia, Spain 08 - 12 Jul 2012 Valencia, Spain.
Enhancing the value of multiple use plantations: a case study from southeast Queensland, Australia
Maraseni, Tek Narayan, Cockfield, Geoff, Cadman, Tim, Chen, Guangnan and Qu, Jiansheng. 2012. "Enhancing the value of multiple use plantations: a case study from southeast Queensland, Australia." Agroforestry Systems. 86 (3), pp. 451-462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-012-9506-8
Human energy expenditure in lowland rice cultivation in Malaysia
Nawi, N. M., Yahya, A., Chen, G., Bockari-Gevao, S. M. and Maraseni, T. N.. 2012. "Human energy expenditure in lowland rice cultivation in Malaysia." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health. 18 (1), pp. 45-56. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.41232
Transferring technology of measuring sugarcane quality from the laboratory to the field: what is possible?
Nawi, Nazmi Mat, Chen, Guangnan, Jensen, Troy and Baillie, Craig. 2011. "Transferring technology of measuring sugarcane quality from the laboratory to the field: what is possible?" Banhazi, T., Saunders, C. and Hegarty, R. (ed.) SEAg 2011: Diverse Challenges, Innovative Solutions. Gold Coast, Australia 29 - 30 Sep 2011 Canberra, Australia.
The application of spectroscopic methods to predict sugarcane quality based on stalk cross-sectional scanning
Nawi, Nazmi Mat, Jensen, Troy, Chen, Guangnan and Baillie, Craig. 2011. "The application of spectroscopic methods to predict sugarcane quality based on stalk cross-sectional scanning." Banhazi, T., Saunders, C. and Hegarty, R. (ed.) SEAg 2011: Diverse Challenges, Innovative Solutions. Gold Coast, Australia 29 - 30 Sep 2011 Canberra, Australia.
Energy use and development of online energy calculators for the nursery industry
Chen, G., Schmidt, E., Symes, T., Zhao, B. and Cameron, R.. 2011. "Energy use and development of online energy calculators for the nursery industry." Banhazi, T., Saunders, C. and Hegarty, R. (ed.) SEAg 2011: Diverse Challenges, Innovative Solutions. Gold Coast, Australia 29 - 30 Sep 2011 Canberra, Australia.
Energy, greenhouse gas emissions and irrigated agriculture
Baillie, C. P. and Chen, G.. 2011. "Energy, greenhouse gas emissions and irrigated agriculture." Banhazi, T., Saunders, C. and Hegarty, R. (ed.) SEAg 2011: Diverse Challenges, Innovative Solutions. Gold Coast, Australia 29 - 30 Sep 2011 Canberra, Australia.
Influences of green star rating tool on HVAC system design
Guan, Lisa and Chen, Guangnan. 2009. "Influences of green star rating tool on HVAC system design." Zhang, Xiaosong and Nan da Xue, Dong (ed.) 6th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (ISHVAC 2009). Nanjing, China 06 - 09 Nov 2009
Utilization of solar energy for building operation
Guan, Lisa and Chen, Guangnan. 2009. "Utilization of solar energy for building operation." Zhang, Xiaosong and Nan da Xue, Dong (ed.) 6th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (ISHVAC 2009). Nanjing, China 06 - 09 Nov 2009
An energy model for bifurcation analysis of a double-notched concrete panel: continuum model
Chen, Guangnan and Baker, Graham. 2003. "An energy model for bifurcation analysis of a double-notched concrete panel: continuum model." Advances in Structural Engineering: an international journal. 6 (1), pp. 45-51. https://doi.org/10.1260/136943303321625720
Material softening and structural instability
Chen, G. and Baker, Graham. 2003. "Material softening and structural instability." Advances in Structural Engineering: an international journal. 6 (4), pp. 353-357. https://doi.org/10.1260/136943303322771727
One-dimensional nonlinear model for prediction of crack spacing in concrete pavements
Chen, G. and Baker, Graham. 2005. "One-dimensional nonlinear model for prediction of crack spacing in concrete pavements." Advances in Structural Engineering: an international journal. 8 (6), pp. 595-602. https://doi.org/10.1260/136943305776318338
Energy profile and bifurcation analysis in softening plasticity
Chen, G. and Baker, Graham. 2004. "Energy profile and bifurcation analysis in softening plasticity." Advances in Structural Engineering: an international journal. 7 (6), pp. 515-523. https://doi.org/10.1260/1369433042863224
Analysis of crack spacing in reinforced concrete by a lattice model
Chen, G. and Baker, G.. 2004. "Analysis of crack spacing in reinforced concrete by a lattice model." Advances in Structural Engineering: an international journal. 7 (2), pp. 179-188. https://doi.org/10.1260/1369433041211084
Energy uses for cotton ginning in Australia
Ismail, Siti A., Chen, Guangnan, Baillie, Craig and Symes, Troy. 2011. "Energy uses for cotton ginning in Australia." Biosystems Engineering. 109 (2), pp. 140-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2011.02.010
Energy usage for cotton ginning in Australia
Ismail, S. A., Chen, G., Baillie, C. and Symes, T.. 2010. "Energy usage for cotton ginning in Australia." 17th World Congress of the International Commission of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (CIGR 2010): Sustainable Biosystems Through Engineering. Quebec City, Canada 13 - 17 Jun 2010 Quebec City, Canada.
Solar energy: utilization in building operations
Guan, Lisa and Chen, Guangnan. 2010. "Solar energy: utilization in building operations." Capehart, Barney L. (ed.) Encyclopedia of energy engineering and technology. London, United Kingdom. Informa UK (Taylor & Francis Books). pp. 1-7
Energy and greenhouse gas emissions of Australian cotton: from field to fabric
Khabbaz, Borzoo Ghareei, Chen, Guangnan and Baillie, Craig. 2010. "Energy and greenhouse gas emissions of Australian cotton: from field to fabric." 17th World Congress of the International Commission of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (CIGR 2010): Sustainable Biosystems Through Engineering. Quebec City, Canada 13 - 17 Jun 2010 Quebec, Canada.
Development strategy of agricultural machinery based on energy-saving in China
Yang, Z., Chen, G., Duan, J., Peng, T. and Wang, J.. 2009. "Development strategy of agricultural machinery based on energy-saving in China." Banhazi, T. M. and Saunders, C. (ed.) SEAg 2009: Agricultural Technologies In a Changing Climate. Brisbane, Australia 13 - 16 Sep 2009 Brisbane, Australia.
Design and modeling of the structural integrity of a universal toolbar for two wheeled power tiller
Fraser, M. J., Chen, Guangnan, Esdaile, R. J. and Yang, Zhou. 2009. "Design and modeling of the structural integrity of a universal toolbar for two wheeled power tiller." Banhazi, T. M. and Saunders, C. (ed.) SEAg 2009: Agricultural Technologies In a Changing Climate. Brisbane, Australia 13 - 16 Sep 2009 Brisbane, Queensland.
Evaluation of energy usage for cotton ginning processes
Ismail, Siti Amni, Chen, Guangnan, Baillie, Craig and Symes, Troy. 2009. "Evaluation of energy usage for cotton ginning processes." Banhazi, T. M. and Saunders, C. (ed.) SEAg 2009: Agricultural Technologies In a Changing Climate. Brisbane, Australia 13 - 16 Sep 2009 Brisbane, Queensland.
Agricultural applications: energy uses and audits
Chen, Guangnan and Baillie, Craig. 2009. "Agricultural applications: energy uses and audits." Capehart, Barney L. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Energy Engineering and Technology. London, United Kingdom. Taylor & Francis. pp. 1-5
Economics of using aerated storage to minimise the impact of weather damage during wheat harvesting
Nawi, Nazmi Mat, Chen, Guangnan and Zare, Dariush. 2010. "Economics of using aerated storage to minimise the impact of weather damage during wheat harvesting." Biosystems Engineering. 105 (3), pp. 323-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2009.12.001
The effect of different climatic conditions on wheat harvesting strategy and return
Nawi, Nazmi Mat, Chen, Guangnan and Zare, Dariush. 2010. "The effect of different climatic conditions on wheat harvesting strategy and return." Biosystems Engineering. 106 (4), pp. 493-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2010.05.015
Towards a faster and broader application of biochar: appropriate marketing mechanisms
Maraseni, Tek Narayan, Chen, Guangnan and Qian, Guangren. 2010. "Towards a faster and broader application of biochar: appropriate marketing mechanisms." International Journal of Environmental Studies. 67 (6), pp. 851-860. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2010.533892
An assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from the Australian vegetables industry
Maraseni, Tek N., Cockfield, Geoff, Maroulis, Jerry and Chen, Guangnan. 2010. "An assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from the Australian vegetables industry." Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B: Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes. 45 (6), pp. 578-588. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2010.493497
A methodology for on farm energy assessment
Baillie, Craig Peter and Chen, Guangnan. 2009. "A methodology for on farm energy assessment." 2009 RIRDC Life Cycle Assessment Workshop. Canberra, Australia 13 May 2009 Barton, A.C.T..
Evaluating on-farm energy performance in agriculture
Chen, Guangnan, Baillie, Craig Peter and Kupke, Paul. 2009. "Evaluating on-farm energy performance in agriculture." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering. 7 (1), pp. 55-62.
Incompatible 3-node interpolation for gradient-dependent plasticity
Chen, G. and Baker, Graham. 2004. "Incompatible 3-node interpolation for gradient-dependent plasticity." Structural Engineering and Mechanics. 17 (1), pp. 87-97.
Characteristics of solutions in softening plasticity and path criterion
Chen, G. and Baker, Graham. 2003. "Characteristics of solutions in softening plasticity and path criterion." Structural Engineering and Mechanics. 16 (2), pp. 141-152.
Reducing energy input costs and associated greenhouse gas emissions in cotton
Baillie, Craig Peter and Chen, Guangnan. 2008. "Reducing energy input costs and associated greenhouse gas emissions in cotton." 14th Australian Cotton Conference: New Beginnings – Cotton in a Climate of Change. Gold Coast, Australia 12 - 14 Aug 2008 Narrabri, NSW, Australia.
Life cycle energy and carbon footprint assessments: agricultural and food products
Chen, Guangnan, Maraseni, Tek and Yang, Zhou. 2010. "Life cycle energy and carbon footprint assessments: agricultural and food products." Capehart, Barney L. (ed.) Encyclopedia of energy engineering and technology. London, United Kingdom. Taylor & Francis. pp. 1-5
Evaluation of a simulation model in predicting the drying parameters for deep-bed paddy drying
Zare, Dariush and Chen, Guangnan. 2009. "Evaluation of a simulation model in predicting the drying parameters for deep-bed paddy drying." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 68 (1), pp. 78-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2009.04.007
Development of a framework and tool to assess on-farm energy uses of cotton production
Chen, Guangnan and Baillie, Craig. 2009. "Development of a framework and tool to assess on-farm energy uses of cotton production." Energy Conversion and Management. 50 (5), pp. 1256-1263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2009.01.022
Development of climate-based computer model to reduce crop harvest losses in Australia
Zare, Dariush and Chen, Guangnan. 2008. "Development of climate-based computer model to reduce crop harvest losses in Australia." AgEng2008: Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering for a Sustainable World. Crete, Greece 23 - 25 Jun 2008 Crete, Greece.
Design and development of a prototype small-plot research harvesting system
Chen, Guangnan, Schultz, Justin and Sulman, Richard. 2006. "Design and development of a prototype small-plot research harvesting system." CIGR 2006: Agricultural Engineering for a Better World. Bonn, Germany 03 - 07 Sep 2006 Dusseldorf, Germany.
Incompatible 4-node element for gradient-dependent plasticity
Chen, G. and Baker, Graham. 2004. "Incompatible 4-node element for gradient-dependent plasticity." Advances in Structural Engineering: an international journal. 7 (2), pp. 169-177. https://doi.org/10.1260/1369433041211066
Economics of using on-farm aeration grain storage
Nawi, Nazmi Mat and Chen, Guangnan. 2007. "Economics of using on-farm aeration grain storage." Banhazi, T. M. and Saunders, C. (ed.) SEAg 2007: Agriculture and Engineering - Challenge Today, Technology Tomorrow. Adelaide, Australia 24 - 26 Sep 2007 Adelaide, Australia.
Facilitation of effective reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural sector
Chen, Guangnan, Sekhesa, Calvin C. and Penton, Geoff. 2007. "Facilitation of effective reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural sector." Banhazi, T. M. and Saunders, C. (ed.) SEAg 2007: Agriculture and Engineering - Challenge Today, Technology Tomorrow. Adelaide, Australia 24 - 26 Sep 2007 Adelaide, Australia.
Drying operations: agricultural and forestry products
Chen, Guangnan. 2007. "Drying operations: agricultural and forestry products." Capehart, Barney L. (ed.) Encyclopedia of energy engineering and technology. London, United Kingdom. Informa UK (Taylor & Francis Books). pp. 332-337
Enhanced approach to consistency in gradient-dependent plasticity
Chen, G. and Baker, Graham. 2004. "Enhanced approach to consistency in gradient-dependent plasticity." Advances in Structural Engineering: an international journal. 7 (3), pp. 279-283. https://doi.org/10.1260/136943304323213229
An analytical model for predication of crack spacing due to shrinkage in concrete pavements
Chen, G. and Baker, Graham. 2004. "An analytical model for predication of crack spacing due to shrinkage in concrete pavements." Journal of Structural Engineering. 130 (10), pp. 1529-1533. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:10(1529)
Influence of bond slip on crack spacing in numerical modeling of reinforced concrete
Chen, G. and Baker, Graham. 2003. "Influence of bond slip on crack spacing in numerical modeling of reinforced concrete." Journal of Structural Engineering. 129 (11), pp. 1514-1521. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:11(1514)
A Rayleigh-Ritz procedure for localized buckling of a strut on a softening foundation by Hermite functions
Chen, G. and Baker, Graham. 2003. "A Rayleigh-Ritz procedure for localized buckling of a strut on a softening foundation by Hermite functions." International Journal of Solids and Structures. 40 (26), pp. 7463-7474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2003.08.010
Life cycle assessment of a representative dairy farm with limited irrigation pastures
Chen, Guangnan, Orphant, Simon, Kenman, Sarah J. and Chataway, Robert G.. 2005. "Life cycle assessment of a representative dairy farm with limited irrigation pastures." James, Karli and Grant, Tim (ed.) 4th Australian Conference on Life Cycle Assessment. Sydney, Australia 23 - 25 Feb 2005 Sydney, Australia.