Salaries and incomes of health workers in sub-Saharan Africa

Article

McCoy, David, Bennett, Sara, Witter, Sophie, Pond, Bob, Baker, Brook, Gow, Jeff, Chand, Sudeep, Ensor, Tim and McPake, Barbara. 2008. "Salaries and incomes of health workers in sub-Saharan Africa." The Lancet. 371 (9613), pp. 675-681. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60306-2
Article Title

Salaries and incomes of health workers in sub-Saharan Africa

ERA Journal ID15320
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsMcCoy, David (Author), Bennett, Sara (Author), Witter, Sophie (Author), Pond, Bob (Author), Baker, Brook (Author), Gow, Jeff (Author), Chand, Sudeep (Author), Ensor, Tim (Author) and McPake, Barbara (Author)
Journal TitleThe Lancet
Journal Citation371 (9613), pp. 675-681
Number of Pages7
Year2008
Place of PublicationUnited Kingdom
ISSN0140-6736
1474-547X
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60306-2
Abstract

We aimed to investigate pay structures for health workers in the public sector in sub-Saharan Africa; the adequacy of incomes for health workers; the management of public-sector pay; and the fiscal and macroeconomic factors that impinge on pay policy for the public sector. Because salary differentials affect staff migration and retention, we also discuss pay in the private sector. We also surveyed historical trends in the pay of civil servants in Africa over the past 40 years. We used some empirical data, but found that relevant data were scarce. The available data suggested that pay structures vary across countries, and are often structured in complex ways. Health workers also commonly use allowances and other sources of income to supplement their formal pay. The pay of health workers varies widely, whether between countries, by comparison with cost of living, or between public and private sector roles. To optimise the distribution and mix of health workers, policy options to address their pay and incomes are needed. Fiscal constraints to increased salaries and non-financial incentives might needs to be overcome in many countries.

Keywordssalaries; health workers; sub Saharan Africa; cost of living; health care financing; health care personnel
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020440603. Economic geography
380108. Health economics
420306. Health care administration
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Byline AffiliationsUniversity College London, United Kingdom
World Health Organization, Switzerland
University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom
Northeastern University, United States
University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Queen Margaret University, United Kingdom
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Effects of economic growth, foreign direct investment and internet use on child health outcomes: empirical evidence from South Africa
Salahuddin, Mohammad, Vink, Nick, Ralph, Nicholas and Gow, Jeff. 2020. "Effects of economic growth, foreign direct investment and internet use on child health outcomes: empirical evidence from South Africa." Development Studies Research. 7 (1), pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2020.1717362
A longitudinal exploration of the relationship between obesity, and long term health condition with presenteeism in Australian workplaces, 2006-2018
Keramat, Syed Afroz, Alam, Khorshed, Gow, Jeff and Biddle, Stuart J. H.. 2020. "A longitudinal exploration of the relationship between obesity, and long term health condition with presenteeism in Australian workplaces, 2006-2018." PLoS One. 15 (8), pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238260
Cost-effectiveness evaluations of the 9-Valent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine: evidence from a systematic review
Mahumud, Rashidul Alam, Alam, Khorshed, Keramat, Syed Afroz, Ormsby, Gail M., Dunn, Jeff and Gow, Jeff. 2020. "Cost-effectiveness evaluations of the 9-Valent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine: evidence from a systematic review." PLoS One. 15 (6), pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233499
Gender differences in the longitudinal association between obesity, and disability with workplace absenteeism in the Australian working population
Keramat, Syed Afroz, Alam, Khorshed, Gow, Jeff and Biddle, Stuart. 2020. "Gender differences in the longitudinal association between obesity, and disability with workplace absenteeism in the Australian working population." PLoS One. 15 (5), pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233512
The changing relationship between health burden and work disability of Australian cancer survivors, 2003–2017: Evidence from a longitudinal survey
Mahumud, Rashidul Alam, Alam, Khorshed, Dunn, Jeff and Gow, Jeff. 2020. "The changing relationship between health burden and work disability of Australian cancer survivors, 2003–2017: Evidence from a longitudinal survey." BMC Public Health. 20, pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08710-9
Selection of private or public hospital care: examining the care-seeking behaviour of patients with private health insurance
Rana, Rezwanul Hasan, Alam, Khorshed and Gow, Jeff. 2020. "Selection of private or public hospital care: examining the care-seeking behaviour of patients with private health insurance." BMC Health Services Research. 20, pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05253-y
Wealth stratified inequalities in service utilisation of breast cancer screening across the geographical regions: A pooled decomposition analysis
Mahumud, Rashidul Alam, Alam, Khorshed, Keramat, Syed Afroz, Renzaho, Andre M.N., Hossain, Md. Golam, Haque, Rezwanul, Ormsby, Gail M., Dunn, Jeff and Gow, Jeff. 2020. "Wealth stratified inequalities in service utilisation of breast cancer screening across the geographical regions: A pooled decomposition analysis." Archives of Public Health. 78, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-020-00410-5
Gender-specific differences in care-seeking behaviour among lung cancer patients: a systematic review
Rana, Rezwanul Hasan, Alam, Fariha, Alam, Khorshed and Gow, Jeff. 2020. "Gender-specific differences in care-seeking behaviour among lung cancer patients: a systematic review." Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology. 146 (5), pp. 1169-1196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-020-03197-8
Wealth-related inequalities of women’s knowledge of cervical cancer screening and service utilisation in 18 resource-constrained countries: evidence from a pooled decomposition analysis
Mahumud, Rashidul Alam, Keramat, Syed Afroz, Ormsby, Gail M., Sultana, Marufa, Rawal, Lal B., Alam, Khorshed, Gow, Jeff and Renzaho, Andre M. N.. 2020. "Wealth-related inequalities of women’s knowledge of cervical cancer screening and service utilisation in 18 resource-constrained countries: evidence from a pooled decomposition analysis." International Journal for Equity in Health. 19 (1), pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01159-7
The burden of chronic diseases among Australian cancer patients: evidence from a longitudinal exploration, 2007-2017
Mahumud, Rashidul Alam, Alam, Khorshed, Dunn, Jeff and Gow, Jeff. 2020. "The burden of chronic diseases among Australian cancer patients: evidence from a longitudinal exploration, 2007-2017." PLoS One. 15 (2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228744
Socioeconomic inequalities in mental health in Australia: Explaining life shock exposure
Hashmi, Rubayyat, Alam, Khorshed and Gow, Jeff. 2020. "Socioeconomic inequalities in mental health in Australia: Explaining life shock exposure." Health Policy. 124 (1), pp. 97-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2019.10.011
Cost-effectiveness of the introduction of two-dose bi valent (Cervarix) and quadrivalent (Gardasil) HPV vaccination for adolescent girls in Bangladesh
Mahumud, Rashidul Alam, Gow, Jeff, Alam, Khorshed, Keramat, Syed Afroz, Hossain, Md Golam, Sultana, Marufa, Sarker, Abdur Razzaque and Islam, Sheikh M. Shariful. 2020. "Cost-effectiveness of the introduction of two-dose bi valent (Cervarix) and quadrivalent (Gardasil) HPV vaccination for adolescent girls in Bangladesh." Vaccine. 38 (2), pp. 165-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.037
Corporate board gender diversity and corporate social responsibility reporting in Malaysia
Binti Ju Ahmad, Nurulyasmin, Rashid, Afzalur and Gow, Jeff. 2018. "Corporate board gender diversity and corporate social responsibility reporting in Malaysia." Gender, Technology and Development. 22 (2), pp. 87-108. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718524.2018.1496671
Board Independence and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Reporting in Malaysia
Binti Ju Ahmad, Nurulyasmin, Rashid, Afzalur and Gow, Jeff. 2017. "Board Independence and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Reporting in Malaysia." Australasian Accounting Business and Finance Journal. 11 (2), pp. 61-85. https://doi.org/10.14453/aabfj.v11i2.5
Board meeting frequency and corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting: evidence from Malaysia
Binti Ju Ahmad, Nurulyasmin, Rashid, Afzalur and Gow, Jeff. 2017. "Board meeting frequency and corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting: evidence from Malaysia." Corporate Board: role, duties and composition. 13 (1-1), pp. 87-99. https://doi.org/10.22495/cbv13i1c1art3
Factors influencing rice farmers' adaptation strategies to climate change and extreme weather event impacts in Bangladesh
Maya, Khadiya Aktar, Sarker, Md. Abdur Rashid and Gow, Jeff. 2019. "Factors influencing rice farmers' adaptation strategies to climate change and extreme weather event impacts in Bangladesh." Climate Change Economics. 10 (3), pp. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1142/S201000781950012X
An evidence-based analysis of managing hypertension with isometric resistance exercise - are the guidelines current?
Smart, Neil A., Gow, Jeffrey, Blelie, Beatrice, van der Touw, Thomas and Pearson, Melissa J.. 2020. "An evidence-based analysis of managing hypertension with isometric resistance exercise - are the guidelines current?" Hypertension Research. 43 (4), pp. 249-254. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41440-019-0360-1
Effects of energy consumption and economic growth on environmental quality: evidence from Qatar
Salahuddin, Mohammad and Gow, Jeff. 2019. "Effects of energy consumption and economic growth on environmental quality: evidence from Qatar." Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 26 (19), pp. 18124-18142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05188-w
The effects of urbanization and globalization on CO2 emissions: evidence from the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries
Salahuddin, Mohammad, Ali, Md. Idris, Vink, Nick and Gow, Jeff. 2019. "The effects of urbanization and globalization on CO2 emissions: evidence from the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries." Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 26 (3), pp. 2699-2709. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3790-4
HIV Point of Care Testing (PoCT) at late-night sex on premises venues (SOPV) for gay and bisexual men and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM): a mixed methods analysis
Mullens, Amy B., Daken, Kirstie, Lemoire, Jime, Brownlow, Charlotte, Driver, Glen and Gow, Jeff. 2020. "HIV Point of Care Testing (PoCT) at late-night sex on premises venues (SOPV) for gay and bisexual men and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM): a mixed methods analysis." AIDS and Behavior. 24 (2), pp. 450-466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02500-0
Economic and internet growth effect on electricity consumption in the BRICS countries
Afzal, Munshi Naser Ibne, Gow, Jeffrey and Rahman, Ashiqur. 2019. "Economic and internet growth effect on electricity consumption in the BRICS countries." International Advances in Economic Research. 25 (3), pp. 339-346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11294-019-09743-6
Competencies and skill development in maternity care services in Victoria - a qualitative study
Edward, Karen-Leigh, Walpole, Lyn, Lambert, Gavin, Phillips, Sarah, Galletti, Alessandra, Morrow, Jane, Gow, Jeffrey and Hiller, Janet. 2019. "Competencies and skill development in maternity care services in Victoria - a qualitative study." Nurse Education in Practice. 39, pp. 55-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2019.08.001
The influence of hospital location and ‘level of care’ on continuing professional development
Edward, Karen-Leigh, Walpole, Lyn, Lambert, Gavin, Phillips, Sarah, Gow, Jeffrey, Morrow, Jane, Huynh, Minh and Hiller, Janet. 2019. "The influence of hospital location and ‘level of care’ on continuing professional development." Nurse Education in Practice. 41, pp. 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2019.102634
Health outcome and expenditure in low-income countries: does increasing diffusion of information and communication technology matter?
Rana, Rezwanul Hasan, Alam, Khorshed and Gow, Jeff. 2020. "Health outcome and expenditure in low-income countries: does increasing diffusion of information and communication technology matter?" Information Technology for Development. 26 (3), pp. 506-524. https://doi.org/10.1080/02681102.2019.1678455
Obesity, long-term health problems, and workplace satisfaction: a longitudinal study of Australian workers
Keramat, Syed Afroz, Alam, Khorshed, Gow, Jeff and Biddle, Stuart J. H.. 2020. "Obesity, long-term health problems, and workplace satisfaction: a longitudinal study of Australian workers." Journal of Community Health. 45, pp. 288-300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-019-00735-5
Health expenditure and gross domestic product: causality analysis by income level
Rana, Rezwanul Hasan, Alam, Khorshed and Gow, Jeff. 2020. "Health expenditure and gross domestic product: causality analysis by income level." International Journal of Health Economics and Management. 20 (1), pp. 55-77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10754-019-09270-1
The impact of immigration on public and out-of-pocket health expenditure in OECD countries
Rana, Rezwanul Hasan, Alam, Khorshed and Gow, Jeff. 2020. "The impact of immigration on public and out-of-pocket health expenditure in OECD countries." Journal of International Migration and Integration. 21, pp. 485-508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-019-00667-y
Risk of postoperative pulmonary complications in adult surgical patients with metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol
Norris, Philip, Viljoen, Bianca, Ralph, Nicholas, Gow, Jeffrey and Silvey, Natalie. 2019. "Risk of postoperative pulmonary complications in adult surgical patients with metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol." Systematic Reviews. 8 (1), pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-019-1241-z
The determinants of outward foreign direct investment strategies of Chinese energy firms
Xu, Shiteng, Gow, Jeff, Chen, Youzhi, Zhang, Yahua and Huang, Zhibin. 2019. "The determinants of outward foreign direct investment strategies of Chinese energy firms." Singapore Economic Review. 64 (4), pp. 1019-1036. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217590817450072
Costs of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia in Australia: a cost-of-illness study
Ralph, Nicholas, Gow, Jeffrey, Conway, Aaron, Duff, Jed, Edward, Karen-Leigh, Alexander, Kim and Brauer, Anselm. 2020. "Costs of inadvertent perioperative hypothermia in Australia: a cost-of-illness study." Collegian: The Australian Journal of Nursing Practice, Scholarship and Research. 27 (4), pp. 345-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2019.10.003
Emerging cancer incidence, mortality, hospitalisation and associated burden among Australian cancer patients, 1982 - 2014: an incidence-based approach in terms of trends, determinants and inequality
Mahumud, Rashidul Alam, Alam, Khorshed, Dunn, Jeff and Gow, Jeff. 2019. "Emerging cancer incidence, mortality, hospitalisation and associated burden among Australian cancer patients, 1982 - 2014: an incidence-based approach in terms of trends, determinants and inequality." BMJ Open. 9 (12), pp. 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031874
Measuring perinatal and postpartum quality of life of women and associated factors in semi-urban Bangladesh
Mahumud, Rashidul Alam, Ali, Nausad, Sheikh, Nurnabi, Akram, Raisul, Alam, Khorshed, Gow, Jeff, Sarker, Abdur Razzaque and Sultana, Marufa. 2019. "Measuring perinatal and postpartum quality of life of women and associated factors in semi-urban Bangladesh." Quality of Life Research. 28 (11), pp. 2989-3004. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-019-02247-0
Ecological and economic growth interdependency in the Asian economies: an empirical analysis
Uddin, Gazi A., Alam, Khorshed and Gow, Jeff. 2019. "Ecological and economic growth interdependency in the Asian economies: an empirical analysis." Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 26 (13), pp. 13159-13172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04791-1
Whole-incarceration-setting approaches to supporting and upholding the rights and health of incarcerated transgender people
Bromdal, Annette, Clark, Kirsty A., Hughto, Jaclyn M. W., Debattista, Joseph, Phillips, Tania M., Mullens, Amy B., Gow, Jeff and Daken, Kirstie. 2019. "Whole-incarceration-setting approaches to supporting and upholding the rights and health of incarcerated transgender people." International Journal of Transgenderism. 20 (4), pp. 341-350. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2019.1651684
Preventing perioperative hypothermia is clinically feasible and cost effective
Ralph, Nicholas, Gow, Jeffrey and Duff, Jed. 2019. "Preventing perioperative hypothermia is clinically feasible and cost effective." Journal of Perioperative Nursing. 32 (1), pp. 3-4. https://doi.org/10.26550/2209-1092.1051
Correction: Emerging cancer incidence, mortality, hospitalisation and associated burden among Australian cancer patients, 1982 – 2014: an incidence-based approach in terms of trends, determinants and inequality
Mahumud, Rashidul Alam, Alam, Khorshed, Dunn, Jeff and Gow, Jeff. 2020. "Correction: Emerging cancer incidence, mortality, hospitalisation and associated burden among Australian cancer patients, 1982 – 2014: an incidence-based approach in terms of trends, determinants and inequality ." BMJ Open. 10 (1). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031874corr1
The cost-effectiveness of controlling cervical cancer using a new 9-valent human papillomavirus vaccine among school-aged girls in Australia
Mahumud, Rashidul Alam, Alam, Khorshed, Dunn, Jeff and Gow, Jeff. 2019. "The cost-effectiveness of controlling cervical cancer using a new 9-valent human papillomavirus vaccine among school-aged girls in Australia." PLoS One. 14 (10), pp. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223658
Renewable and non-renewable energy use and its relationship with economic growth in Myanmar
Ahmed, Shakoor, Alam, Khorshed, Sohag, Kazi, Gow, Jeff, Rashid, Afzalur and Akter, Mohsina. 2019. "Renewable and non-renewable energy use and its relationship with economic growth in Myanmar." Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 26 (22), pp. 22812-22825. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05491-6
Point-of-care testing (POCT) for HIV/STI targeting MSM in regional Australia at community ‘beat’ locations
Mullens, Amy, Duyker, Josh, Brownlow, Charlotte, Lemoire, Jime, Daken, Kirstie and Gow, Jeff. 2019. "Point-of-care testing (POCT) for HIV/STI targeting MSM in regional Australia at community ‘beat’ locations." BMC Health Services Research. 19 (93), pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-3899-2
Implementing a thermal care bundle for inadvertent perioperative hypothermia: a cost-effectiveness analysis
Conway, Aaron, Gow, Jeffrey, Ralph, Nicholas, Duff, Jed, Edward, Karen-Leigh, Alexander, Kimberly, Munday, Judy and Brauer, Anselm. 2019. "Implementing a thermal care bundle for inadvertent perioperative hypothermia: a cost-effectiveness analysis." International Journal of Nursing Studies. 97, pp. 21-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.04.017
Predictors of health care use in Australian cancer patients
Rana, Rezwanul Hasan, Alam, Khorshed, Gow, Jeff and Ralph, Nicholas. 2019. "Predictors of health care use in Australian cancer patients." Cancer Management and Research. 11, pp. 6941-6957. https://doi.org/10.2147/CMAR.S193615
Militarisation, energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth in Myanmar
Ahmed, Shakoor, Alam, Khorshed, Rashid, Afzalur and Gow, Jeff. 2020. "Militarisation, energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth in Myanmar." Defence and Peace Economics. 31 (6), pp. 615-641. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242694.2018.1560566
Changes in inequality of childhood morbidity in Bangladesh 1993-2014: a decomposition analysis
Mahumud, Rashidul Alam, Alam, Khorshed, Renzaho, Andre M. N., Sarker, Abdur Razzaque, Sultana, Marufa, Sheikh, Nurnabi, Rawal, Lal B. and Gow, Jeff. 2019. "Changes in inequality of childhood morbidity in Bangladesh 1993-2014: a decomposition analysis." PLoS One. 14 (6), pp. 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218515
Experiences of transgender prisoners and their knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding sexual behaviours and HIV/STIs: a systematic review
Mullens, Amy, Bromdal, Annette, Phillips, Tania and Gow, Jeff. 2018. "Experiences of transgender prisoners and their knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding sexual behaviours and HIV/STIs: a systematic review." International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 25, p. S42.
Women’s Preferences for Maternal Healthcare Services in Bangladesh: Evidence from a Discrete Choice Experiment
Mahumud, Rashidul Alam, Alamgir, Nadia Ishrat, Hossain, Md. Tarek, Baruwa, Elaine, Sultana, Marufa, Gow, Jeff, Alam, Khorshed, Ahmed, Syed Masud and Khan, Jahangir A. M.. 2019. "Women’s Preferences for Maternal Healthcare Services in Bangladesh: Evidence from a Discrete Choice Experiment." Journal of Clinical Medicine. 8 (2), pp. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8020132
Experiences of transgender prisoners and their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding sexual behaviors and HIV/STIs: a systematic review
Bromdal, Annette, Mullens, Amy B., Phillips, Tania M. and Gow, Jeff. 2019. "Experiences of transgender prisoners and their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding sexual behaviors and HIV/STIs: a systematic review." International Journal of Transgenderism. 20 (1), pp. 4-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/15532739.2018.1538838
Development of a richer measure of health outcomes incorporating the impacts of income inequality, ethnic diversity, and ICT development on health
Rana, Rezwanul Hasan, Alam, Khorshed and Gow, Jeff. 2018. "Development of a richer measure of health outcomes incorporating the impacts of income inequality, ethnic diversity, and ICT development on health." Globalization and Health. 14 (72), pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-018-0385-2
Characteristics Of Early Adopters Of Hiv Point Of Care Testing (Poct) At Late-Night Sex On Premises Venue (Sopv) Theme Parties
Mullens, Amy, Daken, Kirstie, Lemoire, Jime, Brownlow, Charlotte and Gow, Jeff. 2018. "Characteristics Of Early Adopters Of Hiv Point Of Care Testing (Poct) At Late-Night Sex On Premises Venue (Sopv) Theme Parties." 15th International Congress of Behavioral Medicine. Santiago, Chile 14 - 17 Nov 2018 United States. Springer.
A critical assessment of employing democratic and deliberative ideals in the environmental planning process in Bangladesh
Roy, Anjan Kumer Dev and Gow, Jeff. 2018. "A critical assessment of employing democratic and deliberative ideals in the environmental planning process in Bangladesh." Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. 61 (14), pp. 2590-2612. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2017.1406341
Effect of a thermal care bundle on the prevention, detection and treatment of perioperative inadvertent hypothermia
Duff, Jed, Walker, Kim, Edward, Karen-Leigh, Ralph, Nicholas, Giandinoto, Jo-Anne, Alexander, Kimberly, Gow, Jeff and Stephenson, John. 2018. "Effect of a thermal care bundle on the prevention, detection and treatment of perioperative inadvertent hypothermia." Journal of Clinical Nursing. 27 (5-6), pp. 1239-1249. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14171
Lived experiences among transgender and gender diverse offenders and their knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding sexual behaviours and HIV/STIs, and knowledge and attitudes among prison officers towards transgender and gender diverse prisoners, sexuality and HIV/STIs: protocol for a systematic review
Bromdal, Annette, Mullens, Amy, Phillips, Tania and Gow, Jeff. 2017. "Lived experiences among transgender and gender diverse offenders and their knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding sexual behaviours and HIV/STIs, and knowledge and attitudes among prison officers towards transgender and gender diverse prisoners, sexuality and HIV/STIs: protocol for a systematic review." PROSPERO: International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews. 18 Sept 2017.
Performance of rain-fed Aman rice yield in Bangladesh in the presence of climate change
Sarker, Md. Abdur Rashid, Alam, Khorshed and Gow, Jeff. 2019. "Performance of rain-fed Aman rice yield in Bangladesh in the presence of climate change." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. 34 (4), pp. 304-312. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742170517000473
Ecological footprint and real income: panel data evidence from the 27 highest emitting countries
Uddin, Gazi Ashir, Salahuddin, Mohammad, Alam, Khorshed and Gow, Jeff. 2017. "Ecological footprint and real income: panel data evidence from the 27 highest emitting countries." Ecological Indicators. 77, pp. 166-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.01.003
Community perceptions of Nigerian oil companies commitment to social and environmental concerns
Odera, Odhiambo, Scott, Albert and Gow, Jeff. 2018. "Community perceptions of Nigerian oil companies commitment to social and environmental concerns ." Journal of Global Responsibility. 9 (1), pp. 73-95. https://doi.org/10.1108/JGR-02-2017-0006
Cost of illness for outpatients attending public and private hospitals in Bangladesh
Pavel, Md Sadik, Chakrabarty, Sayan and Gow, Jeff. 2016. "Cost of illness for outpatients attending public and private hospitals in Bangladesh." International Journal for Equity in Health. 15 (167), pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-016-0458-x
Is the long-run relationship between economic growth, electricity consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and financial development in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries robust?
Salahuddin, Mohammad, Gow, Jeff and Ozturk, Ilhan. 2015. "Is the long-run relationship between economic growth, electricity consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and financial development in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries robust?" Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 51, pp. 317-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.06.005
CEO duality and corporate social responsibility reporting: evidence from Malaysia
Binti Ju Ahmad, Nurulyasmin, Rashid, Afzalur and Gow, Jeff. 2017. "CEO duality and corporate social responsibility reporting: evidence from Malaysia." Corporate Ownership and Control. 14 (2), pp. 69-81. https://doi.org/10.22495/cocv14i2art7
Assessment of climate change impacts on aman and boro rice yields in Bangladesh
Hasan, M. Mehedi, Sarker, Md. Abdur Rashid and Gow, Jeff. 2016. "Assessment of climate change impacts on aman and boro rice yields in Bangladesh." Climate Change Economics. 7 (3), pp. 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2010007816500081
Managing the costs of HIV/AIDS: a case study of a South African contract cleaning company
Gow, Jeff, George, Gavin and Grant, Bligh. 2012. "Managing the costs of HIV/AIDS: a case study of a South African contract cleaning company." Development Southern Africa. 29 (3), pp. 434-447. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2012.706039
Differential reporting of social and environmental disclosures between local and foreign oil companies in Nigeria
Odera, Odhiambo, Scott, Albert and Gow, Jeff. 2016. "Differential reporting of social and environmental disclosures between local and foreign oil companies in Nigeria." Social Responsibility Journal. 12 (3), pp. 415-438. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-05-2015-0070
An examination of the quality of social and environmental disclosures by Nigerian oil companies
Odera, Odhiambo, Scott, Albert H.S. and Gow, Jeff. 2016. "An examination of the quality of social and environmental disclosures by Nigerian oil companies." Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society. 16 (2), pp. 400-419. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-05-2015-0065
Factors influencing corporate social and environmental disclosures: a systematic review
Odera, Odhiambo, Scott, Albert H.S. and Gow, Jeff. 2016. "Factors influencing corporate social and environmental disclosures: a systematic review." International Journal of Business Governance and Ethics. 11 (2), pp. 116-134. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBGE.2016.078199
Does ecological footprint impede economic growth? An empirical analysis based on the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis
Uddin, Gazi, Alam, Khorshed and Gow, Jeff. 2016. "Does ecological footprint impede economic growth? An empirical analysis based on the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis." Australian Economic Papers. 55 (3), pp. 301-316. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8454.12061
Electricity consumption and information and communication technology in the next eleven emerging economies
Afzal, Munshi Naser Ibne and Gow, Jeff. 2016. "Electricity consumption and information and communication technology in the next eleven emerging economies." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy. 6 (3), pp. 381-388.
Factors influencing back pain treatment behaviour change
McClymont, Hoda, Gow, Jeff, Hume, Margee and Perry, Chad. 2015. "Factors influencing back pain treatment behaviour change." Journal of Service Theory and Practice. 25 (5), pp. 592-620. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTP-04-2014-0065
Population age structure and savings rate impacts on economic growth: evidence from Australia
Uddin, Gazi A., Alam, Khorshed and Gow, Jeff. 2016. "Population age structure and savings rate impacts on economic growth: evidence from Australia." Economic Analysis and Policy. 52, pp. 23-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2016.08.002
The effects of internet usage, financial development and trade openness on economic growth in South Africa: a time series analysis
Salahuddin, Mohammad and Gow, Jeff. 2016. "The effects of internet usage, financial development and trade openness on economic growth in South Africa: a time series analysis." Telematics and Informatics. 33 (4), pp. 1141-1154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2015.11.006
Does the increase in foreign investments in HIV/AIDS interventions reduce out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) on health care in Africa?
Mbonigaba, Josue and Gow, Jeff. 2015. "Does the increase in foreign investments in HIV/AIDS interventions reduce out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) on health care in Africa?" Investment Management and Financial Innovations. 12 (1), pp. 76-87.
Assessing willingness to pay for health care quality improvements
Pavel, Md. Sadik, Chakrabarty, Sayan and Gow, Jeff. 2015. "Assessing willingness to pay for health care quality improvements." BMC Health Services Research. 15 (1), pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-015-0678-6
Estimating the major contributors to environmental impacts in Australia
Uddin, G. A., Alam, K. and Gow, G.. 2016. "Estimating the major contributors to environmental impacts in Australia." International Journal of Ecological Economics and Statistics. 37 (1), pp. 1-14.
An empirical analysis of conservation practices, management and sustainability in the Sundarbans Mangrove Forest, Bangladesh
Roy, Anjan Kumer Dev, Alam, Khorshed and Gow, Jeff. 2015. "An empirical analysis of conservation practices, management and sustainability in the Sundarbans Mangrove Forest, Bangladesh." International Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development. 14 (4), pp. 332-350.
Estimating the relationship between grain crop consumption in Australia and environmental sustainability
Uddin, Gazi A., Alam, Khorshed and Gow, Jeff. 2015. "Estimating the relationship between grain crop consumption in Australia and environmental sustainability." Journal of Developing Areas. 49 (6), pp. 49-60. https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2015.0089
A review of the integration of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine into the curriculum of South African medical schools
Chitindingu, Ethel, George, Gavin and Gow, Jeff. 2014. "A review of the integration of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine into the curriculum of South African medical schools." BMC Medical Education. 14 (1), pp. 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-14-40
Economic growth, energy consumption and CO2 emissions in Gulf cooperation council countries
Salahuddin, Mohammad and Gow, Jeff. 2014. "Economic growth, energy consumption and CO2 emissions in Gulf cooperation council countries." Energy. 73, pp. 44-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.05.054
South Africa's private sector investment in training and its erosion as a result of HIV and AIDS
George, Gavin, Surgey, Gavin and Gow, Jeff. 2014. "South Africa's private sector investment in training and its erosion as a result of HIV and AIDS." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences. 17 (2), pp. 109-123.
The role of information search in seeking alternative treatment for back pain: a qualitative analysis
McClymont, Hoda, Gow, Jeff and Perry, Chad. 2014. "The role of information search in seeking alternative treatment for back pain: a qualitative analysis." Chiropractic and Manual Therapies. 22 (16). https://doi.org/10.1186/2045-709X-22-16
They protect us, but are they using protection? The potential impact of HIV on the South African Police Service
George, Gavin and Gow, Jeff. 2014. "They protect us, but are they using protection? The potential impact of HIV on the South African Police Service." African Security Review: a working paper series. 23 (2), pp. 117-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2014.902387
Assessing the effects of climate change on rice yields: an econometric investigation using Bangladeshi panel data
Sarker, Md. Abdur Rashid, Alam, Khorshed and Gow, Jeff. 2014. "Assessing the effects of climate change on rice yields: an econometric investigation using Bangladeshi panel data." Economic Analysis and Policy. 44 (4), pp. 405-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2014.11.004
The relationship between economic growth and remittances in the presence of cross-sectional dependance
Salahuddin, Mohammad and Gow, Jeff. 2015. "The relationship between economic growth and remittances in the presence of cross-sectional dependance." Journal of Developing Areas. 49 (1), pp. 207-221. https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2015.0007
HIV/AIDS, growth and poverty in KwaZulu-Natal and South Africa: an integrated survey, demographic and economy-wide analysis
Thurlow, James, Gow, Jeff and George, Gavin. 2009. "HIV/AIDS, growth and poverty in KwaZulu-Natal and South Africa: an integrated survey, demographic and economy-wide analysis." Journal of the International AIDS Society. 12 (18). https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2652-12-18
Ecological footprint and regional sustainability: a review of methodologies and results
Uddin, Gazi A., Alam, Khorshed and Gow, Jeff. 2013. "Ecological footprint and regional sustainability: a review of methodologies and results." Dalziel, Paul (ed.) 37th Annual Conference of the Australia and New Zealand Regional Science Association International (ANZRSAI 2013): Regions that Work: Research, Practice and Policy. Hervey Bay, Australia 03 - 06 Dec 2013 Canterbury, New Zealand.
A comparison of quality of life between HIV positive and negative diamond miners in South Africa
Gow, Jeff, George, Gavin and Govender, Kaymarlin. 2013. "A comparison of quality of life between HIV positive and negative diamond miners in South Africa." SAHARA-J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS. 10 (2), pp. 89-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/17290376.2013.870066
Assessing the determinants of rice farmers' adaptation strategies to climate change in Bangladesh
Sarker, Md. Abdur Rashid, Alam, Khorshed and Gow, Jeff. 2013. "Assessing the determinants of rice farmers' adaptation strategies to climate change in Bangladesh." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management. 5 (4), pp. 382-403. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCCSM-06-2012-0033
Sustainability through an alternative property-rights regime for Bangladesh's mangrove forest
Roy, Anjan Kumer Dev, Alam, Khorshed and Gow, Jeff. 2013. "Sustainability through an alternative property-rights regime for Bangladesh's mangrove forest." Geographical Review. 103 (3), pp. 372-389. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1931-0846.2013.00004.x
Migration of South African health workers: the extent to which financial considerations influence internal flows and external movements
George, Gavin, Atujuna, Millicent and Gow, Jeff. 2013. "Migration of South African health workers: the extent to which financial considerations influence internal flows and external movements." BMC Health Services Research. 13, pp. 297-311. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-13-297
The state of health economic research in South Africa
Gow, Jeff, Strauss, Michael and Whiteside, Alan. 2013. "The state of health economic research in South Africa." PharmacoEconomics. 31 (3), pp. 251-253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-013-0024-y
Evaluating traditional healers knowledge and practices related to HIV testing and treatment in South Africa
George, Gavin, Chitindingu, Ethel and Gow, Jeff. 2013. "Evaluating traditional healers knowledge and practices related to HIV testing and treatment in South Africa." BMC International Health and Human Rights. 13 (1), pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-698X-13-45
Attitudes towards current and alternative management of the Sundarbans Mangrove Forest, Bangladesh to achieve sustainability
Roy, Anjan Kumer Dev and Gow, Jeff. 2015. "Attitudes towards current and alternative management of the Sundarbans Mangrove Forest, Bangladesh to achieve sustainability." Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. 58 (2), pp. 213-228. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2013.850405
Understanding the factors influencing health-worker employment decisions in South Africa
George, Gavin, Gow, Jeff and Bachoo, Shaneel. 2013. "Understanding the factors influencing health-worker employment decisions in South Africa." Human Resources for Health. 11 (1), pp. 15-21. https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4491-11-15
Community perceptions of state forest ownership and management: a case study of the Sundarbans mangrove forest in Bangladesh
Roy, Anjan Kumer Dev, Alam, Khorshed and Gow, Jeff. 2013. "Community perceptions of state forest ownership and management: a case study of the Sundarbans mangrove forest in Bangladesh." Journal of Environmental Management. 117, pp. 141-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.12.004
An investigation on students' risky sexual behavior at KwaZulu-Natal University, South Africa, Durban
Mutinta, Given, Govender, Kaymarlin, Gow, Jeff and Gorge, Gavin. 2013. "An investigation on students' risky sexual behavior at KwaZulu-Natal University, South Africa, Durban." American Journal of Sexuality Education. 8 (3), pp. 121-139. https://doi.org/10.1080/15546128.2013.828339
An evaluation of the effectiveness of the Zambian Health Worker Retention Scheme (ZHWRS) for rural areas
Gow, J., George, G., Mwamba, S., Ingombe, L. and Mutinta, G.. 2013. "An evaluation of the effectiveness of the Zambian Health Worker Retention Scheme (ZHWRS) for rural areas." African Health Sciences. 13 (3), pp. 800-807. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v13i3.40
An economic assessment of the impact of HIV/AIDS on the KwaZulu-Natal economy
George, Gavin, Gow, Jeff, Thurlow, James and Quinlan, Tim. 2008. "An economic assessment of the impact of HIV/AIDS on the KwaZulu-Natal economy." 17th International AIDS Conference (AIDS 2008): Universal Action Now. Mexico City, Mexico 03 - 08 Aug 2008
Challenges for global health governance in responding to the impacts of climate change on human health
Gow, Jeff. 2013. "Challenges for global health governance in responding to the impacts of climate change on human health." Cadman, Timothy (ed.) Climate change and global policy regimes: towards institutional legitimacy. Basingstoke, Hants. United Kingdom. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 125-137
Sustainability of health information systems in developing countries: the case of Fiji
Soar, Jeffrey, Gow, Jeff and Caniogo, Vili. 2012. "Sustainability of health information systems in developing countries: the case of Fiji." Health Information Management Journal. 41 (3), pp. 13-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/183335831204100302
How does the variability in Aus rice yield respond to climate variables in Bangladesh?
Sarker, Md. A. R., Alam, K. and Gow, J.. 2013. "How does the variability in Aus rice yield respond to climate variables in Bangladesh?" Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 199 (3), pp. 189-194. https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12011
An exploratory study of the individual determinants of students sexual risk behaviour at a South African university
Mutinta, Given, Govender, Kaymarlin, Gow, Jeff and George, Gavin. 2012. "An exploratory study of the individual determinants of students sexual risk behaviour at a South African university." African Journal of AIDS Research. 11 (4), pp. 353-359. https://doi.org/10.2989/16085906.2012.754836
Exploring the relationship between climate change and rice yield in Bangladesh: An analysis of time series data
Sarker, Md. Abdur Rashid, Alam, Khorshed and Gow, Jeff. 2012. "Exploring the relationship between climate change and rice yield in Bangladesh: An analysis of time series data." Agricultural Systems. 112, pp. 11-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2012.06.004
A comparison of the effects of climate change on Aus, Aman and Boro rice yields in Bangladesh: evidence from panel data
Sarker, Md. Abdur Rashid, Alam, Khorshed and Gow, Jeff. 2012. "A comparison of the effects of climate change on Aus, Aman and Boro rice yields in Bangladesh: evidence from panel data." Doughney, Jamie and Hoa, Tran Van (ed.) 41st Australian Conference of Economists (ACE 2012). Melbourne, Australia 08 - 12 Jul 2012 Melbourne, Australia.
Health worker satisfaction and motivation: an empirical study of incomes, allowances and working conditions in Zambia
Gow, Jeff, George, Gavin, Mwamba, Sylvia, Ingombe, Lutangu and Mutinta, Given. 2012. "Health worker satisfaction and motivation: an empirical study of incomes, allowances and working conditions in Zambia." International Journal of Business and Management. 7 (10), pp. 37-48. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v7n10p37
A review of the role of property rights and forest policies in the management of the Sundarbans Mangrove Forest in Bangladesh
Roy, Anjan Kumer Dev, Alam, Khorshed and Gow, Jeff. 2012. "A review of the role of property rights and forest policies in the management of the Sundarbans Mangrove Forest in Bangladesh." Forest Policy and Economics. 15, pp. 46-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2011.08.009
Health worker shortages in Zambia: an assessment of government responses
Gow, Jeff, George, Gavin, Mutinta, Given, Mwamba, Sylvia and Ingombe, Lutungu. 2011. "Health worker shortages in Zambia: an assessment of government responses." Journal of Public Health Policy. 32 (4), pp. 476-488. https://doi.org/10.1057/jphp.2011.41
Local democracy and local government efficiency: the case of elected executives in Australian local government
Grant, Bligh, Dollery, Brian and Gow, Jeff. 2011. "Local democracy and local government efficiency: the case of elected executives in Australian local government." Australian Journal of Political Science. 46 (1), pp. 53-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2010.544284
Business management of HIV/AIDS: case study of a South African contract cleaning company
Gow, Jeff and George, Gavin. 2011. "Business management of HIV/AIDS: case study of a South African contract cleaning company." African Journal of Business Management. 5 (11), pp. 4100-4106. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBM10.051
Scale optimisation is important in hospital initiatives in South Africa
Dorfman, S., Gow, J., Blaauw, D. and Chersich, M. F.. 2011. "Scale optimisation is important in hospital initiatives in South Africa ." SAMJ South African Medical Journal. 101 (7), pp. 458-459.
Socio-economic characteristics of HIV in a South African prison
Gow, Jeff, Grant, Bligh and Colvin, Mark. 2012. "Socio-economic characteristics of HIV in a South African prison." International Journal of Business and Management. 7 (5), pp. 31-39. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v7n5p31
The adequacy of policy responses to the treatment needs of South Africans living with HIV (1999-2008): a case study
Gow, Jeff. 2009. "The adequacy of policy responses to the treatment needs of South Africans living with HIV (1999-2008): a case study." Journal of the International AIDS Society. 12 (37), pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2652-12-37
Perceptions of community HIV prevalence, own HIV infection, and condom use among teachers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Chao, Li-Wei, Gow, Jeff, Akintola, Olagoke and Pauly, Mark. 2007. "Perceptions of community HIV prevalence, own HIV infection, and condom use among teachers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." AIDS and Behavior. 11 (3), pp. 453-462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-006-9154-y
The proposed 'Wine Restructuring Action Agenda' and alternative policy options for the Australian wine industry
Grant, Bligh, Gow, Jeff and Dollery, Brian. 2011. "The proposed 'Wine Restructuring Action Agenda' and alternative policy options for the Australian wine industry." Australasian Agribusiness Perspectives. 19 (89), pp. 1-25.
Human-resources strategies for managing HIV/AIDS: the case of the South African forestry industry
Gow, Jeff and Grant, Bligh. 2010. "Human-resources strategies for managing HIV/AIDS: the case of the South African forestry industry." African Journal of AIDS Research. 9 (3), pp. 285-295. https://doi.org/10.2989/16085906.2010.530184
A comparative evaluation of two interventions for educator training in HIV/AIDS in South Africa
Chao, Li-Wei, Gow, Jeff, Akintola, Olagoke and Pauly, Mark. 2010. "A comparative evaluation of two interventions for educator training in HIV/AIDS in South Africa." International Journal of Education and Development Using Information and Communication Technology. 6 (1).
HIV/AIDS Stigma Attitudes Among Educators in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Chao, Li-Wei, Gow, Jeff, Akintola, Olagoke and Pauly, Mark. 2010. "HIV/AIDS Stigma Attitudes Among Educators in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." Journal of School Health. 80 (11), pp. 561-569. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2010.00542.x
HIV/AIDS prevalence and incidence: evidence from four industries of the KwaZulu-Natal economy
Matthews, Alan, Gow, Jeff and George, Gavin. 2011. "HIV/AIDS prevalence and incidence: evidence from four industries of the KwaZulu-Natal economy." Southern African Journal of Demography. 12 (1), pp. 63-108.
Grape grubbers: the case against wine industry reregulation
Gow, Jeff and Grant, Bligh. 2010. "Grape grubbers: the case against wine industry reregulation." Policy. 26 (3), pp. 26-31A.
The macroeconomics impact of HIV/AIDS on the KwaZulu-Natal and South African economies and its people
Thurlow, James, Gow, Jeff and George, Gavin. 2008. "The macroeconomics impact of HIV/AIDS on the KwaZulu-Natal and South African economies and its people." 2008 International AIDS Economics Network Meeting. Cuernavaca, Mexico 01 - 02 Aug 2008 USA.
HIV/AIDS in private sector companies: cost impacts and responses in southern Africa
George, Gavin, Gow, Jeff and Whiteside, Alan. 2009. "HIV/AIDS in private sector companies: cost impacts and responses in southern Africa." Journal of HIV Therapy. 3 (3), pp. 293-300. https://doi.org/10.2217/HIV.09.10
The impact of the AIDS epidemic on South Africa's children
Gow, Jeff and Desmond, Chris. 2007. "The impact of the AIDS epidemic on South Africa's children." Cornia, Giovanni Andrea (ed.) AIDS, public policy and child well-being, 2nd ed.. Florence, Italy. UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre. pp. 91-116
Poor health kills small business: illness and microenterprises in South Africa
Chao, Li-Wei, Pauly, Mark, Szrek, Helena, Pereira, Nuno Sousa, Bundred, Frances, Cross, Catherine and Gow, Jeff. 2007. "Poor health kills small business: illness and microenterprises in South Africa." Health Affairs. 26 (2), pp. 474-482. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.26.2.474
Combating HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria: millennium development goal 6
Gow, Jeff. 2008. "Combating HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria: millennium development goal 6." Nwonwu, Francis (ed.) Millennium development goals: achievements and prospects of meeting targets in Africa. Pretoria, South Africa. Africa Institute of South Africa. pp. 161-202