Impacts of Power Grid Frequency Deviation on Time Error of Synchronous Electric Clock and Worldwide Power System Practices on Time Error Correction

Article

Zhang, Yao, Yao, Wenxuan, You, Shutang, Yu, Wenpeng, Wu, Ling, Cui, Yi and Liu, Yilu. 2017. "Impacts of Power Grid Frequency Deviation on Time Error of Synchronous Electric Clock and Worldwide Power System Practices on Time Error Correction." Energies. 10 (9), pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10091283
Article Title

Impacts of Power Grid Frequency Deviation on Time Error of Synchronous Electric Clock and Worldwide Power System Practices on Time Error Correction

ERA Journal ID123161
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsZhang, Yao (Author), Yao, Wenxuan (Author), You, Shutang (Author), Yu, Wenpeng (Author), Wu, Ling (Author), Cui, Yi (Author) and Liu, Yilu (Author)
Journal TitleEnergies
Journal Citation10 (9), pp. 1-15
Article Number1283
Number of Pages15
Year2017
PublisherMDPI AG
Place of PublicationSwitzerland
ISSN1996-1073
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.3390/en10091283
Web Address (URL)https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/10/9/1283
Abstract

Synchronous electric clocks utilize power grid frequency as their timing reference. Power grid frequency deviation away from its nominal value results in synchronous electric clocks running fast or running slow (also known as the time error). In this article, statistical analysis on time error of synchronous electric clocks around the world is firstly presented using the power grid frequency measurements recorded by the wide-area frequency monitoring network FNET/GridEye. Then, the time error correction (TEC) process provided by electric utilities is analyzed and the worldwide TEC practice is investigated. Eventually, regions of the world where electric utilities provide TEC service are differentiated from those without TEC services. Analytical results demonstrate that the average time error of synchronous electric clocks in North America seems to be less than five seconds, and it has not changed very much over the past few years. On the other hand, the identification results present that up to the end of 2016, many electric utilities around the world, especially in North America and Europe, provided the TEC service to periodically remove the accumulative time error of synchronous electric clocks.

KeywordsPower grid frequency; Synchronous electric clock; Time error; Time error correction (TEC); Timekeeping accuracy; Wide-area measurement system (WAMS)
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020400808. Photovoltaic power systems
400803. Electrical energy generation (incl. renewables, excl. photovoltaics)
Byline AffiliationsUniversity of Tennessee, United States
Institution of OriginUniversity of Southern Queensland
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Oil exponent thermal modelling for traction transformer under multiple overloads
Zhou, Lijun, Wang, Lujia, Tang, Haolong, Wang, Jian, Guo, Lei and Cui, Yi. 2018. "Oil exponent thermal modelling for traction transformer under multiple overloads." IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution. 12 (22), pp. 5982-5989. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.5084
Effects of Thermal Aging on Moisture Equilibrium in Oil-Paper Insulation
Wang, Dongyang, Zhou, Lijun, Li, Xianlang, Cui, Yi, Li, Huize, Wang, An and Liao, Wei. 2018. "Effects of Thermal Aging on Moisture Equilibrium in Oil-Paper Insulation." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. 25 (6), pp. 2340-2348. https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2018.007154
Effects of Thermal Aging on Moisture Diffusion in Insulation Paper Immersed with Mineral Oil
Wang, Dongyang, Zhou, Lijun, Wang, An, Li, Huize, Liao, Wei, Guo, Lei and Cui, Yi. 2018. "Effects of Thermal Aging on Moisture Diffusion in Insulation Paper Immersed with Mineral Oil." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. 25 (5), pp. 1888-1896. https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2018.007239
A Measurement Source Authentication Methodology for Power System Cyber Security Enhancement
Cui, Yi, Bai, Feifei, Liu, Yong and Liu, Yilu. 2018. "A Measurement Source Authentication Methodology for Power System Cyber Security Enhancement." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 9 (4), pp. 3914-3916. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2018.2826444
A New Testing Method for the Dielectric Response of Oil-Immersed Transformer
Wang, Dongyang, Zhou, Lijun, Yang, Zhi-Xin, Cui, Yi, Wang, Lujia, Jiang, Junfei and Guo, Lei. 2020. "A New Testing Method for the Dielectric Response of Oil-Immersed Transformer." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 67 (12), pp. 10833-10843. https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2019.2959500
Spatio-Temporal Characterization of Synchrophasor Data Against Spoofing Attacks in Smart Grids
Cui, Yi, Bai, Feifei, Liu, Yilu, Fuhr, Peter L. and Morales-Rodriguez, Marissa E.. 2019. "Spatio-Temporal Characterization of Synchrophasor Data Against Spoofing Attacks in Smart Grids." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 10 (5), pp. 5807-5818. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2019.2891852
Ambient Synchrophasor Measurement Based System Inertia Estimation
Cui, Yi, You, Shutang and Liu, Yilu. 2020. "Ambient Synchrophasor Measurement Based System Inertia Estimation." 2020 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM). Montreal, Canada 02 - 06 Aug 2020 Montreal, Canada. https://doi.org/10.1109/pesgm41954.2020.9281662
A Diagnostic Method for Moisture Intrusion Fault in OIP Bushing
Liao, Wei, Zhou, Lijun, Wang, Dongyang, Wang, An, Guo, Lei and Cui, Yi. 2020. "A Diagnostic Method for Moisture Intrusion Fault in OIP Bushing." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. 69 (9), pp. 7072-7081. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2020.2976278
Nonintrusive Inspection of Moisture Damp in Composited Insulation Structure Based on Terahertz Technology
Li, Shuaibing, Cao, Binglei, Kang, Yongqiang, Cui, Yi and Dong, Haiying. 2021. "Nonintrusive Inspection of Moisture Damp in Composited Insulation Structure Based on Terahertz Technology." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. 70. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2021.3117360
Extraction of Dynamic Frequency Response Characteristics and Modelling of Modern Air Conditioners
Bai, Feifei, Yan, Ruifeng, Saha, Tapan Kumar, Cui, Yi and Pan, Zicheng. 2021. "Extraction of Dynamic Frequency Response Characteristics and Modelling of Modern Air Conditioners." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 12 (1), pp. 897-900. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2020.3009841
A Method for Diagnosing the State of Insulation Paper in Traction Transformer Based on FDS Test and CS-DQ Algorithm
Zhou, Lijun, Wang, Dongyang, Cui, Yi, Zhang, Liqing, Wang, Lujia and Guo, Lei. 2021. "A Method for Diagnosing the State of Insulation Paper in Traction Transformer Based on FDS Test and CS-DQ Algorithm." IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification. 7 (1), pp. 91-103. https://doi.org/10.1109/TTE.2020.3018268
Source Authentication of Distribution Synchrophasors for Cybersecurity of Microgrids
Cui, Yi, Bai, Feifei, Yan, Ruifeng, Saha, Tapan, Ko, Ryan K. L. and Liu, Yilu. 2021. "Source Authentication of Distribution Synchrophasors for Cybersecurity of Microgrids." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 12 (5), pp. 4577-4580. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3089041
Experimental Studies on the Estimated Life of Oil-Immersed Insulation Paper in Traction Transformers
Zhou, Lijun, Liao, Wei, Wang, Dongyang, Cui, Yi, Wang, Lujia, Zhang, Liqing and Guo, Lei. 2021. "Experimental Studies on the Estimated Life of Oil-Immersed Insulation Paper in Traction Transformers." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 36 (5), pp. 2646-2657. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2020.3024839
Adding power of artificial intelligence to situational awareness of large interconnections dominated by inverter‐based resources
Zhu, Lin, Zhao, Yinfeng, Cui, Yi, You, Shutang, Yu, Wenpeng, Liu, Shengyuan, Yin, He, Chen, Chang, Wu, Yuru, Qiu, Wei, Mandich, Mirka, Li, Hongyu, Ademola, Adedasola, Zhang, Chengwen, Zeng, Chujie, Jia, Xinlan, Wang, Weikang, Yuan, Haoyu, Jiang, Huaiguang, ..., Liu, Yilu. 2021. "Adding power of artificial intelligence to situational awareness of large interconnections dominated by inverter‐based resources." High Voltage. 6 (6), pp. 924-937. https://doi.org/10.1049/hve2.12157
Multiscale Adaptive Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis-Based Source Identification of Synchrophasor Data
Cui, Yi, Bai, Feifei, Yin, Hongzhi, Chen, Tong, Dart, David, Zillmann, Matthew and Ko, Ryan K. L.. 2022. "Multiscale Adaptive Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis-Based Source Identification of Synchrophasor Data." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 13 (6), pp. 4957-4960. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3207066
Frequency Response of PV Inverters Toward High Renewable Penetrated Distribution Networks
Bai, Feifei, Cui, Yi, Yan, Ruifeng, Saha, Tapan Kumar, Gu, Huajie and Eghbal, Daniel. 2022. "Frequency Response of PV Inverters Toward High Renewable Penetrated Distribution Networks." CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems. 8 (2), pp. 465-475. https://doi.org/10.17775/CSEEJPES.2021.08470
Multifractal Characterization of Distribution Synchrophasors for Cybersecurity Defense of Smart Grids
Cui, Yi, Bai, Feifei, Yan, Ruifeng, Saha, Tapan, Mosadeghy, Mehdi, Yin, Hongzhi, Ko, Ryan K. L. and Liu, Yilu. 2022. "Multifractal Characterization of Distribution Synchrophasors for Cybersecurity Defense of Smart Grids." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 13 (2), pp. 1658-1661. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3132536
Measurement and Interpretation of the Effect of Electrical Sliding Speed on Contact Characteristics of On-Load Tap Changers
Yang, Xingzu, Li, Shuaibing, Cui, Yi, Kang, Yongqiang, Li, Zongying, Li, Hongwei and Dong, Haiying. 2022. "Measurement and Interpretation of the Effect of Electrical Sliding Speed on Contact Characteristics of On-Load Tap Changers." Coatings. 12 (10), pp. 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101436
Authenticating source information of distribution synchrophasors at intra-state locations for cyber-physical resilient power networks
Cui, Yi, Bai, Feifei, Saha, Tapan and Yaghoobi, Jalil. 2022. "Authenticating source information of distribution synchrophasors at intra-state locations for cyber-physical resilient power networks." International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems. 139, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2022.108009
Data Source Authentication for Wide-Area Synchrophasor Measurements Based On Spatial Signature Extraction and Quadratic Kernel SVM
Liu, Shengyuan, You, Shutang, Yin, He, Lin, Zhenzhi, Liu, Yilu, Cui, Yi, Yao, Wenxuan and Sundaresh, Lakshmi. 2022. "Data Source Authentication for Wide-Area Synchrophasor Measurements Based On Spatial Signature Extraction and Quadratic Kernel SVM." International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems. 140, pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2022.108083
Cost-effective synchrophasor data source authentication based on multiscale adaptive coupling correlation detrended analysis
Bai, Feifei, Cui, Yi, Yan, Ruifeng, Yin, Hongzhi, Chen, Tong, Dart, David and Yaghoobi, Jalil. 2023. "Cost-effective synchrophasor data source authentication based on multiscale adaptive coupling correlation detrended analysis." International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems. 144, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2022.108606
Realizing multifractality of smart meter data for household characteristic prediction
Cui, Yi, Yan, Ruifeng, Sharma, Rahul, Saha, Tapan and Horrocks, Neil. 2022. "Realizing multifractality of smart meter data for household characteristic prediction." International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems. 139, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2022.108003
Feasibility Study on Condition Monitoring of Power Network Asset Using PMU Measurements
Bai, Feifei, Cui, Yi, Zhang, Ge, Dart, David, Yaghoobi, Jalil and Zillmann, Matthew. 2022. "Feasibility Study on Condition Monitoring of Power Network Asset Using PMU Measurements." 2022 IEEE/IAS Industrial and Commercial Power System Asia (I&CPS Asia). Shanghai, China 08 - 11 Jul 2022 China. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPSAsia55496.2022.9949946
Machine Learning-based Cybersecurity Defence of Wide-area Monitoring Systems
He, Qian, Bai, Feifei, Cui, Yi and Zillmann, Matthew. 2022. "Machine Learning-based Cybersecurity Defence of Wide-area Monitoring Systems." 2022 IEEE/IAS Industrial and Commercial Power System Asia (I&CPS Asia). Shanghai, China 08 - 11 Jul 2022 China. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPSAsia55496.2022.9949686
Power Quality Disturbance Detection Based on Improved Robust Random Cut Forest
Zhang, Ge, Bai, Feifei, Cui, Yi, Dart, David, Yaghoobi, Jalil and Zillmann, Matthew. 2022. "Power Quality Disturbance Detection Based on Improved Robust Random Cut Forest." 2022 IEEE/IAS Industrial and Commercial Power System Asia (I&CPS Asia). Shanghai, China 08 - 11 Jul 2022 China. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPSAsia55496.2022.9949860
Magnetic Field Based Wireless GMD/EMP-E3 Impact Monitoring Device:
Yao, Wenxuan, Zhao, Jiecheng, Cui, Yi, Liu, Yilu and King, Thomas. 2022. Magnetic Field Based Wireless GMD/EMP-E3 Impact Monitoring Device: 11372038
Power System Inertia Estimation Using Synchrophasor Frequency Measurements
Liu, Yong, Cui, Yi and Liu, Yilu. 2021. Power System Inertia Estimation Using Synchrophasor Frequency Measurements. 10884042
Synthesis of Multiple-Twinned Pd Nanoparticles Anchored on Graphitic Carbon Nanosheets for Use as Highly-Active Multifunctional Electrocatalyst in Formic Acid and Methanol Oxidation Reactions
Huang, Huajie, Wei, Yujie, Shen, Bingfeng, Zhang, Yao, He, Haiyan, Jiang, Quanguo, Yang, Lu, Nanjundan, Ashok Kumar, Na, Jongbeom, Xu, Xingtao, Zhu, Jixin and Yamauchi, Yusuke. 2020. "Synthesis of Multiple-Twinned Pd Nanoparticles Anchored on Graphitic Carbon Nanosheets for Use as Highly-Active Multifunctional Electrocatalyst in Formic Acid and Methanol Oxidation Reactions." Advanced Materials Interfaces. 7 (11). https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202000142
Power System Disturbance Localization Using Recurrence Quantification Analysis And Minimum-volume-enclosing Ellipsoid: US 10371740 B2
Cui, Yi, Bai, Feifei, Yao, Wenxuan, Liu, Yong, Wu, Ling and Liu, Yilu. 2019. Power System Disturbance Localization Using Recurrence Quantification Analysis And Minimum-volume-enclosing Ellipsoid: US 10371740 B2. 10371740
Transformer Hot Spot Temperature Prediction Using a Hybrid Algorithm of Support Vector Regression and Information Granulation
Cui, Yi, Ma, Hui and Saha, Tapan. 2016. "Transformer Hot Spot Temperature Prediction Using a Hybrid Algorithm of Support Vector Regression and Information Granulation." 2015 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC 2015). Brisbane, Australia 15 - 18 Nov 2015 United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/APPEEC.2015.7381066
Effect of Rooftop-PV on Power Transformer Insulation and On-Load Tap Changer Operation
Martin, D., Saha, T., Krause, O., Cui, Y, McPhail, D., MacArthur, T. and Condon, D.. 2016. "Effect of Rooftop-PV on Power Transformer Insulation and On-Load Tap Changer Operation." 2015 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC 2015). Brisbane, Australia 15 - 18 Nov 2015 United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/APPEEC.2015.7380952
Pattern Recognition Techniques for Power Transformer Insulation Diagnosis - A Comparative Study Part 2: Implementation, Case Study, and Statistical Analysis
Cui, Yi, Ma, Hui and Saha, Tapan. 2014. "Pattern Recognition Techniques for Power Transformer Insulation Diagnosis - A Comparative Study Part 2: Implementation, Case Study, and Statistical Analysis." International Transactions on Electrical Energy System. 25 (10), pp. 2260-2274. https://doi.org/10.1002/etep.1963
Pattern Recognition Techniques for Power Transformer Insulation Diagnosis - A Comparative Study Part 1: Framework, Literature, and Illustration
Cui, Yi, Ma, Hui and Saha, Tapan. 2014. "Pattern Recognition Techniques for Power Transformer Insulation Diagnosis - A Comparative Study Part 1: Framework, Literature, and Illustration." International Transactions on Electrical Energy System. 25 (10), pp. 2247-2259. https://doi.org/10.1002/etep.1959
Electrical Treeing Breakdown Properties for Polyimide Nanocomposite Film in Inverter-Fed Motors
Cui, Yi, Wu, Guangning, Zhang, Yiqiang and Luo, Yang. 2012. "Electrical Treeing Breakdown Properties for Polyimide Nanocomposite Film in Inverter-Fed Motors." 2011 SSITE International Conference on Future Material Research and Industry Application (FMRIA 2011). Macau, China 01 - 02 Dec 2011 Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.455-456.553