Multi-physics Modelling Approach for Investigation of Moisture Dynamics in Power Transformers

Article

Cui, Yi, Ma, Hui, Saha, Tapan, Ekanayake, Chandima and Wu, Guangning. 2016. "Multi-physics Modelling Approach for Investigation of Moisture Dynamics in Power Transformers." IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution. 10 (8), pp. 1993-2001. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.1459
Article Title

Multi-physics Modelling Approach for Investigation of Moisture Dynamics in Power Transformers

ERA Journal ID4574
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsCui, Yi (Author), Ma, Hui (Author), Saha, Tapan (Author), Ekanayake, Chandima (Author) and Wu, Guangning (Author)
Journal TitleIET Generation, Transmission and Distribution
Journal Citation10 (8), pp. 1993-2001
Number of Pages9
Year2016
Place of PublicationUnited Kingdom
ISSN1350-2360
1751-8687
1751-8695
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.1459
Web Address (URL)https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1049/iet-gtd.2015.1459
Abstract

The presence of moisture in a power transformer is harmful to its oil–cellulose system and can also accelerate the ageing. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate the moisture content inside the transformer. Due to the variation of loading conditions and ambient temperatures, moisture is neither in a static state nor uniformly distributed in transformers. Moisture migrates between oil and cellulose and moves inside oil and cellulose of transformers. Moreover, given the complexity of a transformer's structure, moisture distribution is also a function of mass and dimensions of transformer's oil–cellulose system. This study adopts a multi-physics modelling approach to investigate moisture dynamics in transformers. In this approach, moisture dynamics is investigated by coupling electromagnetic, thermal, fluid flow and moisture migration physics simultaneously. An accurate estimation on moisture distribution in transformers can then be obtained. Extensive ageing and moisture diffusion experiments have been conducted on a prototype transformer to verify the proposed approach.

Keywordspower transformers; moisture; oils; multiphysic modelling approach; moisture dynamics; power transformers; oil-cellulose system; moisture content; loading condition; ambient temperature; transformer structure; moisture distribution; electromagnetic-thermal-fluid flow-moisture migration physics
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020400803. Electrical energy generation (incl. renewables, excl. photovoltaics)
Public Notes

Files associated with this item cannot be displayed due to copyright restrictions.

Byline AffiliationsUniversity of Queensland
Southwest Jiaotong University, China
Institution of OriginUniversity of Southern Queensland
Funding source
Australian Research Council (ARC)
Grant ID
LPII0100324
Permalink -

https://research.usq.edu.au/item/q7w3y/multi-physics-modelling-approach-for-investigation-of-moisture-dynamics-in-power-transformers

Log in to edit
  • 50
    total views
  • 1
    total downloads
  • 8
    views this month
  • 0
    downloads this month

Export as

Related outputs

Charging Load Prediction Method for Expressway Electric Vehicles Considering Dynamic Battery State-of-Charge and User Decision
Tan, Jiuding, Li, Shuaibing, Cui, Yi, Lin, Zhixiang, Song, Yufeng, Kang, Yongqiang and Dong, Haiying. 2024. "Charging Load Prediction Method for Expressway Electric Vehicles Considering Dynamic Battery State-of-Charge and User Decision." iEnergy. 3 (2), pp. 115-124. https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2024.0011
Nonlinear Torsion Dominated Deterioration Behavior of Wind Generator Output Cable Under Electrothermal Aging
Li, Shuaibing, Lu, Baopeng, Cui, Yi, Kang, Yongqiang and Dong, Haiying. 2024. "Nonlinear Torsion Dominated Deterioration Behavior of Wind Generator Output Cable Under Electrothermal Aging." AIP Advances. 14 (8). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0206276
Electrothermal Distortion Analysis and Structural Strain Assessment of Vehicle Cable Terminals Under Bending Stresses
Li, Shuaibing, Kong, Qingyi, Cui, Yi, Pang, Min, Kang, Yongqiang and Wu, Guangning. 2024. "Electrothermal Distortion Analysis and Structural Strain Assessment of Vehicle Cable Terminals Under Bending Stresses." IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification. https://doi.org/10.1109/TTE.2024.3415033
Aging Mechanism and Life Estimation of Photovoltaic Inverter DC-link Capacitors in Alternating Humid and Thermal Environment
Gao, Quanyi, Li, Shuaibing, Cui, Yi, Kang, Yongqiang and Dong, Haiying. 2024. "Aging Mechanism and Life Estimation of Photovoltaic Inverter DC-link Capacitors in Alternating Humid and Thermal Environment." Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering. 10 (1), pp. 48-62. https://doi.org/10.23919/CJEE.2024.000054
Finite Difference Time Domain Modeling and Inversion of Internal Delamination Defects in Vehicle Cable Terminal in Terahertz Band
Li, Shuaibing, Dan, Jiahao, Yang, Dong, Cui, Yi, Li, Tiangeng, Kang, Yongqiang and Dong, Haiying. 2024. "Finite Difference Time Domain Modeling and Inversion of Internal Delamination Defects in Vehicle Cable Terminal in Terahertz Band." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. 73. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2024.3406831
Terahertz Frequency Domain Response for Insulation State Assessment of Vehicle Cable Terminal Under Electro-Thermal Aging
Cao, Binglei, Li, Shuaibing, Cui, Yi, Dong, Yang, Kang, Yongqiang, Lu, Baopeng and Wu, Guangning. 2024. "Terahertz Frequency Domain Response for Insulation State Assessment of Vehicle Cable Terminal Under Electro-Thermal Aging." CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems. https://doi.org/10.17775/CSEEJPES.2023.02300
Enhanced Dynamic State Estimation of Regional New Energy Power System Under Different Abnormal Scenarios
Li, Shuaibing, Jiang, Ziwei, Cui, Yi, Kang, Yongqiang, Li, Xingming, Li, Hongwei and Dong, Haiying. 2024. "Enhanced Dynamic State Estimation of Regional New Energy Power System Under Different Abnormal Scenarios." International Journal of Numerical Modelling: Electronic Networks, Devices and Fields. 37 (2). https://doi.org/10.1002/jnm.3216
Condition Monitoring of Distribution Power Network Assets Using PMU Measurements
Bai, Feifei, Cui, Yi, Ruifeng, Yan, Tapan Kumar, Saha, Pan, Zicheng, Zhang, Ge, Zillmann, Matthew and Dart, David. 2024. "Condition Monitoring of Distribution Power Network Assets Using PMU Measurements." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 60 (3), pp. 4642-4653. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2024.3360958
On Vision Transformer for Ultra-short-term Forecasting of Photovoltaic Generation Using Sky Images
Xu, Shijie, Zhang, Ruiyuan, Ma, Hui, Ekanayake, Chandima and Cui, Yi. 2024. "On Vision Transformer for Ultra-short-term Forecasting of Photovoltaic Generation Using Sky Images." Solar Energy. 267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2023.112203
An Island Threshold Setting Technique using Branch Current from PMU of a Hybrid Distribution System
Arefin, Ahmed Amirul, Bai, Feifei, Lu, Junwei and Cui, Yi. 2023. "An Island Threshold Setting Technique using Branch Current from PMU of a Hybrid Distribution System." 2023 IEEE International Conference on Energy Technologies for Future Grids (ETFG). Wollongong, Australia 03 - 06 Dec 2023 Australia. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFG55873.2023.10407875
Cybersecurity Defence of Synchrophasors in Distribution Systems: A Deep Learning Approach
Zhang, Ge, Cui, Yi, Zhang, Ruiyuan and Bai, Feifei. 2023. "Cybersecurity Defence of Synchrophasors in Distribution Systems: A Deep Learning Approach." 2023 IEEE International Conference on Energy Technologies for Future Grids (ETFG). Wollongong, Australia 03 - 06 Dec 2023 Australia. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFG55873.2023.10407305
Review of Transformer Health Index from the Perspective of Survivability and Condition Assessment
Li, Shuaibing, Cui, Yi and Li, Hongwei. 2023. "Review of Transformer Health Index from the Perspective of Survivability and Condition Assessment." Electronics. 12 (11). https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12112407
Insulation Degradation Mechanism and Diagnosis Methods of Offshore Wind Power Cables: An Overview
Lu, Baopeng, Li, Shuaibing, Cui, Yi, Zhao, Xiaowei, Zhang, Daqi, Kang, Yongqiang and Dong, Haiying. 2023. "Insulation Degradation Mechanism and Diagnosis Methods of Offshore Wind Power Cables: An Overview." Energies. 16 (1). https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010322
Build Smart Grids on Artificial Intelligence − A Real-world Example
You, Shutang, Li, Hongyu, Liu, Shengyuan, Sun, Kaiqi, Zhao, Yinfeng, Xiao, Huangqing, Dong, Jiaojiao, Su, Yu, Wang, Weikang, Cui, Yi, Yin, He, Tan, Jin and Liu, Yilu. 2023. "Build Smart Grids on Artificial Intelligence − A Real-world Example." Applications of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence in Smart Energy Systems Smart Energy System: Design and its State-of-The Art Technologies. River Publishers. pp. 193-220
Review of Condition Monitoring and Defect Inspection Methods for Composited Cable Terminals
Li, Shuaibing, Cao, Binglei, Li, Jin, Cui, Yi, Kang, Yongqiang and Wu, Guangning. 2023. "Review of Condition Monitoring and Defect Inspection Methods for Composited Cable Terminals." High Voltage. 8 (3), pp. 431-444. https://doi.org/10.1049/hve2.12318
Deep Learning Based Frequency Stability Assessment in Power Grid with High Renewables
Zhao, Yinfeng, You, Shutang, Mandich, Mirka, Li, Hongyu, Fabus, Summer, Cui, Yi, Xiao, Huangqing, Zhu, Lin, Zeng, Chujie, Liu, Yilu, Jiang, Huaiguang, Yuan, Haoyu, Zhang, Yingchen and Tan, Jin. 2022. "Deep Learning Based Frequency Stability Assessment in Power Grid with High Renewables." 2022 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM). Denver, United States 17 - 21 Jul 2022 United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/pesgm48719.2022.9916751
Possible Mechanism of Electrical Treeing and Breakdown for Polyimide Nanocomposite Film Used in Inverter-Fed Motor
Cui, Yi, Wu, Guangning, Wu, Chao and Luo, Yang. 2010. "Possible Mechanism of Electrical Treeing and Breakdown for Polyimide Nanocomposite Film Used in Inverter-Fed Motor." IEEE Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP 2010). West Lafayette, India 17 - 20 Oct 2010 West Lafayette, India. https://doi.org/10.1109/CEIDP.2010.5724102
Study on Characterization of Electrical Contact Between Pantograph and Catenary
Wang, Wangang, Dong, Anping, Wu, Guangning, Gao, Guoqiang, Zhou, Lijun, Wang, Bo, Cui, Yi, Liu, Donglai, Li, Dajian and Li, Tianzhi. 2011. "Study on Characterization of Electrical Contact Between Pantograph and Catenary." IEEE 57th Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (2011). Minneapolis, United States Minneapolis, United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/HOLM.2011.6034815
Simulation System of Pantograph Arcing
Dong, Anping, Wu, Guangning, Gao, Guoqiang, Zhou, Lijun, Wang, Wangang, Wang, Bo, Cui, Yi and Mingming, Yang. 2011. "Simulation System of Pantograph Arcing." 1st International Conference on Electric Power Equipment - Switching Technology (ICEPE 2011). Xi'an, China 23 - 27 Oct 2011 Xi'an, China. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEPE-ST.2011.6123066
Life Models of Polyimide Film Under Combined Thermal and Electrical Stresses Used in Inverter-Fed Traction Motor
Cui, Yi, Wu, Guangning, Cao, Kaijiang and Luo, Yang. 2011. "Life Models of Polyimide Film Under Combined Thermal and Electrical Stresses Used in Inverter-Fed Traction Motor." IEEE Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP 2011). Cancun, Mexico 16 - 19 Oct 2011 Cancun, Mexico. https://doi.org/10.1109/CEIDP.2011.6232601
Experimental Study of Electrical Characteristics on Pantograph Arcing
Wang, Wangang, Wu, Guangning, Gao, Guoqiang, Wang, Bo, Zhou, Lijun, Cui, Yi and Liu, Donglai. 2011. "Experimental Study of Electrical Characteristics on Pantograph Arcing." 1st International Conference on Electric Power Equipment - Switching Technology (ICEPE 2011). Xi'an, China 23 - 27 Oct 2011 Xi'an, China. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEPE-ST.2011.6123063
The Pantograph-Catenary Arc Test System for High-Speed Railways
Wang, Wan-Gang, Wu, Guang-Ning, Gao, Guo-Qiang, Wang, Bo, Cui, Yi and Liu, Dong-Lai. 2012. "The Pantograph-Catenary Arc Test System for High-Speed Railways." Tiedao Xuebao. 34 (4), pp. 22-27. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-8360.2012.04.004
Partial Discharge Characteristics of Insulation Used in Inverter-Fed Traction Motor Under High Frequency Impulse
Cao, Kaijiang, Wu, Guangning, Luo, Yang and Cui, Yi. 2012. "Partial Discharge Characteristics of Insulation Used in Inverter-Fed Traction Motor Under High Frequency Impulse." Gaodianya Jishu. 38 (6), pp. 1376-1382. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-6520.2012.06.014
Multifactor Stress Life Model of Polyimide Film Used in Inverter-Fed Traction Motors
Cui, Yi, Wu, Guangning, Luo, Yang and Cao, Kaijiang. 2012. "Multifactor Stress Life Model of Polyimide Film Used in Inverter-Fed Traction Motors." Applied Mechanics and Materials. 121-126, pp. 239-243. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.121-126.239
Insulation Failure of Inter-Turn Insulation in Inverter-Fed Traction Motor
Luo, Y., Wu, G. N., Wang, P., Cao, K. J. and Cui, Y.. 2012. "Insulation Failure of Inter-Turn Insulation in Inverter-Fed Traction Motor." IEEE Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP 2012). Montreal, Canada 14 - 17 Oct 2012 Montreal, Canada. https://doi.org/10.1109/CEIDP.2012.6378909
Finite Element Analysis of Temperature Field of Traction Motor
Zhu, Anxing, Yang, Zhixiong and Cui, Yi. 2012. "Finite Element Analysis of Temperature Field of Traction Motor." Applied Mechanics and Materials. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.189.461
Dynamic Simulation Analysis of Bar Insulator Pollution in Strong Wind
Sun, Jixing, Wu, Guangning, Chen, Weirong, Gao, Guoqiang, Cui, Yi and Wang, Bo. 2012. "Dynamic Simulation Analysis of Bar Insulator Pollution in Strong Wind." Xinan Jiaotong Daxue Xuebao. 47 (3), pp. 413-419. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0258-2724.2012.03.010
Characterization of Contact Resistance Between Pantograph and Catenary System
Wang, Wan-Gang, Wu, Guang-Ning, Gao, Guo-Qiang, Wang, Bo, Cui, Yi, Li, Tian-Zhi and Yang, Ming-Ming. 2012. "Characterization of Contact Resistance Between Pantograph and Catenary System." Journal of Central South University. 43 (10), pp. 3857-3864.
Power Transformer Condition Assessment Using Support Vector Machine With Heuristic Optimization
Cui, Yi, Ma, Hui and Saha, Tapan K.. 2013. "Power Transformer Condition Assessment Using Support Vector Machine With Heuristic Optimization." 23rd Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC 2013). Hobart, Australia 29 Sep - 03 Oct 2013 Hobart, Australia. https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2013.6725452
Life Estimation Techniques for Transformer Insulation
Martin, D., Cui, Y., Saha, T., Lelekakis, N. and Wijaya, J.. 2013. "Life Estimation Techniques for Transformer Insulation." 2013 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC 2013). Hobart, Australia 29 Sep - 03 Oct 2013 Hobart, Australia. https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2013.6725457
Finite Element Method Modeled Dielectric Response for Condition Evaluation of Transformer Insulation
Cui, Yi, Ekanayake, Chandima, Saha, Tapan K., Du, Peidong and Ma, Hui. 2013. "Finite Element Method Modeled Dielectric Response for Condition Evaluation of Transformer Insulation." IEEE Annual Report Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena (CEIDP 2013). Chenzhen, China 20 - 23 Oct 2013 Chenzhen, China. https://doi.org/10.1109/CEIDP.2013.6748314
Investigation of Feature Selection Techniques for Improving Efficiency of Power Transformer Condition Assessment
Ashkezari, Atefeh Dehghani, Ma, Hui, Saha, Tapan K. and Cui, Yi. 2014. "Investigation of Feature Selection Techniques for Improving Efficiency of Power Transformer Condition Assessment." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. 21 (2), pp. 836-844. https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2013.004090
Improvement of Power Transformer Insulation Diagnosis Using Oil Characteristics Data Preprocessed By SMOTEBoost Technique
Cui, Yi, Ma, Hui and Saha, Tapan. 2014. "Improvement of Power Transformer Insulation Diagnosis Using Oil Characteristics Data Preprocessed By SMOTEBoost Technique." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. 21 (5), pp. 2363-2373. https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2014.004547
A Diffusion-Driven Model for Investigating Moisture Effects on Dielectric Response Measurement of Transformer Insulation
Cui, Yi, Ma, Hui, Saha, Tapan and Ekanayake, Chandima. 2014. "A Diffusion-Driven Model for Investigating Moisture Effects on Dielectric Response Measurement of Transformer Insulation." 2014 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM). National Harbor, United States 27 - 31 Jul 2014 National Harbor, United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2014.6938883
Time Domain Diffusion-Driven Dielectric Response Model for Investigation of Moisture Dynamics in Transformers Insulation
Cui, Yi, Ma, Hui, Saha, Tapan, Ekanayake, Chandima and Martin, Daniel. 2015. "Time Domain Diffusion-Driven Dielectric Response Model for Investigation of Moisture Dynamics in Transformers Insulation." 2015 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM). Denver, United States 26 - 30 Jul 2015 https://doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2015.7285860
Multi-variable Approach for Evaluating Transformer Paper Insulation
Cui, Yi, Martin, Daniel, Saha, Tapan, Ma, Hui, Ekanayake, Chandima and Lelekakis, Nick. 2015. "Multi-variable Approach for Evaluating Transformer Paper Insulation." 11th International Conference on the Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials (ICPADM 2015). Sydney, Australia 19 - 22 Jul 2015 Sydney, Australia. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPADM.2015.7295273
Multi-Source Information Fusion for Power Transformer Condition Assessment
Cui, Yi, Ma, Hui and Saha, Tapan. 2016. "Multi-Source Information Fusion for Power Transformer Condition Assessment." 2016 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM). Boston, United States 17 - 21 Jul 2016 Boston, United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2016.7741121
Evolutionary Bayesian Fusion for Transformers Fault Detection
Cui, Yi, Naranpanawe, Lakshitha and Seo, Junhyuck. 2016. "Evolutionary Bayesian Fusion for Transformers Fault Detection." 26th Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC 2016). Brisbane, Australia 25 - 28 Sep 2016 Brisbane, Australia. https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2016.07749299
Particle tracing modelling on moisture dynamics of oil-impregnated transformer
Cui, Yi, Ma, Hui, Saha, Tapan, Ekanayake, Chandima and Martin, Daniel. 2016. "Particle tracing modelling on moisture dynamics of oil-impregnated transformer." IET Science, Measurement and Technology. 10 (4), pp. 335-343. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-smt.2015.0196
Recent application examples of FNET/GridEye
Liu, Yong, Cui, Yi, Yu, Wenpeng, Zhang, Yao, Wu, Ling, You, Shutang and Liu, Yilu. 2018. "Recent application examples of FNET/GridEye." 12th International Conference on Compatibility, Power Electronics and Power Engineering (CPE-POWERENG 2018). Doha, Qatar 10 - 12 Apr 2018 Doha, Qatar. https://doi.org/10.1109/CPE.2018.8372494
Exploiting Spatial Signatures of Power ENF Signal for Measurement Source Authentication
Cui, Yi, Liu, Yilu, Fuhr, Peter and Morales-Rodriguez, Marissa. 2018. "Exploiting Spatial Signatures of Power ENF Signal for Measurement Source Authentication." 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Technologies for Homeland Security (HST). Woburn, United States 23 - 24 Oct 2018 Woburn, United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/THS.2018.8574151
FNET/GridEye for Future High Renewable Power Grids — Applications Overview
You, Shutang, Zhao, Jiecheng, Yao, Wenxuan, Liu, Yong, Cui, Yi, Wu, Ling, Guo, Jiahui and Liu, Yilu. 2018. "FNET/GridEye for Future High Renewable Power Grids — Applications Overview." 2018 IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exhibition - Latin America (T and D-LA). Lima, Peru 18 - 21 Sep 2018 Lima, Peru. https://doi.org/10.1109/tdc-la.2018.8511657
Statistical Characterization of Solar Irradiance Variability and Its Effect on Step Voltage Regulators
Cui, Yi, Bai, Feifei, Liu, Yilu and Smith, David. 2019. "Statistical Characterization of Solar Irradiance Variability and Its Effect on Step Voltage Regulators." 2019 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Asia (ISGT). Chengdu, China 21 - 24 May 2019 Chengdu, China. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT-Asia.2019.8881275
Hypothesis of Interfacial Charge Transportation in Oil-Paper Insulation for Transformer Moisture Estimation
Cui, Yi, Ma, Hui, Saha, Tapan and Liu, Yilu. 2019. "Hypothesis of Interfacial Charge Transportation in Oil-Paper Insulation for Transformer Moisture Estimation." 2019 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM). Atlanta, United States 04 - 08 Aug 2019 Atlanta, United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/pesgm40551.2019.8973596
Understanding Moisture Dynamics and Its Effect on the Dielectric Response of Transformer Insulation
Cui, Yi, Ma, Hui, Saha, Tapan and Ekanayake, Chandima. 2015. "Understanding Moisture Dynamics and Its Effect on the Dielectric Response of Transformer Insulation." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 30 (5), pp. 2195-2204. https://doi.org/doi10.1109/TPWRD.2015.2426199
An Updated Model to Determine the Life Remaining of Transformer Insulation
Martin, Daniel, Cui, Yi, Ekanayake, Chandima, Ma, Hui and Saha, Tapan. 2014. "An Updated Model to Determine the Life Remaining of Transformer Insulation." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 30 (1), pp. 395-402. https://doi.org/doi10.1109/TPWRD.2014.2345775
Moisture-Dependent Thermal Modelling of Power Transformer
Cui, Yi, Ma, Hui, Saha, Tapan, Ekanayake, Chandima and Martin, Daniel. 2016. "Moisture-Dependent Thermal Modelling of Power Transformer." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 31 (5), pp. 2140-2150. https://doi.org/doi10.1109/TPWRD.2016.2569123
Numerical and experimental validation of variation of power transformers’ thermal time constants with load factor
Wang, Lujia, Zhou, Lijun, Tang, Haolong, Wang, Dongyang and Cui, Yi. 2017. "Numerical and experimental validation of variation of power transformers’ thermal time constants with load factor." Applied Thermal Engineering. 126, pp. 939-948. https://doi.org/doi10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.07.167
GPS Signal Loss in the Wide Area Monitoring System: Prevalence, Impact, and Solution
Yao, Wenxuan, Zhou, Dao, Zhan, Lingwei, Liu, Yong, Cui, Yi, You, Shutang and Liu, Yilu. 2017. "GPS Signal Loss in the Wide Area Monitoring System: Prevalence, Impact, and Solution." Electric Power Systems Research. 147, pp. 254-262. https://doi.org/doi10.1016/j.epsr.2017.03.004
Spatio-Temporal Synchrophasor Data Characterization for Mitigating False Data Injection in Smart Grids
Cui, Yi, Wang, Weikang, Liu, Yilu, Fuhr, Peter and Morales-Rodriguez, Marissa. 2019. "Spatio-Temporal Synchrophasor Data Characterization for Mitigating False Data Injection in Smart Grids." 2020 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM). Atlanta, United States 04 - 08 Aug 2020 Atlanta, United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/pesgm40551.2019.8973586
FNET/GridEye: A Tool for Situational Awareness of Large Power Interconnetion Grids
Zhu, Lin, You, Shutang, Yin, He, Zhao, Yinfeng, Li, Fuhua, Yao, Wenxuan, O'Reilley, Chris, Yu, Wenpeng, Zeng, Chujie, Deng, Xianda, Zhao, Yi, Cui, Yi, Zhang, Yao and Liu, Yilu. 2020. "FNET/GridEye: A Tool for Situational Awareness of Large Power Interconnetion Grids." 2020 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT-Europe). Delft, Netherlands 26 - 28 Oct 2020 Delft, Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT-Europe47291.2020.9248857
Source Location Identification of Distribution-Level Electric Network Frequency Signals at Multiple Geographic Scales
Yao, Wenxuan, Zhao, Jiecheng, Till, Micah J., You, Shutang, Liu, Yong, Cui, Yi and Liu, Yilu. 2017. "Source Location Identification of Distribution-Level Electric Network Frequency Signals at Multiple Geographic Scales." IEEE Access. 5, pp. 11166-11175. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2707060
Impact of High PV Penetration on the Inter-Area Oscillations in the U.S. Eastern Interconnection
You, Shutang, Kou, Gefei, Liu, Yong, Zhang, Xuemeng, Cui, Yi, Till, Micah J., Yao, Wenxuan and Liu, Yilu. 2017. "Impact of High PV Penetration on the Inter-Area Oscillations in the U.S. Eastern Interconnection." IEEE Access. 5, pp. 4361-4369. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2682260
A Distribution Level Wide Area Monitoring System for the Electric Power Grid—FNET/GridEye
Liu, Yong, You, Shutang, Yao, Wenxuan, Cui, Yi, Wu, Ling, Zhou, Dao, Zhao, Jiecheng, Liu, Hesen and Liu, Yilu. 2017. "A Distribution Level Wide Area Monitoring System for the Electric Power Grid—FNET/GridEye." IEEE Access. 5, pp. 2329-2338. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2017.2666541
Inter-area oscillation statistical analysis of the U.S. Eastern interconnection
Cui, Yi, Wu, Ling, Yu, Wenpeng, Liu, Yong, Yao, Wenxuan, Zhou, Dao and Liu, Yilu. 2017. "Inter-area oscillation statistical analysis of the U.S. Eastern interconnection." The Journal of Engineering. 2017 (11), pp. 595-605. https://doi.org/10.1049/joe.2017.0243
Impacts of Power Grid Frequency Deviation on Time Error of Synchronous Electric Clock and Worldwide Power System Practices on Time Error Correction
Zhang, Yao, Yao, Wenxuan, You, Shutang, Yu, Wenpeng, Wu, Ling, Cui, Yi and Liu, Yilu. 2017. "Impacts of Power Grid Frequency Deviation on Time Error of Synchronous Electric Clock and Worldwide Power System Practices on Time Error Correction." Energies. 10 (9), pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10091283
Understanding the Effect of Non-Uniform Ageing on Dielectric Response of Transformer Insulation
Cui, Yi, Ma, Hui, Saha, Tapan and Liu, Yilu. 2017. "Understanding the Effect of Non-Uniform Ageing on Dielectric Response of Transformer Insulation." 2017 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM). Chicago, United States 16 - 20 Jul 2017 Chicago, United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2017.8274446
Study of variability metrics for solar irradiance and photovoltaic output
Cui, Yi, Su, Yu, Liu, Yong, Liu, Yilu and Smith, David. 2017. "Study of variability metrics for solar irradiance and photovoltaic output." 2017 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM). Chicago, United States 16 - 20 Jul 2017 Chicago, United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2017.8274193
Statistical analysis of the FNET/grideye-detected inter-area oscillations in Eastern Interconnection (EI)
Wu, Ling, You, Shutang, Zhang, Xuemeng, Cui, Yi, Liu, Yong and Liu, Yilu. 2017. "Statistical analysis of the FNET/grideye-detected inter-area oscillations in Eastern Interconnection (EI)." 2017 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM). Chicago, United States 16 - 20 Jul 2017 Chicago, United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2017.8274682
Terahertz-Based Insulation Delamination Defect Inspection of Vehicle Cable Terminals
Li, Shuaibing, Cao, Binglei, Cui, Yi, Kang, Yongqiang, Gao, Sheng, Li, Hongwei and Dong, Haiying. 2023. "Terahertz-Based Insulation Delamination Defect Inspection of Vehicle Cable Terminals." IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification. 9 (1), pp. 1765 - 1774. https://doi.org/10.1109/TTE.2022.3200043
PDTools: A toolbox of partial discharge (PD) signal analysis for transformer condition assessment
Ma, Hui, Saha, Tapan, Seo, Junhyuck, Chan, Jeffery and Cui, Yi. 2017. "PDTools: A toolbox of partial discharge (PD) signal analysis for transformer condition assessment." 2017 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM). Chicago, United States 16 - 20 Jul 2017 Chicago, United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2017.8273888
Oil exponent thermal modelling for traction transformer under multiple overloads
Zhou, Lijun, Wang, Lujia, Tang, Haolong, Wang, Jian, Guo, Lei and Cui, Yi. 2018. "Oil exponent thermal modelling for traction transformer under multiple overloads." IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution. 12 (22), pp. 5982-5989. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.5084
Effects of Thermal Aging on Moisture Equilibrium in Oil-Paper Insulation
Wang, Dongyang, Zhou, Lijun, Li, Xianlang, Cui, Yi, Li, Huize, Wang, An and Liao, Wei. 2018. "Effects of Thermal Aging on Moisture Equilibrium in Oil-Paper Insulation." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. 25 (6), pp. 2340-2348. https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2018.007154
Effects of Thermal Aging on Moisture Diffusion in Insulation Paper Immersed with Mineral Oil
Wang, Dongyang, Zhou, Lijun, Wang, An, Li, Huize, Liao, Wei, Guo, Lei and Cui, Yi. 2018. "Effects of Thermal Aging on Moisture Diffusion in Insulation Paper Immersed with Mineral Oil." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. 25 (5), pp. 1888-1896. https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2018.007239
A Measurement Source Authentication Methodology for Power System Cyber Security Enhancement
Cui, Yi, Bai, Feifei, Liu, Yong and Liu, Yilu. 2018. "A Measurement Source Authentication Methodology for Power System Cyber Security Enhancement." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 9 (4), pp. 3914-3916. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2018.2826444
A New Testing Method for the Dielectric Response of Oil-Immersed Transformer
Wang, Dongyang, Zhou, Lijun, Yang, Zhi-Xin, Cui, Yi, Wang, Lujia, Jiang, Junfei and Guo, Lei. 2020. "A New Testing Method for the Dielectric Response of Oil-Immersed Transformer." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 67 (12), pp. 10833-10843. https://doi.org/10.1109/tie.2019.2959500
Spatio-Temporal Characterization of Synchrophasor Data Against Spoofing Attacks in Smart Grids
Cui, Yi, Bai, Feifei, Liu, Yilu, Fuhr, Peter L. and Morales-Rodriguez, Marissa E.. 2019. "Spatio-Temporal Characterization of Synchrophasor Data Against Spoofing Attacks in Smart Grids." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 10 (5), pp. 5807-5818. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2019.2891852
Ambient Synchrophasor Measurement Based System Inertia Estimation
Cui, Yi, You, Shutang and Liu, Yilu. 2020. "Ambient Synchrophasor Measurement Based System Inertia Estimation." 2020 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM). Montreal, Canada 02 - 06 Aug 2020 Montreal, Canada. https://doi.org/10.1109/pesgm41954.2020.9281662
A Diagnostic Method for Moisture Intrusion Fault in OIP Bushing
Liao, Wei, Zhou, Lijun, Wang, Dongyang, Wang, An, Guo, Lei and Cui, Yi. 2020. "A Diagnostic Method for Moisture Intrusion Fault in OIP Bushing." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. 69 (9), pp. 7072-7081. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2020.2976278
Nonintrusive Inspection of Moisture Damp in Composited Insulation Structure Based on Terahertz Technology
Li, Shuaibing, Cao, Binglei, Kang, Yongqiang, Cui, Yi and Dong, Haiying. 2021. "Nonintrusive Inspection of Moisture Damp in Composited Insulation Structure Based on Terahertz Technology." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. 70. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2021.3117360
Extraction of Dynamic Frequency Response Characteristics and Modelling of Modern Air Conditioners
Bai, Feifei, Yan, Ruifeng, Saha, Tapan Kumar, Cui, Yi and Pan, Zicheng. 2021. "Extraction of Dynamic Frequency Response Characteristics and Modelling of Modern Air Conditioners." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 12 (1), pp. 897-900. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2020.3009841
A Method for Diagnosing the State of Insulation Paper in Traction Transformer Based on FDS Test and CS-DQ Algorithm
Zhou, Lijun, Wang, Dongyang, Cui, Yi, Zhang, Liqing, Wang, Lujia and Guo, Lei. 2021. "A Method for Diagnosing the State of Insulation Paper in Traction Transformer Based on FDS Test and CS-DQ Algorithm." IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification. 7 (1), pp. 91-103. https://doi.org/10.1109/TTE.2020.3018268
Source Authentication of Distribution Synchrophasors for Cybersecurity of Microgrids
Cui, Yi, Bai, Feifei, Yan, Ruifeng, Saha, Tapan, Ko, Ryan K. L. and Liu, Yilu. 2021. "Source Authentication of Distribution Synchrophasors for Cybersecurity of Microgrids." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 12 (5), pp. 4577-4580. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3089041
Experimental Studies on the Estimated Life of Oil-Immersed Insulation Paper in Traction Transformers
Zhou, Lijun, Liao, Wei, Wang, Dongyang, Cui, Yi, Wang, Lujia, Zhang, Liqing and Guo, Lei. 2021. "Experimental Studies on the Estimated Life of Oil-Immersed Insulation Paper in Traction Transformers." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. 36 (5), pp. 2646-2657. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2020.3024839
Adding power of artificial intelligence to situational awareness of large interconnections dominated by inverter‐based resources
Zhu, Lin, Zhao, Yinfeng, Cui, Yi, You, Shutang, Yu, Wenpeng, Liu, Shengyuan, Yin, He, Chen, Chang, Wu, Yuru, Qiu, Wei, Mandich, Mirka, Li, Hongyu, Ademola, Adedasola, Zhang, Chengwen, Zeng, Chujie, Jia, Xinlan, Wang, Weikang, Yuan, Haoyu, Jiang, Huaiguang, ..., Liu, Yilu. 2021. "Adding power of artificial intelligence to situational awareness of large interconnections dominated by inverter‐based resources." High Voltage. 6 (6), pp. 924-937. https://doi.org/10.1049/hve2.12157
Multiscale Adaptive Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis-Based Source Identification of Synchrophasor Data
Cui, Yi, Bai, Feifei, Yin, Hongzhi, Chen, Tong, Dart, David, Zillmann, Matthew and Ko, Ryan K. L.. 2022. "Multiscale Adaptive Multifractal Detrended Fluctuation Analysis-Based Source Identification of Synchrophasor Data." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 13 (6), pp. 4957-4960. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3207066
Frequency Response of PV Inverters Toward High Renewable Penetrated Distribution Networks
Bai, Feifei, Cui, Yi, Yan, Ruifeng, Saha, Tapan Kumar, Gu, Huajie and Eghbal, Daniel. 2022. "Frequency Response of PV Inverters Toward High Renewable Penetrated Distribution Networks." CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems. 8 (2), pp. 465-475. https://doi.org/10.17775/CSEEJPES.2021.08470
Multifractal Characterization of Distribution Synchrophasors for Cybersecurity Defense of Smart Grids
Cui, Yi, Bai, Feifei, Yan, Ruifeng, Saha, Tapan, Mosadeghy, Mehdi, Yin, Hongzhi, Ko, Ryan K. L. and Liu, Yilu. 2022. "Multifractal Characterization of Distribution Synchrophasors for Cybersecurity Defense of Smart Grids." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 13 (2), pp. 1658-1661. https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3132536
Measurement and Interpretation of the Effect of Electrical Sliding Speed on Contact Characteristics of On-Load Tap Changers
Yang, Xingzu, Li, Shuaibing, Cui, Yi, Kang, Yongqiang, Li, Zongying, Li, Hongwei and Dong, Haiying. 2022. "Measurement and Interpretation of the Effect of Electrical Sliding Speed on Contact Characteristics of On-Load Tap Changers." Coatings. 12 (10), pp. 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101436
Authenticating source information of distribution synchrophasors at intra-state locations for cyber-physical resilient power networks
Cui, Yi, Bai, Feifei, Saha, Tapan and Yaghoobi, Jalil. 2022. "Authenticating source information of distribution synchrophasors at intra-state locations for cyber-physical resilient power networks." International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems. 139, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2022.108009
Data Source Authentication for Wide-Area Synchrophasor Measurements Based On Spatial Signature Extraction and Quadratic Kernel SVM
Liu, Shengyuan, You, Shutang, Yin, He, Lin, Zhenzhi, Liu, Yilu, Cui, Yi, Yao, Wenxuan and Sundaresh, Lakshmi. 2022. "Data Source Authentication for Wide-Area Synchrophasor Measurements Based On Spatial Signature Extraction and Quadratic Kernel SVM." International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems. 140, pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2022.108083
Cost-effective synchrophasor data source authentication based on multiscale adaptive coupling correlation detrended analysis
Bai, Feifei, Cui, Yi, Yan, Ruifeng, Yin, Hongzhi, Chen, Tong, Dart, David and Yaghoobi, Jalil. 2023. "Cost-effective synchrophasor data source authentication based on multiscale adaptive coupling correlation detrended analysis." International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems. 144, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2022.108606
Realizing multifractality of smart meter data for household characteristic prediction
Cui, Yi, Yan, Ruifeng, Sharma, Rahul, Saha, Tapan and Horrocks, Neil. 2022. "Realizing multifractality of smart meter data for household characteristic prediction." International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems. 139, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2022.108003
Feasibility Study on Condition Monitoring of Power Network Asset Using PMU Measurements
Bai, Feifei, Cui, Yi, Zhang, Ge, Dart, David, Yaghoobi, Jalil and Zillmann, Matthew. 2022. "Feasibility Study on Condition Monitoring of Power Network Asset Using PMU Measurements." 2022 IEEE/IAS Industrial and Commercial Power System Asia (I&CPS Asia). Shanghai, China 08 - 11 Jul 2022 China. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPSAsia55496.2022.9949946
Machine Learning-based Cybersecurity Defence of Wide-area Monitoring Systems
He, Qian, Bai, Feifei, Cui, Yi and Zillmann, Matthew. 2022. "Machine Learning-based Cybersecurity Defence of Wide-area Monitoring Systems." 2022 IEEE/IAS Industrial and Commercial Power System Asia (I&CPS Asia). Shanghai, China 08 - 11 Jul 2022 China. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPSAsia55496.2022.9949686
Power Quality Disturbance Detection Based on Improved Robust Random Cut Forest
Zhang, Ge, Bai, Feifei, Cui, Yi, Dart, David, Yaghoobi, Jalil and Zillmann, Matthew. 2022. "Power Quality Disturbance Detection Based on Improved Robust Random Cut Forest." 2022 IEEE/IAS Industrial and Commercial Power System Asia (I&CPS Asia). Shanghai, China 08 - 11 Jul 2022 China. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPSAsia55496.2022.9949860
Magnetic Field Based Wireless GMD/EMP-E3 Impact Monitoring Device:
Yao, Wenxuan, Zhao, Jiecheng, Cui, Yi, Liu, Yilu and King, Thomas. 2022. Magnetic Field Based Wireless GMD/EMP-E3 Impact Monitoring Device: 11372038
Power System Inertia Estimation Using Synchrophasor Frequency Measurements
Liu, Yong, Cui, Yi and Liu, Yilu. 2021. Power System Inertia Estimation Using Synchrophasor Frequency Measurements. 10884042
Power System Disturbance Localization Using Recurrence Quantification Analysis And Minimum-volume-enclosing Ellipsoid: US 10371740 B2
Cui, Yi, Bai, Feifei, Yao, Wenxuan, Liu, Yong, Wu, Ling and Liu, Yilu. 2019. Power System Disturbance Localization Using Recurrence Quantification Analysis And Minimum-volume-enclosing Ellipsoid: US 10371740 B2. 10371740
Influence of Moisture Dependency of Pressboard on Transformer Winding Clamping Pressure
Naranpanawe, Lakshitha, Ekanayake, Chandima, Saha, Tapan Kumar and Annamalai, Naranpanawe1, Chandima Ekanayake2, Tapan Kumar Saha1 and Pratheep K.. 2017. "Influence of Moisture Dependency of Pressboard on Transformer Winding Clamping Pressure." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. 24 (5), pp. 3191-3200. https://doi.org/10.1109/Tdei.2017.006206
Effect of pressboard ageing on power transformer mechanical vibration characteristics
Naranpanawe, W. M. L. B., Bandara, K. M. K. S., Saha, T.K., Ekanayake, C. and Annamalai, Pratheep Kumar. 2016. "Effect of pressboard ageing on power transformer mechanical vibration characteristics." 2015 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC 2015). Brisbane, Australia 15 - 18 Nov 2015 Australia. https://doi.org/10.1109/APPEEC.2015.7380951
Understanding the Ageing Aspects of Natural Ester Based Insulation liquid in Power Transformer
Badana, Kapila, Ekanayake, Chandima, Saha, Tapan Kumar and Annamalai, Pratheep Kumar. 2016. "Understanding the Ageing Aspects of Natural Ester Based Insulation liquid in Power Transformer." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. 23 (1), pp. 246-257. https://doi.org/10.1109/Tdei.2015.004744
Transformer Hot Spot Temperature Prediction Using a Hybrid Algorithm of Support Vector Regression and Information Granulation
Cui, Yi, Ma, Hui and Saha, Tapan. 2016. "Transformer Hot Spot Temperature Prediction Using a Hybrid Algorithm of Support Vector Regression and Information Granulation." 2015 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC 2015). Brisbane, Australia 15 - 18 Nov 2015 United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/APPEEC.2015.7381066
Effect of Rooftop-PV on Power Transformer Insulation and On-Load Tap Changer Operation
Martin, D., Saha, T., Krause, O., Cui, Y, McPhail, D., MacArthur, T. and Condon, D.. 2016. "Effect of Rooftop-PV on Power Transformer Insulation and On-Load Tap Changer Operation." 2015 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC 2015). Brisbane, Australia 15 - 18 Nov 2015 United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/APPEEC.2015.7380952
Pattern Recognition Techniques for Power Transformer Insulation Diagnosis - A Comparative Study Part 2: Implementation, Case Study, and Statistical Analysis
Cui, Yi, Ma, Hui and Saha, Tapan. 2014. "Pattern Recognition Techniques for Power Transformer Insulation Diagnosis - A Comparative Study Part 2: Implementation, Case Study, and Statistical Analysis." International Transactions on Electrical Energy System. 25 (10), pp. 2260-2274. https://doi.org/10.1002/etep.1963
Pattern Recognition Techniques for Power Transformer Insulation Diagnosis - A Comparative Study Part 1: Framework, Literature, and Illustration
Cui, Yi, Ma, Hui and Saha, Tapan. 2014. "Pattern Recognition Techniques for Power Transformer Insulation Diagnosis - A Comparative Study Part 1: Framework, Literature, and Illustration." International Transactions on Electrical Energy System. 25 (10), pp. 2247-2259. https://doi.org/10.1002/etep.1959
Electrical Treeing Breakdown Properties for Polyimide Nanocomposite Film in Inverter-Fed Motors
Cui, Yi, Wu, Guangning, Zhang, Yiqiang and Luo, Yang. 2012. "Electrical Treeing Breakdown Properties for Polyimide Nanocomposite Film in Inverter-Fed Motors." 2011 SSITE International Conference on Future Material Research and Industry Application (FMRIA 2011). Macau, China 01 - 02 Dec 2011 Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.455-456.553