Fault tree analysis method for deterioration of timber bridges using an Australian case study

Article

Lokuge, Weena, Gamage, Nirdosha and Setunge, Sujeeva. 2016. "Fault tree analysis method for deterioration of timber bridges using an Australian case study." Built Environment Project and Asset Management. 6 (3), pp. 332-344. https://doi.org/10.1108/BEPAM-01-2016-0001
Article Title

Fault tree analysis method for deterioration of timber bridges using an Australian case study

ERA Journal ID200242
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsLokuge, Weena (Author), Gamage, Nirdosha (Author) and Setunge, Sujeeva (Author)
Journal TitleBuilt Environment Project and Asset Management
Journal Citation6 (3), pp. 332-344
Number of Pages13
Year2016
PublisherEmerald
Place of PublicationUnited Kingdom
ISSN2044-124X
2044-1258
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1108/BEPAM-01-2016-0001
Web Address (URL)http://emeraldgrouppublishing.com/products/journals/journals.htm?id=bepam
Abstract

Purpose:
Deterioration of timber bridges can often be related to a number of deficiencies in the bridge elements, connectors and or as a result of been in aggressive environments which they are exposed to. The maintenance cost of timber bridges is affected significantly by a number of deterioration mechanisms which require a systematic approach for diagnosis and treatment. Evaluating the risk of failure of these bridges is of importance in bridge performance assessment and decision making to optimize rehabilitation options.

Design/ methodology/ approach:
This paper identifies common causes for timber bridge deterioration and demonstrates an integrated approach based on fault tree analysis (FTA) to obtain qualitative or quantitative estimation of the risk of failure of timber bridge sub-systems. Level 2 inspection report for a timber bridge in Queensland, Australia has been utilized as a case study in this research to identify the failure modes of the bridge.

Originality/ value:
A diagnostic tool for timber bridge deterioration will benefit asset inspectors, managers, and engineers to identify the type, size and the distress mechanisms in order to recognize the proper corrective measures either to prevent or to reduce further deterioration. Timber bridge maintenance is a major issue in Queensland, Australia. The proposed framework can benefit road authorities and local councils.

Keywordstimber bridges, deterioration, fault tree analysis, evaluation, preventive maintenance, road structures
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020400508. Infrastructure engineering and asset management
Public Notes

File reproduced in accordance with the copyright policy of the publisher/author.

Byline AffiliationsSchool of Civil Engineering and Surveying
Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT)
Institution of OriginUniversity of Southern Queensland
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Finite element based dynamic analysis of multilayer fibre composite sandwich plates with interlayer delaminations
Jayatilake, Indunil N., Karunasena, Warna and Lokuge, Weena. 2016. "Finite element based dynamic analysis of multilayer fibre composite sandwich plates with interlayer delaminations." Advances in Aircraft and Spacecraft Science. 3 (1), pp. 15-28. https://doi.org/10.12989/aas.2016.3.1.015
Influence of infill concrete strength on the flexural behaviour of pultruded GFRP square beams
Muttashar, Majid, Manalo, Allan, Karunasena, Warna and Lokuge, Weena. 2016. "Influence of infill concrete strength on the flexural behaviour of pultruded GFRP square beams." Composite Structures. 145, pp. 58-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.02.071
Predicting the failure of timber bridges by using current inspection reports
Lokuge, Weena, Wilson, Matthew, Tran, Huu and Setunge, Sujeeva. 2017. "Predicting the failure of timber bridges by using current inspection reports." Engineering for Public Works.
Oil contaminated sand: an emerging and sustainable construction material
Abousnina, Rajab M., Manalo, Allan, Lokuge, Weena and Shiau, Jim. 2015. "Oil contaminated sand: an emerging and sustainable construction material." 2015 International Conference on Sustainable Design, Engineering and Construction. Chicago, United States 10 - 13 May 2015 Netherlands. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.453
Analysis of flood impact on reinforced concrete(Pre-stressed) girder bridges – a case study
Kalendher, F., Setunge, S., Mohseni, H. and Lokuge, W.. 2016. "Analysis of flood impact on reinforced concrete(Pre-stressed) girder bridges – a case study." Bittencourt, Tulio Nogueira, Frangopol, Dan M. and Beck, Andre T. (ed.) 8th International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management (IABMAS 2016). Foz Do Iguacu, Brazil 26 - 30 Jun 2016 Netherlands.
Effectiveness of formative online quizzes in learning and teaching a structural engineering course
Aravinthan, Thiru, Lokuge, Weena and Manalo, Allan. 2011. "Effectiveness of formative online quizzes in learning and teaching a structural engineering course." Al-Abdeli, Yasir M. and Lindsay, Euan (ed.) 22nd Annual Conference of the Australasian Association for Engineering Education (AAEE 2011). Fremantle, Australia 05 - 07 Dec 2011 Barton, ACT, Australia.
Dynamic analysis of multilayer GFRP sandwich slabs with interlayer delaminations
Jayatilake, Indunil N., Karunasena, Warna and Lokuge, Weena. 2014. "Dynamic analysis of multilayer GFRP sandwich slabs with interlayer delaminations." Sabu, John and Das, Raj (ed.) 8th Australasian Congress on Applied Mechanics (ACAM 8). Melbourne, Australia 24 - 28 Nov 2014 Australia.
Dynamic behaviour of fibre composite multilayer sandwich plates with delaminations
Jayatilake, Indunil, Karunasena, Warna and Lokuge, Weena. 2014. "Dynamic behaviour of fibre composite multilayer sandwich plates with delaminations." Smith, Scott T. (ed.) 23rd Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials (ACMSM23). Byron Bay, Australia 09 - 12 Dec 2014 Lismore, Australia.
Stress-strain behaviour of unconfined polymer concrete
Lokuge, Weena and Aravinthan, Thiru. 2014. "Stress-strain behaviour of unconfined polymer concrete." Smith, Scott (ed.) 23rd Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials (ACMSM23). Byron Bay, Australia 09 - 12 Dec 2014 Byron Bay, Australia.
Geopolymer concrete with FRP confinement
Lembo, Kurt, Lokuge, Weena and Karunasena, Warna. 2014. "Geopolymer concrete with FRP confinement." Smith, Scott (ed.) 23rd Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials (ACMSM23). Byron Bay, Australia 09 - 12 Dec 2014 Byron Bay, Australia.
Geopolymer concrete: the green alternative with suitable structural properties
Muttashar, Majid, Lokuge, Weena and Karunasena, Warna. 2014. "Geopolymer concrete: the green alternative with suitable structural properties." Smith, Scott T. (ed.) 23rd Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials (ACMSM23). Byron Bay, Australia 09 - 12 Dec 2014 Lismore, Australia.
Experimental investigation on the flexural behaviour of pultruded GFRP beams filled with different concrete strengths
Muttashar, M., Manalo, A., Karunasena, W. and Lokuge, W.. 2016. "Experimental investigation on the flexural behaviour of pultruded GFRP beams filled with different concrete strengths." Teng, J. G. and Dai, J. G. (ed.) 8th International Conference on Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites in Civil Engineering (CICE 2016). Hong Kong, China 14 - 16 Dec 2016 China.
Failure mechanisms of bridge infrastructure in an extreme flood event
Lebbe, Mohamed Farook Kalendher, Lokuge, Weena, Setunge, Sujeeva and Zhang, Kevin. 2014. "Failure mechanisms of bridge infrastructure in an extreme flood event." Li, Chun Qing, Setunge, Sujeeva and De Silva, Saman (ed.) 1st International Conference on Infrastructure Failures and Consequences (ICIFC 2014). Melbourne, Australia 16 - 20 Jul 2014 Melbourne, Australia.
Effect of skin-core debonding on the dynamic behaviour of GFRP composite beams
Jayatilake, Indunil, Karunasena, Warna and Lokuge, Weena. 2013. "Effect of skin-core debonding on the dynamic behaviour of GFRP composite beams." Epaarachchi, Jayantha A., Lau, Alan Kin-tak and Leng, Jinsong (ed.) 4th International Conference on Smart Materials and Nanotechnology in Engineering (SMN 2013). Gold Coast, Australia 10 - 12 Jul 2013 United States. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2026751
The effect of shear span-to-depth ratio on the failure mode and strength of pultruded GFRP beams
Muttashar, Majid, Karunasena, Warna, Manalo, Allan and Lokuge, Weena. 2015. "The effect of shear span-to-depth ratio on the failure mode and strength of pultruded GFRP beams." Joint Conference of the 12th International Symposium on Fiber Reinforced Polymers for Reinforced Concrete Structures (FRPRCS-12) & the 5th Asia-Pacific Conference on Fiber Reinforced Polymers in Structures (APFIS-2015). Nanjing, China 14 - 16 Dec 2015 China.
Testing and characterization of pultruded glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) beams
Muttashar, Majid, Karunasena, Warna, Manalo, Allan and Lokuge, Weena. 2015. "Testing and characterization of pultruded glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) beams." Joint Conference of the 12th International Symposium on Fiber Reinforced Polymers for Reinforced Concrete Structures (FRPRCS-12) & the 5th Asia-Pacific Conference on Fiber Reinforced Polymers in Structures (APFIS-2015). Nanjing, China 14 - 16 Dec 2015 China.
An overview on oil contaminated sand and its engineering applications
Abousnina, Rajab M., Manalo, Allan, Shiau, Jim and Lokuge, Weena. 2016. "An overview on oil contaminated sand and its engineering applications." International Journal of GEOMATE. 10 (19), pp. 1615-1622.
Physical and mechanical properties of cement mortar containing fine sand contaminated with light crude oil
Abousnina, Rajab M., Manalo, Allan and Lokuge, Weena. 2016. "Physical and mechanical properties of cement mortar containing fine sand contaminated with light crude oil." Procedia Engineering. 145, pp. 250- 258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.04.071
Effect of light hydrocarbons contamination on shear strength of fine sand
Abousnina, Rajab M., Shiau, Jim, Manalo, Allan and Lokuge, Weena. 2014. "Effect of light hydrocarbons contamination on shear strength of fine sand." Hossain, Zakaria and Shiau, Jim (ed.) 4th International Conference on Geotechnique, Construction Materials and Environment (GEOMATE 2014). Brisbane, Australia 19 - 21 Nov 2014 Mie, Japan.
Effects of light crude oil contamination on the physical and mechanical properties of fine sand
Abousnina, Rajab M., Manalo, Allan, Shiau, Jim and Lokuge, Weena. 2015. "Effects of light crude oil contamination on the physical and mechanical properties of fine sand." Soil and Sediment Contamination: an international journal. 24 (8), pp. 833-845. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2015.1058338
Mechanical properties of mortar with oil contaminated sand
Abousnina, Rajab M., Manalo, Allan and Lokuge, Weena. 2015. "Mechanical properties of mortar with oil contaminated sand." 27th Biennial National Conference of the Concrete Institute of Australia (Concrete 2015) in conjunction with the 69th RILEM Week: Construction Innovations, Research into Practice. Melbourne, Australia 30 Aug - 02 Sep 2015 Sydney, Australia.
Framework to inspect floodways towards estimating damage
Wahalathantri, Buddhi L., Lokuge, Weena, Karunasena, Warna and Setunge, Sujeeva. 2015. "Framework to inspect floodways towards estimating damage." Annual Conference of the Australasian Fire and Emergency Service Authorities Council and Bushfire & Natural Hazards CRC (AFAC15): New Directions in Emergency Management. Adelaide, Australia 01 - 03 Sep 2015 Australia.
Use of geopolymer concrete in column applications
Lokuge, Weena, Sanjayan, Jay and Setunge, Sujeeva. 2015. "Use of geopolymer concrete in column applications." 27th Biennial National Conference of the Concrete Institute of Australia (Concrete 2015) in conjunction with the 69th RILEM Week: Construction Innovations, Research into Practice. Melbourne, Australia 30 Aug - 02 Sep 2015 Australia.
Evaluation of case study concrete bridges in Victoria under effects of bushfire
Lokuge, Weena, Mohseni, Hessam, Setunge, Sujeeva and Simpson, Scott. 2015. "Evaluation of case study concrete bridges in Victoria under effects of bushfire." 5th International Conference on Building Resilience. Newcastle, Australia 15 - 17 Jul 2015 Newcastle, Australia.
Emergency service demand in Queensland during natural disasters
Wahalathantri, Buddhi, Lokuge, Weena, Karunasena, Warna and Setunge, Sujeeva. 2015. "Emergency service demand in Queensland during natural disasters." 5th International Conference on Building Resilience. Newcastle, Australia 15 - 17 Jul 2015 Newcastle, Australia.
Influence of single and multiple skin-core debonding on free vibration characteristics of innovative GFRP sandwich panels
Jayatilake, Indunil, Karunasena, Warna and Lokuge, Weena. 2016. "Influence of single and multiple skin-core debonding on free vibration characteristics of innovative GFRP sandwich panels." International Journal of Mechanical, Aerospace, Industrial and Mechatronics Engineering. 9 (5), pp. 800-804.
Deriving damage indices for concrete girder bridges subjected to flood loading
Kalendher, F., Setunge, S., Mohseni, H. and Lokuge, W.. 2015. "Deriving damage indices for concrete girder bridges subjected to flood loading." 6th International Conference on Structural Engineering and Construction Management (CSECM) 2015. Kandy, Sri Lanka 11 - 14 Dec 2015
Behaviour of hollow pultruded GFRP square beams with different shear span-to-depth ratios
Muttashar, Majid, Karunasena, Warna, Manalo, Allan and Lokuge, Weena. 2016. "Behaviour of hollow pultruded GFRP square beams with different shear span-to-depth ratios." Journal of Composite Materials. 50 (21), pp. 2925-2940. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998315614993
Vulnerability of floodways under extreme flood events
Wahalathantri, Buddhi Lankananda, Lokuge, Weena, Karunasena, Warna and Setunge, Sujeeva. 2015. "Vulnerability of floodways under extreme flood events." Natural Hazards Review. 17 (1). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)NH.1527-6996.0000194
Ductility enhancement of geopolymer concrete columns using FRP confinement
Lokuge, Weena and Karunasena, Warna. 2016. "Ductility enhancement of geopolymer concrete columns using FRP confinement." Journal of Composite Materials. 50 (14), pp. 1887-1896. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998315597553
Vulnerability of road bridge infrastructure under extreme flood events
Setunge, Sujeeva, Lokuge, Weena, Mohseni, Hessam and Karunasena, Warna. 2014. "Vulnerability of road bridge infrastructure under extreme flood events." AFAC and Bushfire and Natural Hazards CRC Conference 2014. Wellington, New Zealand 02 - 05 Sep 2014
Fibre reinforced geopolymer concrete with ambient curing for in-situ applications
Reed, Mark, Lokuge, Weena and Karunasena, Warna. 2014. "Fibre reinforced geopolymer concrete with ambient curing for in-situ applications." Journal of Materials Science. 49 (12), pp. 4297-4304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-014-8125-3
Investigating the performance of floodway in an extreme flood event
Lokuge, Weena, Setunge, Sujeeva and Karunasena, Warna. 2014. "Investigating the performance of floodway in an extreme flood event." Li, Chun Qing, Setunge, Sujeeva and de Silva, Saman (ed.) 1st International Conference on Infrastructure Failures and Consequences (ICIFC 2014). Melbourne, Australia 16 - 20 Jul 2014 Melbourne, Australia.
Effect of strain rate on geopolymer concrete
Lokuge, Weena, Karunasena, W. and Heemskerk, Colin. 2013. "Effect of strain rate on geopolymer concrete." Dao, Vinh and Dux, Peter (ed.) Concrete Institute of Australia's Biennial National Conference (Concrete 2013): Understanding Concrete. Gold Coast, Australia 16 - 18 Oct 2013 Sydney, Australia.
Flexural and axial behavior of pultruded GFRP hollow sections filled with low strength concrete
Muttashar, Majid, Manalo, Allan, Karunasena, Warna and Lokuge, Weena. 2014. "Flexural and axial behavior of pultruded GFRP hollow sections filled with low strength concrete." Australasian Composites Conference (CA 2014): Materials for a Lighter and Smarter World. Newcastle, Australia 07 - 09 Apr 2014 Melbourne, Australia.
Free vibration behaviour of fibre composite sandwich beams with debonds
Karunasena, W., Jayatilake, I. and Lokuge, W.. 2013. "Free vibration behaviour of fibre composite sandwich beams with debonds." Dissanayake, Ranjith and Jayasinghe, Thishan (ed.) 4th International Conference on Structural Engineering and Construction Management 2013 (ICSECM 2013). Kandy, Sri Lanka 13 - 15 Dec 2013 Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
Structural evaluation of concrete expanded polystyrene sandwich panels for slab applications
Bajracharya, R. M., Lokuge, W. P., Karunasena, W., Lau, K. T. and Mosallam, A. S.. 2013. "Structural evaluation of concrete expanded polystyrene sandwich panels for slab applications." Samali, Bijan, Attard, Mario M. and Song, Chongmin (ed.) 22nd Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials (ACMSM22). Sydney, Australia 11 - 14 Dec 2012 London, United Kingdom.
A mathematical model for complete stress-strain curve prediction of permeable concrete
Hussin, M. K., Zhuge, Y., Bullen, F. and Lokuge, W. P.. 2013. "A mathematical model for complete stress-strain curve prediction of permeable concrete." Samali, Bijan, Attard, Mario M. and Song, Chongmin (ed.) 22nd Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials (ACMSM22). Sydney, Australia 11 - 14 Dec 2012 London, United Kingdom.
Dynamic behaviour of debonded GFRP composite beams
Jayatilake, Indunil, Karunasena, Warna and Lokuge, Weena. 2013. "Dynamic behaviour of debonded GFRP composite beams." Journal of Multifunctional Composites. 1 (2), pp. 113-122. https://doi.org/10.12783/issn.2168-4286/1.2/Jayatilake
Comparative assessment of polymer concrete with different types of resin
Lokuge, Weena and Aravinthan, Thiru. 2013. "Comparative assessment of polymer concrete with different types of resin." Dao, Vinh and Dux, Peter (ed.) Concrete Institute of Australia's Biennial National Conference (Concrete 2013): Understanding Concrete. Gold Coast, Australia 16 - 18 Oct 2013 Sydney, Australia.
Evaluating disaster resilience of bridge infrastructure when exposed to extreme natural events
Lokuge, Weena and Setunge, Sujeeva. 2013. "Evaluating disaster resilience of bridge infrastructure when exposed to extreme natural events." 3rd International Conference on Building Resilience: Individual, Institutional and Societal Coping Strategies to Address the Challenges Associated with Disaster Risk. Heritance Ahungalla, Sri Lanka 17 - 19 Sep 2013 Ahungalla, Sri Lanka.
Effect of fly ash on the behaviour of polymer concrete with different types of resin
Lokuge, Weena and Aravinthan, Thiru. 2013. "Effect of fly ash on the behaviour of polymer concrete with different types of resin." Materials and Design. 51, pp. 175-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.03.078
Geopolymer concrete with FRP confinement
Lokuge, W., Eberhard, D. and Karunasena, W.. 2012. "Geopolymer concrete with FRP confinement." Bai, Yu, Bandyopadhyay, Sri, Zhao, X. L., Singh, R. and Rizkalla, S. (ed.) 6th International Composites Conference (ACUN 6): Composites and Nanocomposites in Civil, Offshore and Mining Infrastructure. Melbourne, Australia 14 - 16 Nov 2012 Melbourne, Australia.
Engaging distance students through online tutorials
Devine, Jo and Lokuge, Weena. 2012. "Engaging distance students through online tutorials." Mann, Llewellyn and Daniel, Scott (ed.) 23rd Annual Conference of the Australasian Association for Engineering Education (AAEE 2012). Melbourne, Australia 03 - 05 Dec 2012 Melbourne, Australia.
Investigation of some fundamental properties of permeable concrete
Hussin, Manal, Zhuge, Yan, Bullen, Frank and Lokuge, Weena. 2012. "Investigation of some fundamental properties of permeable concrete." International Conference on Emerging Materials and Mechanics Applications (ICEMMA 2012):. Hangzhou, China 05 - 06 Feb 2012 Zurich, Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.487.869
Compressive strength characterization of polyester based fillers
Sirimanna, Chamila Sampath, Lokuge, Weena, Islam, Md Mainul and Aravinthan, Thiru. 2012. "Compressive strength characterization of polyester based fillers." Advanced Materials Research. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.410.32
Laboratory evaluation of the stress-strain relationship of permeable concrete
Hussin, Manal, Zhuge, Yan, Bullen, Frank and Lokuge, Weena. 2011. "Laboratory evaluation of the stress-strain relationship of permeable concrete." Advanced Materials Research. 243-24, pp. 3259-3262. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.243-249.3259
Stress-strain model for high strength concrete confined by FRP
Lokuge, W. P., Setunge, S. and Sanjayan, J. G.. 2011. "Stress-strain model for high strength concrete confined by FRP." Fragomeni, Sam, Venkatesan, Srikanth, Lam, Nelson T. K. and Setunge, Sujeeva (ed.) 21st Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials (ACMSM 21). Melbourne, Australia 07 - 10 Dec 2010 Leiden, Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1201/b10571-85
Influence of fly ash proportions on properties of polymer concrete with polyester resin
Lokuge, Weena, Aravinthan, Thiru, Sirimanna, Chamila Sampath and Islam, Mainul. 2011. "Influence of fly ash proportions on properties of polymer concrete with polyester resin." 25th Biennial Conference of the Concrete Institute of Australia (Concrete 2011): Building a Sustainable Future. Perth, Australia 12 - 14 Oct 2011 Sydney, Australia.
Effects of fibres on geopolymer concrete
Lokuge, Weena. 2012. "Effects of fibres on geopolymer concrete." 2012 Southern Regional Engineering Conference (SREC 2012). Toowoomba, Australia 01 Sep 2012 Canberra, Australia.
Modelling eccentrically loaded high-strength concrete columns
Lokuge, Weena, Setunge, Sujeeva and Sanjayan, J. G.. 2003. "Modelling eccentrically loaded high-strength concrete columns." Magazine of Concrete Research. 55 (4), pp. 331-341.
Triaxial test results of high-strength concrete subjected to cyclic loading
Lokuge, Weena, Sanjayan, J. G. and Setunge, Sujeeva. 2003. "Triaxial test results of high-strength concrete subjected to cyclic loading." Magazine of Concrete Research. 55 (4), pp. 321-329.
Constitutive model for confined high strength concretes subjected to cyclic loading
Lokuge, Weena, Sanjayan, J. G. and Setunge, Sujeeva. 2004. "Constitutive model for confined high strength concretes subjected to cyclic loading." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 16 (4), pp. 297-305. https://doi.org/10.1061/~ASCE!0899-1561~2004!16:4~297!
Stress-strain model for laterally confined concrete
Lokuge, Weena P., Sanjayan, J. G. and Setunge, Sujeeva. 2005. "Stress-strain model for laterally confined concrete." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. 17 (6), pp. 607-616. https://doi.org/10.1061/ASCE0899-1561200517:6607