Assessing the carbon footprint of road projects and related sustainability initiatives in Abu Dhabi - technical Report III (Part I - main report)

Technical report


Maraqa, Munjed, Chowdhury, Rezaul, Mauga, Timur, Albuquerque, Daniel, Alzard, Mohammed, Khan, Qasim, Kamareddine, Lina and Sherif, Mohamed. 2018. Assessing the carbon footprint of road projects and related sustainability initiatives in Abu Dhabi - technical Report III (Part I - main report). United Arab Emirates. Abu Dhabi City Municipality.
Title

Assessing the carbon footprint of road projects and related sustainability initiatives in Abu Dhabi - technical Report III (Part I - main report)

Report TypeTechnical report
AuthorsMaraqa, Munjed (Author), Chowdhury, Rezaul (Author), Mauga, Timur (Author), Albuquerque, Daniel (Author), Alzard, Mohammed (Author), Khan, Qasim (Author), Kamareddine, Lina (Author) and Sherif, Mohamed (Author)
Institution of OriginUnited Arab Emirates University
Number of Pages175
Year2018
PublisherAbu Dhabi City Municipality
Place of PublicationUnited Arab Emirates
Abstract

Climate change has become a global issue affecting the environment and human health. Due to population growth and their increased energy consumption, generation of greenhouse gases (GHG) has increased significantly. The transportation sector was proven to be the fastest growing major contributor to global climate change accounting for 20% of the total GHG emissions in the United Arab Emirates. The goal of this project is to make road projects in the city of Abu Dhabi more sustainable towards the environment. The project aims to estimate the carbon footprint associated with road projects in the city of Abu Dhabi following a comprehensive approach that considers all activities within the life cycle of roads. The objectives of the project are to: (1) conduct an extensive literature review of road construction; carbon footprint emissions from road projects; and review local sustainability initiatives that are related to road transport, (2) calculate the carbon footprint of road construction and operation phases for three road cases in Abu Dhabi city, including development of a framework for carbon footprint calculation of road projects, and (3) delineate sustainability issues in road projects and conduct scenario modeling to evaluate potential mitigation measures of reducing the carbon footprint associated with these projects.
This report is referred to as Technical Report III. It reports on all the tasks of the project, with emphasis on model development and scenario analysis. Although the other two objectives have been covered in previous submissions, the report is considered stand-alone as it provides an updated review of the literature, a description of the developed carbon footprint assessment model, and an updated analysis of the three considered case studies. The report then explains the scenario modeling exercise that was carried on and suggests potential mitigation measures to reduce carbon footprint produced by road projects.
Review of the literature regarding carbon footprint of road projects revealed that road transportation is a major contributor to GHG emissions, and its contribution continues to steadily grow despite the latest development in greener practices, technologies, and policies. To remedy this, a number of mitigation measures have been implemented, which have consistently shown to reduce emission levels. However, countries located in the GCC region have shown particularly high road transport GHG emission output; especially, as GHG emission output is normalized by the road length. The literature also revealed that road projects produce GHG emissions at different stages, but road operation is the single, largest GHG producer throughout a road project’s life-cycle. Nonetheless, road construction and rehabilitation may still offer ways to minimize loss of resources, reduce waste generation, and enable the recycling of materials.
A number of assessment tools capable of estimating carbon footprint from road-related projects have been developed over the past several years. However, some of these tools are meant to be used on a macro-level by helping decision makers assess the carbon footprint of transport policies. Others are focused on assessing emissions produced by either private vehicles, public transit, or freight transportation. Further, other assessment tools may only estimate emissions based on a single project stage (e.g., construction phase). Another limitation of the developed assessment tools is that they are limited in their geographical usefulness and cannot be applied to achieve the objectives of this project. As such a comprehensive model (referred to as RoadCO2) was developed to estimate the carbon footprint of road projects along the road life cycle (i.e.,pre-construction, construction, operation, maintenance, and rehabilitation phases).
RoadCO2 is a web-based model with a database that covers almost all activities that emit GHGs during the road life cycle including those originating from direct or indirect sources. The model follows the conventional Bill of Quantity (BOQ) format for entry of data related to the preconstruction, construction, maintenance and rehabilitation phases. The model can be utilized for planning, screening, sustainability evaluation, and for research purposes. While the model currently uses the IPCC emission factors, it is structured in a way to be able to accommodate local emission factors once available.
The RoadCO2 model was used to estimate GHGs emissions from three road projects located in the Abu Dhabi Emirate. These case studies are: (1) Al Rahba City Internal Roads and services, (2) upgrading of Al Salam Street to an expressway, and (3) widening of the Eastern Corniche Road. Results obtained through the model demonstrate that the operation phase is the main contributor to GHG emissions, with a share of more than 80% of the total due to emissions from vehicles and road lighting. Emissions from the construction of the investigated road cases were found to be 43, 350, and 16 thousand ton CO2 eq, respectively. Of these, road works contributed the most to GHG emissions, followed by stormwater works. Other categories considered in the construction phase contributed almost equal proportion to total GHG emissions, but vary from one project to another.
The relative contribution of material and equipment (including their transport to the sites) to GHG emissions of the studied cases varies. For the case of Al Rahab City, about 30% of the emissions was due to material use while 70% was due to equipment use. For the case of Al Salam Street and the Corniche Road, a higher relative contribution of material to GHG emissions was found (about 80%) as compared to emissions due to the use of equipment. This is mainly due to the high usage of concrete and steel in constructing the tunnel for Al Salam Street case and due to the high contribution of road works as well as the use of concrete for relocating the existed sub-surface network of utilities in the case of the Corniche Road.
In the operation phase, the traffic operating in the 2.18-km section of Al Salam Street project produces over 31,068 ton CO2 eq/year, whereas traffic operating on the road network within Al Rahba City produces about 2,891 ton CO2 eq/year. This significant difference is in line with the major dissimilarities between the two transportation facilities. Emissions from passenger cars dominate in Al Rahba city internal roads, whereas light and heavy vehicles dominate in the case of Al Salam Street. Street lighting was also found to be a major contributor to GHG emissions of Al Salam Street and the Corniche Road case studies. However, both irrigation and sequestration were found to have very low impact on the overall GHG emissions rates.
The estimated annual carbon emissions from Al Salam Street is 46,000 ton CO2 eq while emissions from Al Rahba Roads contribute about 10,000 ton CO2 eq. If one is to consider the effect of road works and the activities of the operation phase excluding those associated with vehicle movement, the emission rates associated with the three case studies conducted in this project expressed in kg CO2 eq/m/yr would be 30 for the case of Al Rahba City, 89.2 for the case of Al Salam Street, and 62.1 for the case of the Eastern Abu Dhabi Corniche Road. These values are in the upper range of those reported for some European countries, due possibly to several factors among which are higher irrigation rates of road-planted trees in the UAE, a lower role of sequestration, and higher emissions from use of concrete made of Portland cement.
Thirteen different scenarios were explored to assess their impact on reducing GHG emissions during the construction and operation phase of road projects. The baseline for the investigated scenario are the three investigated case studies. The explored scenarios either altered the activity data or the emission factor associated with the activity. Results showed that the use of LED lights would have a significant impact on reducing GHG emissions of road projects, followed by the use of 25% solar energy for lighting, followed by almost equal impact of using ground granulated blast furnace slag in concrete mix, complete utilization of TSE for irrigation, and increasing the use of LNG by 25% for LDV. When some of the explored individual scenarios were combined, a significant potential impact could be achieved, with an overall GHG emission reduction of 15 to 40% during the road lifecycle. It was found through scenario analysis that recycling asphalt, recycling aggregate, and reducing water usage for road irrigation do not cause a great potential to reduce GHG emissions for road infrastructure. However, these alternatives may offer other environmental benefits and could save valuable resources.
This report suggests several recommendations for possibly other studies that could build up on the achievements made under this project and could result in better estimation of the emitted GHG during the road life cycle.

Keywordscarbon footprint calculation; sustainability issues; Abu Dhabi
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020401199. Environmental engineering not elsewhere classified
Public Notes

© 2018 Abu Dhabi City Municipality. To the extent permitted by law, all rights are reserved and no part of this publication covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means except with the written permission of the Abu Dhabi City Municipality.

Byline AffiliationsUnited Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates
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Characterization of rainfall spells for urban water management
Chowdhury, Rezaul K. and Beecham, Simon. 2013. "Characterization of rainfall spells for urban water management." International Journal of Climatology. 33 (4), pp. 959-967. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3482
Assessment of statistical characteristics of point rainfall in the Onkaparinga catchment in South Australia
Rashid, M. M., Beecham, S. and Chowdhury, R.. 2013. "Assessment of statistical characteristics of point rainfall in the Onkaparinga catchment in South Australia ." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussion. 10 (5), pp. 5975-6017. https://doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-5975-2013
Influence of SOI, DMI and Niño3.4 on South Australian rainfall
Chowdhury, Rezaul K. and Beecham, Simon. 2013. "Influence of SOI, DMI and Niño3.4 on South Australian rainfall." Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment. 27 (8), pp. 1909-1920. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-013-0726-x
Statistical parameters used for assessing hydrologic regime
Chowdhury, Rezaul K. and Eslamian, Saeid. 2014. "Statistical parameters used for assessing hydrologic regime." Eslamian, Saeid (ed.) Handbook of engineering hydrology: Modeling, climate change, and variability . United States. CRC Press. pp. 537-551
Assessing and mitigating the hydrological impacts of urbanisation in semi-urban catchments using the Storm Water Management Model
Aryal, S. K., Ashbolt, S., McIntosh, B. S., Petrone, K. P., Maheepala, S., Chowdhury, R. K., Gardener, T. and Gardiner, R.. 2016. "Assessing and mitigating the hydrological impacts of urbanisation in semi-urban catchments using the Storm Water Management Model." Water Resources Management. 30 (14), pp. 5437-5454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-016-1499-z
Climate change and hydrologic modeling
Chowdhury, Rezaul K. and Eslamian, Saeid. 2014. "Climate change and hydrologic modeling." Eslamian, Saeid (ed.) Handbook of engineering hydrology: Modeling, climate change, and variability . United States. CRC Press. pp. 71-86
Analysis of rainfall, PMP and drought in the United Arab Emirates
Sherif, Mohsen, Almulla, Mohamed, Shetty, Ampar and Chowdhury, Rezaul K.. 2014. "Analysis of rainfall, PMP and drought in the United Arab Emirates." International Journal of Climatology. 34 (4), pp. 1318-1328. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3768
Statistical downscaling of multi-site daily rainfall in a South Australian catchment using a Generalized Linear Model
Beecham, Simon, Rashid, Mamunur and Chowdhury, Rezaul K.. 2014. "Statistical downscaling of multi-site daily rainfall in a South Australian catchment using a Generalized Linear Model." International Journal of Climatology. 34 (14), pp. 3654-3670. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3933
Potential and challenges of project-based learning in engineering education at the United Arab Emirates University
Chowdhury, Rezaul K.. 2015. "Potential and challenges of project-based learning in engineering education at the United Arab Emirates University." Abdulwahed , Mahmoud, Hasna , Mazen O. and Froyd , Jeffrey E. (ed.) Advances in engineering education in the Middle East and North Africa: current status and future insights . Switzerland. Springer. pp. 323-342
Greywater quality changes in a permeable pavement reservoir
Chowdhury, Rezaul K., Sharvelle, Sybil E. and Beecham, Simon. 2016. "Greywater quality changes in a permeable pavement reservoir." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers: Water Management. 169 (4), pp. 190-198. https://doi.org/10.1680/wama.14.00107
Statistical downscaling of rainfall: a non-stationary and multi-resolution approach
Rashid, Md. Mamunur, Beecham, Simon and Chowdhury, Rezaul Kabir. 2016. "Statistical downscaling of rainfall: a non-stationary and multi-resolution approach." Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 124 (3-4), pp. 919-933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-015-1465-3
Learning and teaching style assessment for improving project-based learning of engineering students: a case of United Arab Emirates University
Chowdhury, R. K.. 2016. "Learning and teaching style assessment for improving project-based learning of engineering students: a case of United Arab Emirates University." Australasian Journal of Engineering Education. 20 (1), pp. 81-94. https://doi.org/10.7158/D13-014.2015.20.1
Quantitative assessment of residential water end uses and greywater generation in the City of Al Ain
Chowdhury, Rezaul K., El-Shorbagy, Walid, Ghanma, Mwafag and El-Ashkar, Assem. 2015. "Quantitative assessment of residential water end uses and greywater generation in the City of Al Ain." Water Science and Technology: Water Supply. 15 (1), pp. 114-123. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.090
Understanding South Australian rainfall trends and step changes
Chowdhury, Rezaul K., Beecham, Simon, Boland, John and Piantadosi, Julia. 2015. "Understanding South Australian rainfall trends and step changes." International Journal of Climatology. 35 (3), pp. 348-360. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3982
Statistical characteristics of rainfall in the Onkaparinga catchment in South Australia
Rashid, M. Mamunur, Beecham, Simon and Chowdhury, Rezaul K.. 2015. "Statistical characteristics of rainfall in the Onkaparinga catchment in South Australia." Journal of Water and Climate Change. 6 (2), pp. 352-373. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2014.031
Assessment of trends in point rainfall using Continuous Wavelet Transforms
Rashid, Md. Mamunur, Beecham, Simon and Chowdhury, Rezaul Kabir. 2015. "Assessment of trends in point rainfall using Continuous Wavelet Transforms." Advances in Water Resources. 82, pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.04.006
Statistical downscaling of CMIP5 outputs for projecting future changes in rainfall in the Onkaparinga catchment
Rashid, Md. Mamunur, Beecham, Simon and Chowdhury, Rezaul K.. 2015. "Statistical downscaling of CMIP5 outputs for projecting future changes in rainfall in the Onkaparinga catchment." Science of the Total Environment. 530-531, pp. 171-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.024
Greywater reuse through a bioretention system prototype in the arid region
Chowdhury, Rezaul K.. 2015. "Greywater reuse through a bioretention system prototype in the arid region." Water Science and Technology. 72 (12), pp. 2201-2211. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.442
Variability of extreme hydro-climate parameters in the north-eastern region of United Arab Emirates
Chowdhury, Rezaul, Mohamed, Mohamad M. A. and Murad, Ahmed. 2016. "Variability of extreme hydro-climate parameters in the north-eastern region of United Arab Emirates." Procedia Engineering. 154 (2016), pp. 639-644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.07.563
Leakage and failures of water distribution mains in the city of Al Ain, UAE
Chowdhury, R. K. and Rajput, M. A.. 2016. "Leakage and failures of water distribution mains in the city of Al Ain, UAE." Water Practice and Technology. 11 (4), pp. 806-814. https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2016.086
Greywater quality changes in laboratory scale vegetative biofiltration prototypes
Chowdhury, Rezaul K., Abaya, Jameelu S., Tsiksi, Taoufik and Mohamed, Mohamad M.. 2017. "Greywater quality changes in laboratory scale vegetative biofiltration prototypes ." The Journal of Water Management Modeling (JWMM). 26 (C434), pp. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.14796/JWMM.C434
An alternative method for estimating total impervious area in catchments using high-resolution colour aerial photography
Hartcher, Michael G. and Chowdhury, Rezaul K.. 2017. "An alternative method for estimating total impervious area in catchments using high-resolution colour aerial photography." Water Practice and Technology. 12 (2), pp. 478-486. https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2017.053
Will greywater reuse really affect the sewer flow? Experience of a residential complex in Al Ain, UAE
Chowdhury, R. K. and Rajput, M. A.. 2017. "Will greywater reuse really affect the sewer flow? Experience of a residential complex in Al Ain, UAE." Water Science and Technology: Water Supply. 17 (1), pp. 246-258. https://doi.org/10.2166/ws.2016.131
Evaluation of groundwater quality in the Eastern District of Abu Dhabi Emirate, UAE
Mohamed, Mohamed M., Murad, Ahmed and Chowdhury, RezaulKabir. 2017. "Evaluation of groundwater quality in the Eastern District of Abu Dhabi Emirate, UAE." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 98 ( 3), pp. 385-391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-016-2017-y
Simulation of extreme rainfall and projection of future changes using the GLIMCLIM model
Rashid, Md. Mamunur, Beecham, Simon and Chowdhury, Resaul Kabir. 2017. "Simulation of extreme rainfall and projection of future changes using the GLIMCLIM model." Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 130 (1-2), pp. 453-466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-016-1892-9
A comparative assessment of variable selection methods in urban water demand forecasting
Haque, Md Mahmudul, Rahman, Ataur, Hagare, Dharma and Chowdhury, Rezaul Kabir. 2018. "A comparative assessment of variable selection methods in urban water demand forecasting." Water: an open access journal. 10 (4), pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10040419
An experimental study of greywater irrigated green roof systems in an arid climate
Chowdhury, Rezaul K and Abaya, Jameelu S.. 2018. "An experimental study of greywater irrigated green roof systems in an arid climate." The Journal of Water Management Modeling (JWMM). 26 (C437), pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.14796/JWMM.C437
Simulation of extreme rainfall from CMIP5 in the Onkaparinga catchment using a generalized linear model
Rashid, M. M., Beecham, S. and Chowdhury, R.. 2013. "Simulation of extreme rainfall from CMIP5 in the Onkaparinga catchment using a generalized linear model." Piantadosi, J., Anderssen, R. S. and Boland, J. (ed.) 20th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2013). Adelaide, Australia 01 - 06 Dec 2013 Australia. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand . https://doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2013.L5.rashid
A stochastic model of domestic water consumption and greywater generation in the Al Ain city
Chowdhury, R. K.. 2013. "A stochastic model of domestic water consumption and greywater generation in the Al Ain city." Piantadosi, J., Anderssen, R. S. and Boland, J. (ed.) 20th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation (MODSIM2013). Adelaide, Australia 01 - 06 Dec 2013 Australia. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand . https://doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2013.L20.chowdhury
Performance criteria for multi-sourced urban water systems
Chowdhury, R. and Beecham, S.. 2011. "Performance criteria for multi-sourced urban water systems." 12th International Conference on Urban Drainage (IUCD 2011). Porto Alegre, Brazil 11 - 16 Sep 2011 Brazil.