Effects of climate-smart agricultural practices on crop yields, soil carbon, and nitrogen pools in Africa: a meta-analysis

Article

Kichamu-Wachira, Edith, Xu, Zhihong, Reardon-Smith, Kathryn, Biggs, Duan, Wachira, Geoffrey and Omidvar, Negar. 2021. "Effects of climate-smart agricultural practices on crop yields, soil carbon, and nitrogen pools in Africa: a meta-analysis." Journal of Soils and Sediments: protection, risk assessment and remediation. 21 (4), pp. 1587-1597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-021-02885-3
Article Title

Effects of climate-smart agricultural practices on crop yields, soil carbon, and nitrogen pools in Africa: a meta-analysis

ERA Journal ID31051
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsKichamu-Wachira, Edith (Author), Xu, Zhihong (Author), Reardon-Smith, Kathryn (Author), Biggs, Duan (Author), Wachira, Geoffrey (Author) and Omidvar, Negar (Author)
Journal TitleJournal of Soils and Sediments: protection, risk assessment and remediation
Journal Citation21 (4), pp. 1587-1597
Number of Pages11
Year2021
PublisherSpringer
Place of PublicationGermany
ISSN1439-0108
1614-7480
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-021-02885-3
Web Address (URL)https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11368-021-02885-3
Abstract

Purpose: Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices have been advanced as an alternative to conventional farming practices due to their importance in climate mitigation and soil quality improvement, while also enhancing food production. However, few studies have quantitatively investigated the effects of a range of CSA practices on crop yield, soil carbon, and nitrogen pools. This study adds to this limited body of work by synthesizing such studies and evaluates the effect of individual and combinations of widely implemented CSA practices in Africa—green manure (GM), conservation tillage (no-tillage, reduced tillage), and crop residue retention (CR)—on food crop yield, soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration, and soil total nitrogen (TN).

Materials and methods: This study conducted a meta-analysis of results reported in 60 peer-reviewed articles to examine the effects of CSA management (GM, CR, and conservation tillage) on crop yield, SOC concentration, and soil TN in Africa.

Results and discussion: The implementation of CSA practices significantly increased crop yield and SOC concentrations (mean effect 9.2% and 14.7%, respectively), although no significant change was evident in soil TN. In terms of yield increase, GM was the most effective practice, increasing yield by 63.5%, followed by CR (5.8%). Conservation tillage and CR increased SOC by 16.4% and 13%, respectively, but no significant difference was observed with GM. Further analysis suggested that integrating CSA practices (conservation tillage and GM; conservation tillage and CR) had a more pronounced effect on both SOC concentration and yield under lower nitrogen fertilizer levels.

Conclusion: Our meta-analysis showed that CSA management resulted in higher yields and SOC concentrations, thus suggesting the importance of CSA practices in enhancing food production and climate mitigation in Africa. It also highlights the potential of the integration of CSA practices to improve SOC and TN pools and consequently crop productivity.

KeywordsClimate mitigation; Climate adaptation; Green manure; Conservation tillage; Crop residue
Contains Sensitive ContentDoes not contain sensitive content
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020410199. Climate change impacts and adaptation not elsewhere classified
410601. Land capability and soil productivity
300499. Crop and pasture production not elsewhere classified
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Byline AffiliationsGriffith University
Centre for Applied Climate Sciences
University of Queensland
Institution of OriginUniversity of Southern Queensland
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Maraseni, T. N., Mushtaq, S. and Reardon-Smith, K.. 2014. "Re-evaluating the rationale for irrigation technology adoption through an integrated trade-off analysis: case study of a cotton farming system in Australia." Journal of Water and Climate Change. 5 (3), pp. 328-340. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2014.046
Groundwater decline drives riparian woodland dysfunction in a northern Murray-Darling intensive production landscape
Reardon-Smith, K. M., Le Brocque, A. F. and House, A. P. N.. 2011. "Groundwater decline drives riparian woodland dysfunction in a northern Murray-Darling intensive production landscape." Bird, Michael and Simmons, Craig (ed.) 4th Australasian Hydrogeology Research Conference. Cairns, Australia 12 - 14 Jul 2011 Adelaide, Australia.
Using stable isotopes to identify soil moisture sources of key species in riparian woodlands of the northern Murray-Darling Basin
Reardon-Smith, K. M., Le Brocque, A. F., Hollins, S. and Silburn, D. M.. 2011. "Using stable isotopes to identify soil moisture sources of key species in riparian woodlands of the northern Murray-Darling Basin." 11th Australasian Environmental Isotope Conference. Cairns, Australia 12 - 14 Jul 2011 Adelaide, Australia.
The development of virtual world tools to enhance learning and real world decision making in the Australian sugar farming industry
Reardon-Smith, Kathryn, Farley, Helen, Cliffe, Neil, Mushtaq, Shahbaz, Stone, Roger, Doyle, Joanne, Martin, Neil, Ostini, Jenny, Maraseni, Tek, Marcussen, Torben, Loch, Adam and Lindesay, Janette. 2014. "The development of virtual world tools to enhance learning and real world decision making in the Australian sugar farming industry." International Journal of Advanced Corporate Learning. 7 (3), pp. 17-23. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijac.v7i3.4002
Groundwater depth thresholds for tree condition
Kath, Jarrod, Reardon-Smith, Kate, Le Brocque, Andi, Dafny, Elad, Dyer, Fiona, Fritz, L. and Batterham, Megan. 2013. "Groundwater depth thresholds for tree condition." 52nd Australian Society for Limnology Congress (ASL 2013): From Theory to Practice in Water Science. Canberra, Australia 02 - 05 Dec 2013 Canberra, Australia.
Groundwater decline and tree change in floodplain landscapes: identifying non-linear threshold responses in canopy condition
Kath, J., Reardon-Smith, K., Le Brocque, A. F., Dyer, F. J., Dafny, E., Fritz, L. and Batterham, M.. 2014. "Groundwater decline and tree change in floodplain landscapes: identifying non-linear threshold responses in canopy condition." Global Ecology and Conservation. 2, pp. 148-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2014.09.002
Using a virtual world to enable real world decision making
Reardon-Smith, Kate, Farley, Helen, Stone, Roger, Mushtaq, Shahbaz, Cliffe, Neil, Doyle, Joanne, Martin, Neil, Maraseni, Tek, Marcussen, Torben, Lindesay, Janette, Loch, Adam and Kealley, Matt. 2013. "Using a virtual world to enable real world decision making." Lamb, David (ed.) 1st Digital Rural Futures Conference: Smart Farms - Smart Regions (DRF 2013). Armidale, Australia 26 - 28 Jun 2013 Armidale, Australia.
Extending extension: virtual shed meetings in a digital age
Farley, Helen, Reardon-Smith, Kate, Mushtaq, Shahbaz, Cliffe, Neil, Lindesay, Janette and Loch, Adam. 2013. "Extending extension: virtual shed meetings in a digital age." Lamb, David (ed.) 1st Digital Rural Futures Conference: Smart Farms - Smart Regions (DRF 2013). Armidale, Australia 26 - 28 Jun 2013 Armidale, Australia.
Correlations between physical and chemical defences in plants: tradeoffs, syndromes, or just many different ways to skin a herbivorous cat?
Moles, Angela T., Peco, Begona, Wallis, Ian R., Foley, William J., Poore, Alistair G.B., Seabloom, Eric W., Vesk, Peter A., Bisigato, Alejandro J., Cella-Pizarro, Lucrecia, Clark, Connie J., Cohen, Philippe S., Cornwell, William K., Edwards, Will, Ejrnaes, Rasmus, Gonzales-Ojeda, Therany, Graae, Bente J., Hay, Gregory, Lumbwe, Fainess C., Magana-Rodriguez, Benjamın, ..., Hui, Francis K. C.. 2013. "Correlations between physical and chemical defences in plants: tradeoffs, syndromes, or just many different ways to skin a herbivorous cat?" New Phytologist. 198 (1), pp. 252-263. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12116
A blueprint for sustainable groundwater management in Balochistan, Pakistan
Mushtaq, Shahbaz, Reardon-Smith, Kathryn, Stone, Roger and Khair, Syed Mohammad. 2013. "A blueprint for sustainable groundwater management in Balochistan, Pakistan." Griffiths, Jacqui and Lambert, Rebecca (ed.) Free flow: reaching water security through cooperation . Paris, France. UNESCO . pp. 222-224
Trialling a web-based 'discussion-support' tool in the Australian sugar industry: stakeholder responses are encouraging
Cliffe, Neil, Stone, Roger, Coutts, Jeff, Mushtaq, Shahbaz and Reardon-Smith, Kathryn. 2013. "Trialling a web-based 'discussion-support' tool in the Australian sugar industry: stakeholder responses are encouraging." Westbrooke, Victoria (ed.) Australia-Pacific Extension Network International Conference (APEN ICNZ 2013): Transformative Change: Chosen or Unchosen Pathways to Innovation, Resilience and Prosperity . Christchurch, New Zealand 26 - 28 Aug 2013
A rural agricultural-sustainable energy community model and its application to Felton Valley, Australia
Berrill, T., Reardon-Smith, K., McCreath, R., Mushtaq, S. and Bundschuh, J.. 2013. "A rural agricultural-sustainable energy community model and its application to Felton Valley, Australia ." Yan, J. (ed.) 5th International Conference on Applied Energy (ICAE 2013). Pretoria, South Africa 01 - 04 Jul 2013
Identifying and managing key weed threats, their sources and vectors, in relation to priority remnant ecosystems in the Condamine catchment
Reardon-Smith, K.. 2009. Identifying and managing key weed threats, their sources and vectors, in relation to priority remnant ecosystems in the Condamine catchment.
The tradeoffs between water savings and GHG emissions in irrigated agriculture
Mushtaq, Shahbaz, Maraseni, Tek and Reardon-Smith, Kate. 2013. "The tradeoffs between water savings and GHG emissions in irrigated agriculture." Quarisa, Iva (ed.) Irrigation Australia Regional Conference 2013: Sharing Irrigation Knowledge for Better Outcomes. Griffith, Australia 28 - 30 May 2013 Sydney, Australia.
Climate change and water security: estimating the greenhouse gas costs of achieving water security through investments in modern irrigation technology
Mushtaq, S., Maraseni, T. N. and Reardon-Smith, K.. 2013. "Climate change and water security: estimating the greenhouse gas costs of achieving water security through investments in modern irrigation technology." Agricultural Systems. 117, pp. 78-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2012.12.009
Sweet success: making machinima to engage sugarcane farmers in discussions about climate risk
Farley, Helen and Reardon-Smith, Kate. 2012. "Sweet success: making machinima to engage sugarcane farmers in discussions about climate risk." 2012 Apple University Consortuim CreateWorld Conference: Developing People Who Use and Support Apple Technology in Higher Education. Brisbane, Australia 05 - 07 Dec 2012 Australia.
Integrated analysis for a carbon- and water-constrained future: an assessment of drip irrigation in a lettuce production system in eastern Australia
Maraseni, T. N., Mushtaq, S. and Reardon-Smith, K.. 2012. "Integrated analysis for a carbon- and water-constrained future: an assessment of drip irrigation in a lettuce production system in eastern Australia." Journal of Environmental Management. 111, pp. 220-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.07.020
Predictive modelling of riparian woodland response to altered and novel disturbances in multi-use production landscapes
Reardon-Smith, K. M. and Le Brocque, A. F.. 2012. "Predictive modelling of riparian woodland response to altered and novel disturbances in multi-use production landscapes." Lepetit, Julien (ed.) Water and Climate: Policy Implementation Challenges - 2nd Practical Responses to Climate Change Conference 2012. Canberra, Australia 01 - 03 May 2012 Canberra, Australia.
Climate change, water security and the need for integrated policy development: the case of on-farm infrastructure investment in the Australian irrigation sector
Maraseni, T. N., Mushtaq, S. and Reardon-Smith, K.. 2012. "Climate change, water security and the need for integrated policy development: the case of on-farm infrastructure investment in the Australian irrigation sector." Environmental Research Letters. 7 (3), pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/3/034006
Putting plant resistance traits on the map: a test of the idea that plants are better defended at lower latitudes
Moles, Angela T., Wallis, Ian R., Foley, William J., Warton, David I., Stegen, James C., Bisigato, Alejandro J., Cella-Pizarro, Lucrecia, Clark, Connie J., Cohen, Philippe S., Cornwell, William K., Edwards, Will, Ejrnaes, Rasmus, Gonzales-Ojeda, Therany, Graae, Bente J., Hay, Gregory, Lumbwe, Fainess C., Magana-Rodriguez, Benjamin, Moore, Ben D., Peri, Pablo L., ..., Prior, Lynda D.. 2011. "Putting plant resistance traits on the map: a test of the idea that plants are better defended at lower latitudes." New Phytologist. 191 (3), pp. 777-788. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03732.x
Using stable isotopes to identify soil moisture sources of key species in drought-stressed riparian woodlands
Reardon-Smith, Kate, Le Brocque, Andy, Hollins, Suzanne and Silburn, Mark. 2011. "Using stable isotopes to identify soil moisture sources of key species in drought-stressed riparian woodlands." 2011 Conference of the Ecological Society of Australia (ESA 2011). Hobart, Australia 21 - 25 Nov 2011 Australia. Ecological Society of Australia.
Modelling riparian woodland response to altered and novel disturbance regimes in production landscapes
Reardon-Smith, Kate, Le Brocque, Andy and House, Alan. 2011. "Modelling riparian woodland response to altered and novel disturbance regimes in production landscapes." 2011 Conference of the Ecological Society of Australia (ESA 2011). Hobart, Australia 21 - 25 Nov 2011 Australia. Ecological Society of Australia.
Impact of altered flow regimes and weed invasion on riparian communities in the Condamine catchment, south-east Queensland
Reardon-Smith, Kate, Zammit, Charlie and Le Brocque, Andy. 2004. "Impact of altered flow regimes and weed invasion on riparian communities in the Condamine catchment, south-east Queensland." 2004 Conference of the Ecological Society of Australia (ESA 2004). Adelaide, South Australia 07 - 10 Dec 2004 Brisbane, Australia. Ecological Society of Australia.
Disturbance and resilience of floodplain woodlands in a production landscape
Reardon-Smith, Kathryn, Le Brocque, Andrew F. and House, Alan. 2009. "Disturbance and resilience of floodplain woodlands in a production landscape." 10th International Congress of Ecology: Ecology in a Changing Environment. Brisbane, Australia 16 - 21 Aug 2009 Australia.
Riparian woodlands in crisis? Disturbance ecology on the Condamine floodplain
Reardon-Smith, Kathryn, Le Brocque, Andrew F. and House, Alan. 2008. "Riparian woodlands in crisis? Disturbance ecology on the Condamine floodplain." 11th International Riversymposium: A Future of Extremes. Brisbane, Australia 01 - 04 Sep 2008 Brisbane, Australia.
Riparian woodland dysfunction is driven by groundwater decline in a northern Murray-Darling intensive production landscape
Reardon-Smith, Kate, Le Brocque, Andy and House, Alan. 2010. "Riparian woodland dysfunction is driven by groundwater decline in a northern Murray-Darling intensive production landscape." 2010 Conference of the Ecological Society of Australia (ESA 2010). Canberra, Australia 06 - 10 Dec 2010 Australia. Ecological Society of Australia.
Disturbance and resilience in riparian woodlands on the highly modified Upper Condamine floodplain
Reardon-Smith, Kathryn Mary. 2011. Disturbance and resilience in riparian woodlands on the highly modified Upper Condamine floodplain. PhD Thesis Doctor of Philosophy. University of Southern Queensland.
Richness, complexity & condition of remnants in the eastern Darling Downs, Queensland
Le Brocque, Andrew F., Zammit, Charlie and Reardon-Smith, Kathryn. 2003. "Richness, complexity & condition of remnants in the eastern Darling Downs, Queensland." Oliver, Ian, Kristiansen, Paul and Silberbauer, Letitia (ed.) 2003 Conference of the Ecological Society of Australia (ESA 2003). Armidale, Australia 08 - 10 Dec 2003 Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Ecological Society of Australia.
Declining birds in Australian agricultural landscapes may benefit from aspects of the European agri-environment model
Attwood, Simon J., Park, Sarah E., Maron, Martine, Collard, Stuart J., Robinson, Doug, Reardon-Smith, Kathryn M. and Cockfield, Geoff. 2009. "Declining birds in Australian agricultural landscapes may benefit from aspects of the European agri-environment model ." Biological Conservation. 142 (10), pp. 1981-1991. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.04.008
Landscape ecology theory does not apply to recruitment in Eucalyptus populnea woodlands
Batterham, Megan C., Le Brocque, Andrew F. and Reardon-Smith, Kathryn. 2008. "Landscape ecology theory does not apply to recruitment in Eucalyptus populnea woodlands." 2008 Conference of the Ecological Society of Australia (ESA 2008). Sydney, Australia 01 - 05 Dec 2008 Australia. Ecological Society of Australia.
Change is the new stability: disturbance and riparian woodlands in a production landscape
Reardon-Smith, Kathryn, Le Brocque, Andrew F. and House, Alan. 2008. "Change is the new stability: disturbance and riparian woodlands in a production landscape." 2008 Conference of the Ecological Society of Australia (ESA 2008). Sydney, Australia 01 - 05 Dec 2008 Australia. Ecological Society of Australia.
Predictive mapping of blackberry in the Condamine Catchment using logistic regression and spatial analysis
Apan, Armando, Wells, N., Reardon-Smith, Kathryn, Richardson, L., McDougall, Kevin and Basnet, Badri Bahadur. 2008. "Predictive mapping of blackberry in the Condamine Catchment using logistic regression and spatial analysis." McDougall, Kevin (ed.) Queensland Spatial Conference 2008. Surfers Paradise, Australia 17 - 19 Jul 2008 Brisbane, Australia.
Arresting woodland bird decline in Australian agricultural landscapes: potential application of the European agri-environment model
Park, S. E., Attwood, S. J., Maron, M., Collard, S. J. and Reardon-Smith, K.. 2007. "Arresting woodland bird decline in Australian agricultural landscapes: potential application of the European agri-environment model." Jongman, Rob and Bunce, R. G. H. (ed.) IALE 2007: 25 Years Landscape Ecology: Scientific Principles in Practice. Wageningen, Netherlands 08 - 12 Jul 2007 Wageningden, Netherlands.
Vegetation community responses to altered flow regimes and weed invasion in reparian woodlands of the upper condamine floodplain, Eastern Australia
Reardon-Smith, Kathryn, Le Brocque, Andrew F., House, Alan and Zammit, Charlie. 2005. "Vegetation community responses to altered flow regimes and weed invasion in reparian woodlands of the upper condamine floodplain, Eastern Australia." Miller, Craig (ed.) 2005 Conference of the Ecological Society of Australia (ESA 2005). Brisbane, Australia 28 Nov - 02 Dec 2005 Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Ecological Society of Australia.