The relationship between hair cortisol concentration and autism diagnosis

Article

Lin, Ping-I, John, James Rufus, Masi, Anne, Ong, Lin Kooi, Mathew, Nisha E., Moni, Mohammed Ali, Eapen, Valsamma and Walker, Adam K.. 2024. "The relationship between hair cortisol concentration and autism diagnosis." Journal of Psychiatric Research. 176, pp. 68-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.05.052
Article Title

The relationship between hair cortisol concentration and autism diagnosis

ERA Journal ID13098
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsLin, Ping-I, John, James Rufus, Masi, Anne, Ong, Lin Kooi, Mathew, Nisha E., Moni, Mohammed Ali, Eapen, Valsamma and Walker, Adam K.
Journal TitleJournal of Psychiatric Research
Journal Citation176, pp. 68-76
Number of Pages9
Year2024
PublisherElsevier
Place of PublicationUnited Kingdom
ISSN0022-3956
1879-1379
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.05.052
Web Address (URL)https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022395624003200
Abstract

Background
Autistic children are prone to experience heightened levels of distress and physiological reactivity to a range of sensory, social, and emotional stimuli. In line with this, multiple studies have demonstrated that autistic children have higher acute cortisol stress responses to adverse or threatening stimuli and altered cortisol awakening responses. However, few studies have examined whether this sensitivity may relate to heightened levels of chronic stress and persistently elevated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. The measurement of cortisol accumulation in hair is considered a non-invasive biomarker of chronic stress and has been associated with several childhood diseases. Here, we investigated whether hair cortisol concentration in a large sample of autistic children differed from non-autistic children, and after accounting for a range of child, parental and family-level characteristics.

Methods
Hair cortisol concentration was measured in 307 autistic children and 282 non-autistic controls aged between 2 and 17 years recruited from four Australian states who participated in providing hair samples and demographic data to the Australian Autism Biobank. Independent samples t-test or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were conducted to determine significant differences in the mean hair cortisol concentration (pg/mg) between potential covariates. Primary analysis included multivariable regression modelling of the collapsed sample to identify variables that were significantly associated with hair cortisol concentration after controlling for covariates. We also accounted for the potential interaction of multiple biological (e.g., age, sex, BMI) and psychosocial characteristics at the level of the child, the mother and the father, and the family unit.

Results
Our findings suggest that the diagnosis of autism was not a significant predictor of chronic stress, as measured by hair cortisol concentration. However, findings of the multivariable regression analysis showed that key factors such as area of residence (Queensland vs Victorian state of residence) and decrease in child's age were significantly associated with higher hair cortisol concentration whereas lower family income was significantly associated with higher hair cortisol concentration.

Conclusion
To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that socioeconomic factors such as family annual income affect hair cortisol status in autistic children, indicating that the psychosocial environment may be a potential mediator for chronic stress in autistic children just as it has been demonstrated in non-autistic children.

KeywordsAge; Hair cortisol ; Chronic stress ; Family income ; Residence; Autism
Contains Sensitive ContentDoes not contain sensitive content
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020320506. Medical biochemistry - proteins and peptides (incl. medical proteomics)
Byline AffiliationsUniversity of New South Wales
Saint Louis University, United States
Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Australia
School of Health and Medical Sciences
University of Newcastle
Monash University, Malaysia
Hunter Medical Research Institute, Australia
Neuroscience Research Australia, Australia
University of Queensland
South Western Sydney Local Health District, Australia
Monash University
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Ong, Lin Kooi, Briggs, G., Guan, L., Dunkley, P. and Dickson, P.. 2015. "Inflammation and dopamine synthesis in neurodegeneration." 25th Biennial Meeting of the International-Society-for-Neurochemistry Jointly with the 13th Meeting of the Asian-Pacific-Society-for-Neurochemistry in Conjunction with the 35th Meeting of the Australasian-Neuroscience-Society (2015). Cairns, Australia 23 - 27 Aug 2015 United Kingdom. John Wiley & Sons.
The role of inflammation and dopamine synthesis in Parkinson's disease
Ong, L. K., Briggs, G. D., Dunkley, P. R. and Dickson, P. W.. 2014. "The role of inflammation and dopamine synthesis in Parkinson's disease." 12th Biennial Meeting of the Asian-Pacific-Society-for-Neurochemistry (2014). Taiwan 23 - 26 Aug 2014 United Kingdom. John Wiley & Sons.
mTORC1 Inhibition in the Nucleus Accumbens ‘Protects’ Against the Expression of Drug Seeking and ‘Relapse’ and Is Associated with Reductions in GluA1 AMPAR and CAMKIIa Levels
James, Morgan H., Quinn, Rikki K., Ong, Lin Kooi, Levi, Emily M., Charnley, Janine L., Smith, Doug W., Dickson, Phillip W. and Dayas, Christopher V.. 2014. "mTORC1 Inhibition in the Nucleus Accumbens ‘Protects’ Against the Expression of Drug Seeking and ‘Relapse’ and Is Associated with Reductions in GluA1 AMPAR and CAMKIIa Levels." Neuropsychopharmacology. 39 (7), pp. 1694-1702. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2014.16
Neurobiological consequences of acute footshock stress: effects on tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation and activation in the rat brain and adrenal medulla
Ong, Lin Kooi, Guan, Liying, Damanhuri, Hanafi, Goodchild, Ann K., Bobrovskaya, Larisa, Dickson, Phillip W. and Dunkley, Peter R.. 2014. "Neurobiological consequences of acute footshock stress: effects on tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation and activation in the rat brain and adrenal medulla." Journal of Neurochemistry. 128 (4), pp. 547-560. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.12482
Early Life Stress and Post-Weaning High Fat Diet Alter Tyrosine Hydroxylase Regulation and AT1 Receptor Expression in the Adrenal Gland in a Sex Dependent Manner
Bobrovskaya, Larisa, Maniam, Jayanthi, Ong, Lin Kooi, Dunkley, Peter R. and Morris, Margaret J.. 2013. "Early Life Stress and Post-Weaning High Fat Diet Alter Tyrosine Hydroxylase Regulation and AT1 Receptor Expression in the Adrenal Gland in a Sex Dependent Manner." Neurochemical Research. 38 (4), pp. 826-833. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-013-0985-4
Functional Programming of the Autonomic Nervous System by Early Life Immune Exposure: Implications for Anxiety
Sominsky, Luba, Fuller, Erin A., Bondarenko, Evgeny, Ong, Lin Kooi, Averell, Lee, Nalivaiko, Eugene, Dunkley, Peter R., Dickson, Phillip W. and Hodgson, Deborah M.. 2013. "Functional Programming of the Autonomic Nervous System by Early Life Immune Exposure: Implications for Anxiety." PLoS One. 8 (3), pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0057700
Tyrosine Hydroxylase Phosphorylation in Catecholaminergic Brain Regions: A Marker of Activation following Acute Hypotension and Glucoprivation
Damanhuri, Hanafi A., Burke, Peter G. R., Ong, Lin K., Bobrovskaya, Larisa, Dickson, Phillip W., Dunkley, Peter R. and Goodchild, Ann K.. 2012. "Tyrosine Hydroxylase Phosphorylation in Catecholaminergic Brain Regions: A Marker of Activation following Acute Hypotension and Glucoprivation." PLoS One. 7 (11), pp. 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050535
The Sustained Phase of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Activation In vivo
Ong, Lin Kooi, Sominsky, Luba, Dickson, Phillip W., Hodgson, Deborah M. and Dunkley, Peter R.. 2012. "The Sustained Phase of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Activation In vivo." Neurochemical Research. 37 (9), pp. 1938-1943. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-012-0812-3
Increased microglial activation in the rat brain following neonatal exposure to a bacterial mimetic
Sominsky, L., Walker, A. K., Ong, L. K., Tynan, R. J., Walker, F. R. and Hodgson, D. M.. 2012. "Increased microglial activation in the rat brain following neonatal exposure to a bacterial mimetic." Behavioural Brain Research. 226 (1), pp. 351-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2011.08.038
The effects of footshock and immobilization stress on tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation in the rat locus coeruleus and adrenal gland
Ong, L. K., Guan, L., Stutz, B., Dickson, P. W., Dunkley, P. R. and Bobrovskaya, L.. 2011. "The effects of footshock and immobilization stress on tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation in the rat locus coeruleus and adrenal gland." Neuroscience. 192, pp. 20-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.087
Epigenetic Inheritance of Anxiety-Like Behaviour in Rats - Role of Early Life Exposure to a Bacterial Mimetic
Sominsky, L., Walker, A. K., Ong, L., Tynan, R. J., Walker, F. R. and Hodgson, D. M.. 2011. "Epigenetic Inheritance of Anxiety-Like Behaviour in Rats - Role of Early Life Exposure to a Bacterial Mimetic." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease. 2, pp. S109-S109.
Neonatal respiratory infection and adult re-infection: Effect on glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus in BALB/c mice
Wynne, O., Horvat, J. C., Kim, R. Y., Ong, L. K., Smith, R., Hansbro, P. M., Clifton, V. L. and Hodgson, D. M.. 2011. "Neonatal respiratory infection and adult re-infection: Effect on glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus in BALB/c mice." Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 25 (6), pp. 1214-1222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2011.03.014
Sustained Phosphorylation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase at Serine 40 in VIVO
Ong, L. K., Sominsky, L., Walker, A. K., Hodgson, D. M., Goodchild, A. K., Bobrovskaya, L., Dickson, P. W. and Dunkley, P. R.. 2011. "Sustained Phosphorylation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase at Serine 40 in VIVO." 23rd Biennial Meeting of the International Society for Neurochemistry (2011). Athen, Greece 28 Aug - 01 Sep 2011 United Kingdom. John Wiley & Sons.
The Effect of Social Defeat on Tyrosine Hydroxylase Phosphorylation in the Rat Brain and Adrenal Gland
Ong, Lin Kooi, Bobrovskaya, Larisa, Walker, Frederick R., Day, Trevor A., Dickson, Phillip W. and Dunkley, Peter R.. 2011. "The Effect of Social Defeat on Tyrosine Hydroxylase Phosphorylation in the Rat Brain and Adrenal Gland." Neurochemical Research. 36 (1), pp. 27-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-010-0255-7
Tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation in response to footshock and restraint stress
Ong, L., Guan, L., Stutz, B., Dickson, P., Dunkley, P. and Bobrovskaya, L.. 2010. "Tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation in response to footshock and restraint stress." Journal of Neurochemistry. 115, pp. 77-77.
Signal transduction pathways and tyrosine hydroxylase regulation in the adrenal medulla following glucoprivation: An in vivo analysis
Bobrovskaya, Larisa, Damanhuri, Hanafi A., Ong, Lin Kooi, Schneider, Jennifer J., Dickson, Phillip W., Dunkley, Peter R. and Goodchild, Ann K.. 2010. "Signal transduction pathways and tyrosine hydroxylase regulation in the adrenal medulla following glucoprivation: An in vivo analysis." Neurochemistry International: the journal for the publication of cellular and molecular aspects of neurochemistry. 57 (2), pp. 162-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2010.05.009
The effect of social conflict on tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation in catecholamine-producing cells from sprague-dawley rats
Ong, L., Bobrovskaya, L., Walker, F., Day, Trevor, Dickson, P. and Dunkley, P.. 2009. "The effect of social conflict on tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation in catecholamine-producing cells from sprague-dawley rats." 22nd Biennial Meeting of the International Society for Neurochemistry & Asian Pacific Society for Neurochemistry (2009). South Korea 23 - 29 Aug 2009 United Kingdom. John Wiley & Sons.
Cross-neutralisation of Australian brown and tiger snake venoms with commercial antivenoms: Cross-reactivity or antivenom mixtures?
O’Leary, Margaret A., Schneider, Jennifer J., Prakash Krishnan, Brian, Lavis, Christopher, McKendry, Amy, Ong, Lin Kooi and Isbister, Geoffrey K.. 2007. "Cross-neutralisation of Australian brown and tiger snake venoms with commercial antivenoms: Cross-reactivity or antivenom mixtures?" Toxicon. 50 (2), pp. 206-213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.03.014