A study of the vernalisation requirements of mountain rye (Secale strictum syn. S. montanum) may help explain low grain yields of perennial cereals compared to wheat

Article

Innes. P.J., Newell, M.T., Pembleton, K.G., Hayes, R.C. and Radanielson, A.M.. 2025. "A study of the vernalisation requirements of mountain rye (Secale strictum syn. S. montanum) may help explain low grain yields of perennial cereals compared to wheat ." AOB Plants. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plaf015
Article Title

A study of the vernalisation requirements of mountain rye (Secale strictum syn. S. montanum) may help explain low grain yields of perennial cereals compared to wheat

ERA Journal ID200154
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsInnes. P.J., Newell, M.T., Pembleton, K.G., Hayes, R.C. and Radanielson, A.M.
Journal TitleAOB Plants
Year2025
ISSN2041-2851
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plaf015
Web Address (URL)https://academic.oup.com/aobpla/advance-article/doi/10.1093/aobpla/plaf015/8086427
Abstract

Mountain rye (MR: Secale strictum syn. S. montanum) is a forage grass that is considered a candidate for perennial grain development in Australia. A greater understanding of the triggers for flowering would aid the integration of this dual-purpose perennial into Australian grazing and cropping systems. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of cold incubation (vernalisation) periods of varying duration on the grain yield, biomass production, and phenology of MR, compared to a dual purpose annual winter wheat cultivar (AW:Triticum aestivum L), and the perennial intermediate wheatgrass (IWG:Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey). Plants were grown in pots to a three leaf stage, before being subjected to vernalisation treatments of varying length (0, 3, 5, 7 ,9 and 11 weeks) using a growth chamber set to 5°C and 10h lighting. The plants were then transferred to a glasshouse set to 22°C and a minimum of 10h lighting. Glasshouse daylengths increased as the season progressed from winter into spring and summer. Exposure at ≤5°C for 5 weeks in MR optimised reproductive development, compared to approximately 3 weeks for winter wheat and 11 weeks for IWG. Both MR and IWG appear to have a dual induction requirement, needing a period of cold exposure and short days, followed by daylengths of 12-13 hours for MR, and at least 13 hours for IWG, to optimise their grain production potential. The observed higher vernalisation requirement of MR, compared to AW, helps delineate the grain production potential of the tested germplasm in current wheat growing areas of temperate Australia. Reproductive tiller percentages were much higher and developed earlier in AW compared to the perennial cereals. Improving the ratio and timing of reproductive tillers development in perennial cereals should be a target if grain yields are to be improved.

KeywordsPerennial grains; Dual-induction; Perennial cereals; Intermediate wheatgrass; Mountain rye; Wheat; Vernalisation
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Is supplemented byA study of the vernalisation requirements of mountain rye (Secale strictum syn. S. montanum) may help explain low grain yields of perennial cereals compared to wheat
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ANZSRC Field of Research 2020300404. Crop and pasture biochemistry and physiology
Byline AffiliationsCentre for Sustainable Agricultural Systems
Department of Primary Industries, New South Wales
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Rawnsley, R. P., Chapman, D. F., Jacobs, J. L., Garcia, S. C., Callow, M. N., Edwards, G. R. and Pembleton, K. P.. 2013. "Complementary forages – integration at a whole-farm level." Animal Production Science. 53 (9), pp. 976-987. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN12282
Quantifying the interactions between grazing interval, grazing intensity, and nitrogen on the yield and growth rate of dryland and irrigated perennial ryegrass
Rawnsley, R. P., Langworthy, A. D., Pembleton, K. G., Turner, L. R., Corkrey, R. and Donaghy, D. J.. 2014. "Quantifying the interactions between grazing interval, grazing intensity, and nitrogen on the yield and growth rate of dryland and irrigated perennial ryegrass." Crop and Pasture Science. 65 (8), pp. 735-746. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP13453
Opportunities and challenges in Australian grasslands: pathways to achieve future sustainability and productivity imperatives
Bell, Lindsay W., Hayes, Richard C., Pembleton, Keith G. and Waters, Cathy M.. 2014. "Opportunities and challenges in Australian grasslands: pathways to achieve future sustainability and productivity imperatives." Crop and Pasture Science. 65 (6), pp. 489-507. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP13420
Giving drought the cold shoulder: a relationship between drought tolerance and fall dormancy in an agriculturally important crop
Pembleton, Keith G. and Sathish, Puthigae. 2014. "Giving drought the cold shoulder: a relationship between drought tolerance and fall dormancy in an agriculturally important crop." AOB Plants. 6 (April), pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plu012
Simple versus diverse pastures: opportunities and challenges in dairy systems
Pembleton, Keith G., Tozer, Katherine N., Edwards, Grant R., Jacobs, Joe L. and Turner, Lydia R.. 2015. "Simple versus diverse pastures: opportunities and challenges in dairy systems." Animal Production Science. 55 (7), pp. 893-901. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN14816
Longer defoliation interval ensures expression of the ‘high sugar’ trait in perennial ryegrass cultivars in cool temperate Tasmania, Australia
Turner, L. R., Donaghy, D. J., Pembleton, K. G. and Rawnsley, R. P.. 2015. "Longer defoliation interval ensures expression of the ‘high sugar’ trait in perennial ryegrass cultivars in cool temperate Tasmania, Australia." Journal of Agricultural Science. 153 (6), pp. 995-1005. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859614000628
Modelling the resilience of forage crop production to future climate change in the dairy regions of southeastern Australia using APSIM
Pembleton, K. G., Cullen, B. R., Rawnsley, R. P., Harrison, M. T. and Ramilan, T.. 2016. "Modelling the resilience of forage crop production to future climate change in the dairy regions of southeastern Australia using APSIM." The Journal of Agricultural Science. 154 (7), pp. 1131-1152. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859615001185
Evaluation of the agricultural production systems simulator simulating lucerne and annual ryegrass dry matter yield in the Argentine pampas and south-eastern Australia
Ojeda, J. J., Pembleton, K. G., Islam, M. R., Agnusdei, M. G. and Garcia, S. C.. 2016. "Evaluation of the agricultural production systems simulator simulating lucerne and annual ryegrass dry matter yield in the Argentine pampas and south-eastern Australia." Agricultural Systems. 143, pp. 61-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2015.12.005
Production interactions between combinations of 4 perennial legumes and 5 perennial grasses, grown under high input management with and without applications of nitrogen
Smith, Rowan, Hall, Eric, Corkrey, Ross, Parsons, David, Pembleton, Keith and Rawnsley, Richard. 2015. "Production interactions between combinations of 4 perennial legumes and 5 perennial grasses, grown under high input management with and without applications of nitrogen." 17th Australian Agronomy Conference 2015: Building Productive, Diverse and Sustainable Landscapes (AAC 2015). Hobart, Australia 20 - 24 Sep 2015 Australia.
Summer production of alternative species in comparison to perennial ryegrass and white clover for high input pasture systems
Smith, Rowan, Hall, Eric, Corkrey, Ross, Parsons, David, Pembleton, Keith and Rawnsley, Richard. 2015. "Summer production of alternative species in comparison to perennial ryegrass and white clover for high input pasture systems." 17th Australian Agronomy Conference 2015: Building Productive, Diverse and Sustainable Landscapes (AAC 2015). Hobart, Australia 20 - 24 Sep 2015 Australia.
Stoloniferous red clover cv. Rubitas is a valuable companion to PRG and phalaris
Watson, Brigid, Pembleton, Keith, Smith, Rowan, Corkrey, Ross and Rawnsley, Richard. 2015. "Stoloniferous red clover cv. Rubitas is a valuable companion to PRG and phalaris." 17th Australian Agronomy Conference 2015: Building Productive, Diverse and Sustainable Landscapes (AAC 2015). Hobart, Australia 20 - 24 Sep 2015 Australia.
Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) can beat the heat during summer drought in southeast Australian dairying regions
Langworthy, Adam, Pembleton, Keith, Rawnsley, Richard, Harrison, Matthew, Lane, Peter, Henry, David and Corkrey, Ross. 2015. "Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) can beat the heat during summer drought in southeast Australian dairying regions." 17th Australian Agronomy Conference 2015: Building Productive, Diverse and Sustainable Landscapes (AAC 2015). Hobart, Australia 20 - 24 Sep 2015 Australia.
Response of the DCAD of plantain to potassium fertilisation
Pembleton, K. G, Hill, B. D. and Rawnsley, R. P.. 2015. "Response of the DCAD of plantain to potassium fertilisation." 17th Australian Agronomy Conference 2015: Building Productive, Diverse and Sustainable Landscapes (AAC 2015). Hobart, Australia 20 - 24 Sep 2015 Australia.
APSIM Kale appropriately simulates spring and autumn grown forage kale crops in Tasmania
Pembleton, K.G, Harrison, M.T., Rawnsley, R.P., Zykowski, R., Chakwizira, E., de Ruiter, J. and Johnstone, P.R.. 2015. "APSIM Kale appropriately simulates spring and autumn grown forage kale crops in Tasmania." 17th Australian Agronomy Conference 2015: Building Productive, Diverse and Sustainable Landscapes (AAC 2015). Hobart, Australia 20 - 24 Sep 2015 Australlia.
Plantain and chicory could potentially complement the perennial ryegrass dominant dairy feedbase
Pembleton, K. G.. 2015. "Plantain and chicory could potentially complement the perennial ryegrass dominant dairy feedbase." 17th Australian Agronomy Conference 2015: Building Productive, Diverse and Sustainable Landscapes (AAC 2015). Hobart, Australia 20 - 24 Sep 2015 Hobart.
Comparing within paddock yield variability of perennial ryegrass monocultures and perennial ryegrass, white clover and plantain mixtures using yield mapping
McLaren, David K. and Pembleton, Keith G.. 2015. "Comparing within paddock yield variability of perennial ryegrass monocultures and perennial ryegrass, white clover and plantain mixtures using yield mapping." 17th Australian Agronomy Conference 2015: Building Productive, Diverse and Sustainable Landscapes (AAC 2015). Hobart, Australia 20 - 24 Sep 2015 Australia.
Effect of defoliation management on expression of the ‘high sugar’ cultivar trait in Tasmania
Turner, Lydia R., Donaghy, Daniel J, Pembleton, Keith G. and Rawnsley, Richard P. 2013. "Effect of defoliation management on expression of the ‘high sugar’ cultivar trait in Tasmania." 22nd International Grassland Congress: Revitalising Grasslands to Sustain Our Communities. Sydney, Australia 15 - 19 Sep 2013 Australia.
Effect of nitrogen fertiliser applications on botanical composition
Turner, Lydia R., Donaghy, Daniel J., Pembleton, Keith G. and Rawnsley, Richard P.. 2013. "Effect of nitrogen fertiliser applications on botanical composition." 22nd International Grassland Congress: Revitalising Grasslands to Sustain Our Communities. Sydney, Australia 15 - 19 Sep 2013 Australia.
Impact of grazing on the silage yield of forage oat crops
Pembleton, Keith G., Harrison, Matthew T. and Rawnsley, Richard P.. 2013. "Impact of grazing on the silage yield of forage oat crops." 22nd International Grassland Congress: Revitalising Grasslands to Sustain Our Communities. Sydney, Australia 15 - 19 Sep 2013 Australia.
Early sowing and irrigating of rape crops in cool temperate environments boosts forage yield potential
Harrison, Matthew T., Pembleton, Keith G. and Rawnsley, Richard P.. 2013. "Early sowing and irrigating of rape crops in cool temperate environments boosts forage yield potential." 22nd International Grassland Congress: Revitalising Grasslands to Sustain Our Communities. Sydney, Australia 15 - 19 Sep 2013 Australia.
Frost risk associated with growing maize for silage on Tasmanian dairy farms
Pembleton, Keith. 2012. "Frost risk associated with growing maize for silage on Tasmanian dairy farms." Rawnsley RP (ed.) 16th Australian Agronomy Conference: Capturing Opportunities and Overcoming Obstacles in Australian Agronomy (ASA 2012). Armidale, Australia 14 - 18 Oct 2012 Armidale, Australia.
Partitioning of taproot constituents and crown bud development are affected by water deficit in regrowing alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
Pembleton, Keith G., Volenec, Jeffrey J., Rawnsley, Richard P. and Donaghy, Daniel J.. 2010. "Partitioning of taproot constituents and crown bud development are affected by water deficit in regrowing alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)." Crop Science: a journal serving the international community of crop scientists. 50 (3), pp. 989-999. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2009.03.0140
Yield, yield components and shoot morphology of four contrasting lucerne (Medicago sativa) cultivars grown in three cool temperate environments
Pembleton, K. G., Donaghy, D. J., Volenec, J. J., Smith, R. S. and Rawnsley, R. P.. 2010. "Yield, yield components and shoot morphology of four contrasting lucerne (Medicago sativa) cultivars grown in three cool temperate environments." Crop and Pasture Science. 61 (6), pp. 503-511. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP09351
Genotype by environment interactions of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) in a cool temperate climate
Pembleton, K. G., Smith, R. S., Rawnsley, R. P., Donaghy, D. J. and Humphries, A. W.. 2010. "Genotype by environment interactions of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) in a cool temperate climate." Crop and Pasture Science. 61 (6), pp. 493-502. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP09269
Effect of summer irrigation on seasonal changes in taproot reserves and the expression of winter dormancy/activity in four contrasting lucerne cultivars
Pembleton, K. G., Cunningham, S. M. and Volenec, J. J.. 2010. "Effect of summer irrigation on seasonal changes in taproot reserves and the expression of winter dormancy/activity in four contrasting lucerne cultivars." Crop and Pasture Science. 61 (11), pp. 873 - 884. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP10030
Utilising leaf number as an indicator for defoliation to restrict stem growth in rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) cv. Callide
Pembleton, K.G., Lowe, K.F. and Bahnisch, L.M.. 2009. "Utilising leaf number as an indicator for defoliation to restrict stem growth in rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) cv. Callide." Tropical Grasslands. 43, pp. 79-85.
Water deficit alters canopy structure but not photosynthesis in regrowing alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
Pembleton, Keith, Rawnsley, Richard P., Donaghy, Daniel J. and Volenec, Jeffrey J.. 2009. "Water deficit alters canopy structure but not photosynthesis in regrowing alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)." Crop Science: a journal serving the international community of crop scientists. 49 (2), pp. 722-731. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2008.08.0456
Effect of defoliation interval and height on the growth and quality of Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo
Sinclair, K., Lowe, K.F. and Pembleton, K.G.. 2007. "Effect of defoliation interval and height on the growth and quality of Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo." Tropical Grasslands. 41 (4), pp. 260-268.
Potential of tropical forages for the Tasmanian dairy industry
Pembleton, Keith, Rawnsley, Richard, Donaghy, Danny and Chamberlain, Peter. 2006. "Potential of tropical forages for the Tasmanian dairy industry." 13th Australian Agronomy Conference 2006. Perth, Australia 10 - 14 Sep 2006 Australia. Australian Society of Agronomy.