A novel approach to accelerate ideotyping using model-aided envirotyping

Article


Collins, Brian, Ullah, Najeeb, Song, Youhong and Pembleton, Keith G.. 2025. "A novel approach to accelerate ideotyping using model-aided envirotyping." Agricultural Systems. 229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2025.104430
Article Title

A novel approach to accelerate ideotyping using model-aided envirotyping

ERA Journal ID5173
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsCollins, Brian, Ullah, Najeeb, Song, Youhong and Pembleton, Keith G.
Journal TitleAgricultural Systems
Journal Citation229
Article Number104430
Number of Pages16
Year2025
PublisherElsevier
Place of PublicationNetherlands
ISSN0308-521X
1873-2267
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2025.104430
Web Address (URL)https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308521X25001702
Abstract

CONTEXT
Climate change threatens wheat production by intensifying drought, heat stress, and yield instability. Selecting optimal cultivars is crucial for mitigating climate change impacts. Crop model-assisted ideotyping, i.e., designing and/or selecting for traits that maximise yield or quality under defined conditions, requires exploring a large number of genotype-by-environment (GxE) interactions but is computationally demanding. This is where envirotyping, i.e., categorising environments into a few environment types (ETs), emerges as a promising solution. Integrating envirotyping with ideotyping enhances breeding efficiency and enables targeted trait optimisation. This scalable, data-driven approach supports the development of climate-resilient wheat cultivars suited to diverse and changing environments.
OBJECTIVE
Show how an innovative approach leveraging envirotyping can significantly cut down the computational demands of ideotyping, while still maintaining yield improvements. This approach offers a scalable framework for developing resilient crop cultivars tailored to diverse and changing environments.
METHODS
Using the next generation of Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM Next Generation), wheat growth and development was simulated across diverse Australian environments. Four commercial cultivars were simulated under multiple sowing dates to determine optimal sowing windows and highest-yielding cultivars for each location. Cluster analysis of water supply/demand ratios identified six ETs with distinct seasonal drought patterns. A genetic algorithm was used to optimise 14 key cultivar parameters influencing phenology, morphology, resource use, and yield components. Three ideotyping strategies—global, targeted at high-stress ETs, and location-specific—were assessed for their impact on average yield and yield stability.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
The ideotyping strategies effectively reduced the occurrence frequency of late-season water stress. The identified ideotypes significantly improved average yield (∼18 %) and yield stability (up to 16 % reduction in coefficient of variation). Global and targeted ideotyping strategies outperformed location-specific approaches in enhancing broad adaptability. In these strategies, key traits influencing yield gains included low minimum leaf number, high grain potential size, high radiation use efficiency, low potential root water uptake rate, high stay-green, and high number of grains per gram of stem and spike biomass. Phenological traits and trait interactions were more influential in the location-specific strategy.
SIGNIFICANCE
This study demonstrates the potential of model-assisted envirotyping to improve wheat breeding efficiency by reducing computational demands while maximising average yield and yield stability. Incorporating envirotyping into breeding workflows provides a scalable, data-driven approach that complements traditional GxE testing. Our findings offer valuable insights for developing climate-resilient wheat cultivars and contribute to global food security in the face of increasing climatic variability.

KeywordsClimate adaptability; Crop modelling; Envirotyping; Genetic optimisation; Wheat ideotyping
Article Publishing Charge (APC) FundingSchool/Centre
Contains Sensitive ContentDoes not contain sensitive content
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020300406. Crop and pasture improvement (incl. selection and breeding)
300205. Agricultural production systems simulation
Byline AffiliationsCentre for Sustainable Agricultural Systems
Qatar University, Qatar
Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China
Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment
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Cranston, Lydia M., Pembleton, Keith G., Burkitt, Lucy L., Curtis, Andrew, Donaghy, Daniel J., Gourley, Cameron J. P., Harrington, Kerry C., Hills, James L., Pembleton, Luke W. and Rawnsley, Richard P.. 2019. "The role of forage management in addressing challenges facing Australasian dairy farming." Animal Production Science. 60 (1), pp. 26-35. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN18570
The provision and utility of science and uncertainty to decision‑makers: earth science case studies
Quigley, Mark C., Bennetts, Luke G., Durance, Patricia, Kuhnert, Petra M., Lindsay, Mark D., Pembleton, Keith G., Roberts, Melanie E. and White, Christopher J.. 2019. "The provision and utility of science and uncertainty to decision‑makers: earth science case studies." Environment Systems and Decisions. 39 (3), pp. 307-348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-019-09728-0
Local sensitivity analysis of AquaCrop model for wheat and maize in Qazvin Plain and Moghan Pars-Abad in Iran
Adabi, Vahid, Azizian, Asghar, Ramezani-Etedali, Hadi, Kaviani, Abbas and Ababaei, Behnam. 2020. "Local sensitivity analysis of AquaCrop model for wheat and maize in Qazvin Plain and Moghan Pars-Abad in Iran." Iranian Journal of Irrigation and Drainage. 13 (6), pp. 1565-1579.
Use of Gridded Weather Datasets in Simulation of Wheat Yield and Water Requirement (Case Study: Iran’s Qazvin Plain)
Bahroloum, Rezvan, Ramezani-Etedali, Hadi, Azizian, Asghar and Ababaei, Behnam. 2020. "Use of Gridded Weather Datasets in Simulation of Wheat Yield and Water Requirement (Case Study: Iran’s Qazvin Plain) ." Journal of Ecohydrology. 7 (3), pp. 691-706. https://doi.org/10.22059/ije.2020.303567.1339
Heat shocks increasingly impede grain filling but have little effect on grain setting across the Australian Wheatbelt
Collins, Behnam and Chenu, Karine. 2020. "Heat shocks increasingly impede grain filling but have little effect on grain setting across the Australian Wheatbelt." Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.107889
Detection of major weather patterns reduces number of simulations in climate impact studies
Collins, Behnam and Najeeb, Ullah. 2020. "Detection of major weather patterns reduces number of simulations in climate impact studies." Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 206 (3), pp. 376-389. https://doi.org/10.1111/jac.12388
Spatio-temporal variations of seven weather variables in Iran: application of CRU TS and GPCC data sets
Ababaei, Behnam. 2020. "Spatio-temporal variations of seven weather variables in Iran: application of CRU TS and GPCC data sets." Irrigation and Drainage. 69 (1), pp. 164-185. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2399
The impact of climate variability on water footprint components of rainfed wheat and barley in Qazvin province of Iran
Nazari, Rasta, Ramezani-Etedali, Hadi, Nazari, Bijan and Collins, Brian. 2020. "The impact of climate variability on water footprint components of rainfed wheat and barley in Qazvin province of Iran." Irrigation and Drainage. 69 (4), pp. 826-843. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2487
Pan-European multi-crop model ensemble simulations of wheat and grain maize under climate change scenarios
Webber, Heidi, Cooke, Diane Kathleene, Ewert, Frank, Olesen, Jørgen E., Fronzek, Stefan, Ruane, Alex C., Martre, Pierre, Collins, Brian, Bindi, Marco, Ferrise, Roberto, Fodor, Nándor, Gabaldón-Leal, Clara, Gaiser, Thomas, Jabloun, Mohamed, Kersebaum, Kurt, Lizaso, Jon I., Lorite, Ignacio J., Manceau, Loic, Moriondo, Marco, ..., Trombi, Giacomo. 2020. "Pan-European multi-crop model ensemble simulations of wheat and grain maize under climate change scenarios ." Open Data Journal for Agricultural Research. 6, pp. 21-27. https://doi.org/10.18174/odjar.v6i0.16326
Effect of stubble height management on perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, and chicory crown temperature
Langworthy, Adam D., Rawnsley, Richard P., Freeman, Mark J,, Corkrey, Ross, Harrison, Matthew T., Pembleton, Kieth G., Lane, Peter A. and Henry, David A.. 2019. "Effect of stubble height management on perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, and chicory crown temperature." Crop and Pasture Science. 70 (2), pp. 183-194. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP18313
Effect of stubble height and irrigation management on the growth, botanical composition and persistence of perennial ryegrass, tall fescue and chicory swards in cool-temperate Tasmania
Langworthy, Adam D., Rawnsley, Richard P., Freeman, Mark J., Corkrey, Ross, Pembleton, Keith G., Harrison, Matthew T., Lane, Peter A. and Henry, David A.. 2019. "Effect of stubble height and irrigation management on the growth, botanical composition and persistence of perennial ryegrass, tall fescue and chicory swards in cool-temperate Tasmania." Crop and Pasture Science. 70 (2), pp. 169-182. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP18311
The provision and utility of earth science to decision-makers: synthesis and key findings
Quigley, Mark C., Bennetts, Luke G., Kuhnert, Petra M., Durance, Patricia, Lindsay, Mark D., Pembleton, Keith G., Roberts, Melanie E. and White, Christopher J.. 2019. "The provision and utility of earth science to decision-makers: synthesis and key findings." Environment Systems and Decisions. 39 (3), pp. 349-367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-019-09737-z
A soil temperature decision support tool for agronomic research and management under climate variability: adapting to earlier and more variable planting conditions
Kath, Jarrod and Pembleton, Keith. 2019. "A soil temperature decision support tool for agronomic research and management under climate variability: adapting to earlier and more variable planting conditions." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 162, pp. 783-792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2019.05.030
Advancing a farmer decision support tool for agronomic decisions on rainfed and irrigated wheat cropping in Tasmania
Phelan, David C., Harrison, Matthew T., McLean, Greg, Cox, Howard, Pembleton, Keith G., Dean, Geoff J., Parsons, David, do Amaral Richter, Maria E., Pengilley, Georgie, Hinton, Sue J. and Mohammed, Caroline L.. 2018. "Advancing a farmer decision support tool for agronomic decisions on rainfed and irrigated wheat cropping in Tasmania." Agricultural Systems. 167, pp. 113-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2018.09.003
Investigating climate change over 1957–2016 in an arid environment with three drought indexes
Ababaei, Behnam and Ramezani-Etedali, Hadi. 2019. "Investigating climate change over 1957–2016 in an arid environment with three drought indexes." Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 137 (3), pp. 2977-2992. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-019-02793-0
Optimization of the cropping pattern of main cereals and improving water productivity: application of the water footprint concept
Ramezani-Etedali, Hadi, Ahmadaali, Khaled, Paveh, Faraz and Ababaei, Behnam. 2019. "Optimization of the cropping pattern of main cereals and improving water productivity: application of the water footprint concept." Irrigation and Drainage. 68, pp. 765-777. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2362
Using crop growth model stress covariates and AMMI decomposition to better predict genotype by environment interactions
Rincent, R., Malosetti, M., Collins, B., Ababaei, B., Touzy, G., Mini, A., Bogard, M., Martre, P., Le Gouis, J. and van Eeuwijk, F.. 2019. "Using crop growth model stress covariates and AMMI decomposition to better predict genotype by environment interactions." Theoretical and Applied Genetics: international journal of plant breeding research. 132 (12), pp. 3399-3411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-019-03432-y
Potential of summer-active temperate (C3) perennial forages to mitigate the detrimental effects of supraoptimal temperatures on summer home-grown feed production in south-eastern Australian dairying regions
Langworthy, Adam D., Rawnsley, Richard P., Freeman, Mark J., Pembleton, Keith G., Corkrey, Ross, Harrison, Matthew T., Lane, Peter A. and Henry, David A.. 2018. "Potential of summer-active temperate (C3) perennial forages to mitigate the detrimental effects of supraoptimal temperatures on summer home-grown feed production in south-eastern Australian dairying regions." Crop and Pasture Science. 69 (8), pp. 808-820. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP17291
Modelling forage yield and water productivity of continuous crop sequences in the Argentinian Pampas
Ojeda, J. J., Pembleton, K. G., Caviglia, O. P., Islam, M. R., Agnusdei, M. G. and Garcia, S. C.. 2018. "Modelling forage yield and water productivity of continuous crop sequences in the Argentinian Pampas." European Journal of Agronomy. 92, pp. 84-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2017.10.004
Quantifying the interactions between defoliation interval, defoliation intensity and nitrogen fertiliser application on the nutritive value of rainfed and irrigated perennial ryegrass
Pembleton, K. G., Rawnsley, R. P., Turner, L. R., Corkrey, R. and Donaghy, D. J.. 2017. "Quantifying the interactions between defoliation interval, defoliation intensity and nitrogen fertiliser application on the nutritive value of rainfed and irrigated perennial ryegrass." Crop and Pasture Science. 68 (12), pp. 1100-1111. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP16385
Diverging importance of drought stress for maize and winter wheat in Europe
Webber, Heidi, Ewert, Frank, Olesen, Jørgen E., Müller, Christoph, Fronzek, Stefan, Ruane, Alex C., Bourgault, Maryse, Martre, Pierre, Ababaei, Behnam, Bindi, Marco, Ferrise, Roberto, Finger, Robert, Fodor, Nándor Fodor, Gabaldón-Leal, Clara, Gaiser, Thomas, Jabloun, Mohamed, Kersebaum, Kurt-Christian, Lizaso, Jon I., Lorite, Ignacio J., ..., Wallach, Daniel. 2018. "Diverging importance of drought stress for maize and winter wheat in Europe." Nature Communications. 9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06525-2
Modelling of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) for livestock production in diverse environments
Smith, Andrew P., Moore, Andrew D., Boschma, Suzanne P., Hayes, Richard C., Nie, Zhongnan and Pembleton, Keith G.. 2017. "Modelling of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) for livestock production in diverse environments." Crop and Pasture Science. 68 (1), pp. 74-91. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP16176
bomrang: fetch Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology data in R [Journal of Open Source Software, vol. 2, no. 17, 411]
Sparks, Adam H., Padgham, Mark, Parsonage, Hugh and Pembleton, Keith. 2017. bomrang: fetch Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology data in R [Journal of Open Source Software, vol. 2, no. 17, 411]. Baltimore, Maryland, United States. NumFOCUS. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.00411
More milk from forage: Milk production, blood metabolites, and forage intake of dairy cows grazing pasture mixtures and spatially adjacent monocultures
Pembleton, Keith G., Hills, James L., Freeman, Mark J., McLaren, David K., French, Marion and Rawnsley, Richard P.. 2016. "More milk from forage: Milk production, blood metabolites, and forage intake of dairy cows grazing pasture mixtures and spatially adjacent monocultures." Journal of Dairy Science. 99 (5), pp. 3512-3528. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10542
Yield and water-use efficiency of contrasting lucerne genotypes grown in a cool temperate environment
Pembleton, K. G., Rawnsley, R. P. and Donaghy, D. J.. 2011. "Yield and water-use efficiency of contrasting lucerne genotypes grown in a cool temperate environment." Crop and Pasture Science. 62 (7), pp. 610-623. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP11094
The morphological and physiological responses of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.; syn. Schedonorus phoenix Scop.) to variable water availability
Turner, L. R., Holloway-Phillips, M. M., Rawnsley, R. P., Donaghy, D. J. and Pembleton, K. G.. 2012. "The morphological and physiological responses of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.; syn. Schedonorus phoenix Scop.) to variable water availability." Grass and Forage Science. 67 (4), pp. 507-518. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.2012.00866.x
Environmental influences on optimum nitrogen fertiliser rates for temperate dairy pastures
Pembleton, Keith G., Rawnsley, Richard P. and Burkitt, Lucy L.. 2013. "Environmental influences on optimum nitrogen fertiliser rates for temperate dairy pastures." European Journal of Agronomy. 45, pp. 132-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2012.09.006
Evaluating the accuracy of the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) simulating growth, development, and herbage nutritive characteristics of forage crops grown in the south-eastern dairy regions of Australia
Pembleton, K. G., Rawnsley, R. P., Jacobs, J. L., Mickan, F. J., O'Brien, G. N., Cullen, B. R. and Ramilan, T.. 2013. "Evaluating the accuracy of the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) simulating growth, development, and herbage nutritive characteristics of forage crops grown in the south-eastern dairy regions of Australia." Crop and Pasture Science. 64 (2), pp. 147-164. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP12372
Complementary forages – integration at a whole-farm level
Rawnsley, R. P., Chapman, D. F., Jacobs, J. L., Garcia, S. C., Callow, M. N., Edwards, G. R. and Pembleton, K. P.. 2013. "Complementary forages – integration at a whole-farm level." Animal Production Science. 53 (9), pp. 976-987. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN12282
Quantifying the interactions between grazing interval, grazing intensity, and nitrogen on the yield and growth rate of dryland and irrigated perennial ryegrass
Rawnsley, R. P., Langworthy, A. D., Pembleton, K. G., Turner, L. R., Corkrey, R. and Donaghy, D. J.. 2014. "Quantifying the interactions between grazing interval, grazing intensity, and nitrogen on the yield and growth rate of dryland and irrigated perennial ryegrass." Crop and Pasture Science. 65 (8), pp. 735-746. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP13453
Opportunities and challenges in Australian grasslands: pathways to achieve future sustainability and productivity imperatives
Bell, Lindsay W., Hayes, Richard C., Pembleton, Keith G. and Waters, Cathy M.. 2014. "Opportunities and challenges in Australian grasslands: pathways to achieve future sustainability and productivity imperatives." Crop and Pasture Science. 65 (6), pp. 489-507. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP13420
Giving drought the cold shoulder: a relationship between drought tolerance and fall dormancy in an agriculturally important crop
Pembleton, Keith G. and Sathish, Puthigae. 2014. "Giving drought the cold shoulder: a relationship between drought tolerance and fall dormancy in an agriculturally important crop." AOB Plants. 6 (April), pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plu012
Simple versus diverse pastures: opportunities and challenges in dairy systems
Pembleton, Keith G., Tozer, Katherine N., Edwards, Grant R., Jacobs, Joe L. and Turner, Lydia R.. 2015. "Simple versus diverse pastures: opportunities and challenges in dairy systems." Animal Production Science. 55 (7), pp. 893-901. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN14816
Longer defoliation interval ensures expression of the ‘high sugar’ trait in perennial ryegrass cultivars in cool temperate Tasmania, Australia
Turner, L. R., Donaghy, D. J., Pembleton, K. G. and Rawnsley, R. P.. 2015. "Longer defoliation interval ensures expression of the ‘high sugar’ trait in perennial ryegrass cultivars in cool temperate Tasmania, Australia." Journal of Agricultural Science. 153 (6), pp. 995-1005. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859614000628
Modelling the resilience of forage crop production to future climate change in the dairy regions of southeastern Australia using APSIM
Pembleton, K. G., Cullen, B. R., Rawnsley, R. P., Harrison, M. T. and Ramilan, T.. 2016. "Modelling the resilience of forage crop production to future climate change in the dairy regions of southeastern Australia using APSIM." The Journal of Agricultural Science. 154 (7), pp. 1131-1152. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859615001185
Evaluation of the agricultural production systems simulator simulating lucerne and annual ryegrass dry matter yield in the Argentine pampas and south-eastern Australia
Ojeda, J. J., Pembleton, K. G., Islam, M. R., Agnusdei, M. G. and Garcia, S. C.. 2016. "Evaluation of the agricultural production systems simulator simulating lucerne and annual ryegrass dry matter yield in the Argentine pampas and south-eastern Australia." Agricultural Systems. 143, pp. 61-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2015.12.005
Production interactions between combinations of 4 perennial legumes and 5 perennial grasses, grown under high input management with and without applications of nitrogen
Smith, Rowan, Hall, Eric, Corkrey, Ross, Parsons, David, Pembleton, Keith and Rawnsley, Richard. 2015. "Production interactions between combinations of 4 perennial legumes and 5 perennial grasses, grown under high input management with and without applications of nitrogen." 17th Australian Agronomy Conference 2015: Building Productive, Diverse and Sustainable Landscapes (AAC 2015). Hobart, Australia 20 - 24 Sep 2015 Australia.
Summer production of alternative species in comparison to perennial ryegrass and white clover for high input pasture systems
Smith, Rowan, Hall, Eric, Corkrey, Ross, Parsons, David, Pembleton, Keith and Rawnsley, Richard. 2015. "Summer production of alternative species in comparison to perennial ryegrass and white clover for high input pasture systems." 17th Australian Agronomy Conference 2015: Building Productive, Diverse and Sustainable Landscapes (AAC 2015). Hobart, Australia 20 - 24 Sep 2015 Australia.
Stoloniferous red clover cv. Rubitas is a valuable companion to PRG and phalaris
Watson, Brigid, Pembleton, Keith, Smith, Rowan, Corkrey, Ross and Rawnsley, Richard. 2015. "Stoloniferous red clover cv. Rubitas is a valuable companion to PRG and phalaris." 17th Australian Agronomy Conference 2015: Building Productive, Diverse and Sustainable Landscapes (AAC 2015). Hobart, Australia 20 - 24 Sep 2015 Australia.
Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) can beat the heat during summer drought in southeast Australian dairying regions
Langworthy, Adam, Pembleton, Keith, Rawnsley, Richard, Harrison, Matthew, Lane, Peter, Henry, David and Corkrey, Ross. 2015. "Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) can beat the heat during summer drought in southeast Australian dairying regions." 17th Australian Agronomy Conference 2015: Building Productive, Diverse and Sustainable Landscapes (AAC 2015). Hobart, Australia 20 - 24 Sep 2015 Australia.
Response of the DCAD of plantain to potassium fertilisation
Pembleton, K. G, Hill, B. D. and Rawnsley, R. P.. 2015. "Response of the DCAD of plantain to potassium fertilisation." 17th Australian Agronomy Conference 2015: Building Productive, Diverse and Sustainable Landscapes (AAC 2015). Hobart, Australia 20 - 24 Sep 2015 Australia.
APSIM Kale appropriately simulates spring and autumn grown forage kale crops in Tasmania
Pembleton, K.G, Harrison, M.T., Rawnsley, R.P., Zykowski, R., Chakwizira, E., de Ruiter, J. and Johnstone, P.R.. 2015. "APSIM Kale appropriately simulates spring and autumn grown forage kale crops in Tasmania." 17th Australian Agronomy Conference 2015: Building Productive, Diverse and Sustainable Landscapes (AAC 2015). Hobart, Australia 20 - 24 Sep 2015 Australlia.
Plantain and chicory could potentially complement the perennial ryegrass dominant dairy feedbase
Pembleton, K. G.. 2015. "Plantain and chicory could potentially complement the perennial ryegrass dominant dairy feedbase." 17th Australian Agronomy Conference 2015: Building Productive, Diverse and Sustainable Landscapes (AAC 2015). Hobart, Australia 20 - 24 Sep 2015 Hobart.
Comparing within paddock yield variability of perennial ryegrass monocultures and perennial ryegrass, white clover and plantain mixtures using yield mapping
McLaren, David K. and Pembleton, Keith G.. 2015. "Comparing within paddock yield variability of perennial ryegrass monocultures and perennial ryegrass, white clover and plantain mixtures using yield mapping." 17th Australian Agronomy Conference 2015: Building Productive, Diverse and Sustainable Landscapes (AAC 2015). Hobart, Australia 20 - 24 Sep 2015 Australia.
Effect of defoliation management on expression of the ‘high sugar’ cultivar trait in Tasmania
Turner, Lydia R., Donaghy, Daniel J, Pembleton, Keith G. and Rawnsley, Richard P. 2013. "Effect of defoliation management on expression of the ‘high sugar’ cultivar trait in Tasmania." 22nd International Grassland Congress: Revitalising Grasslands to Sustain Our Communities. Sydney, Australia 15 - 19 Sep 2013 Australia.
Effect of nitrogen fertiliser applications on botanical composition
Turner, Lydia R., Donaghy, Daniel J., Pembleton, Keith G. and Rawnsley, Richard P.. 2013. "Effect of nitrogen fertiliser applications on botanical composition." 22nd International Grassland Congress: Revitalising Grasslands to Sustain Our Communities. Sydney, Australia 15 - 19 Sep 2013 Australia.
Impact of grazing on the silage yield of forage oat crops
Pembleton, Keith G., Harrison, Matthew T. and Rawnsley, Richard P.. 2013. "Impact of grazing on the silage yield of forage oat crops." 22nd International Grassland Congress: Revitalising Grasslands to Sustain Our Communities. Sydney, Australia 15 - 19 Sep 2013 Australia.
Early sowing and irrigating of rape crops in cool temperate environments boosts forage yield potential
Harrison, Matthew T., Pembleton, Keith G. and Rawnsley, Richard P.. 2013. "Early sowing and irrigating of rape crops in cool temperate environments boosts forage yield potential." 22nd International Grassland Congress: Revitalising Grasslands to Sustain Our Communities. Sydney, Australia 15 - 19 Sep 2013 Australia.
Frost risk associated with growing maize for silage on Tasmanian dairy farms
Pembleton, Keith. 2012. "Frost risk associated with growing maize for silage on Tasmanian dairy farms." Rawnsley RP (ed.) 16th Australian Agronomy Conference: Capturing Opportunities and Overcoming Obstacles in Australian Agronomy (ASA 2012). Armidale, Australia 14 - 18 Oct 2012 Armidale, Australia.
Partitioning of taproot constituents and crown bud development are affected by water deficit in regrowing alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
Pembleton, Keith G., Volenec, Jeffrey J., Rawnsley, Richard P. and Donaghy, Daniel J.. 2010. "Partitioning of taproot constituents and crown bud development are affected by water deficit in regrowing alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)." Crop Science: a journal serving the international community of crop scientists. 50 (3), pp. 989-999. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2009.03.0140
Yield, yield components and shoot morphology of four contrasting lucerne (Medicago sativa) cultivars grown in three cool temperate environments
Pembleton, K. G., Donaghy, D. J., Volenec, J. J., Smith, R. S. and Rawnsley, R. P.. 2010. "Yield, yield components and shoot morphology of four contrasting lucerne (Medicago sativa) cultivars grown in three cool temperate environments." Crop and Pasture Science. 61 (6), pp. 503-511. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP09351
Genotype by environment interactions of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) in a cool temperate climate
Pembleton, K. G., Smith, R. S., Rawnsley, R. P., Donaghy, D. J. and Humphries, A. W.. 2010. "Genotype by environment interactions of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) in a cool temperate climate." Crop and Pasture Science. 61 (6), pp. 493-502. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP09269
Effect of summer irrigation on seasonal changes in taproot reserves and the expression of winter dormancy/activity in four contrasting lucerne cultivars
Pembleton, K. G., Cunningham, S. M. and Volenec, J. J.. 2010. "Effect of summer irrigation on seasonal changes in taproot reserves and the expression of winter dormancy/activity in four contrasting lucerne cultivars." Crop and Pasture Science. 61 (11), pp. 873 - 884. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP10030
Utilising leaf number as an indicator for defoliation to restrict stem growth in rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) cv. Callide
Pembleton, K.G., Lowe, K.F. and Bahnisch, L.M.. 2009. "Utilising leaf number as an indicator for defoliation to restrict stem growth in rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) cv. Callide." Tropical Grasslands. 43, pp. 79-85.
Water deficit alters canopy structure but not photosynthesis in regrowing alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
Pembleton, Keith, Rawnsley, Richard P., Donaghy, Daniel J. and Volenec, Jeffrey J.. 2009. "Water deficit alters canopy structure but not photosynthesis in regrowing alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)." Crop Science: a journal serving the international community of crop scientists. 49 (2), pp. 722-731. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2008.08.0456
Effect of defoliation interval and height on the growth and quality of Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo
Sinclair, K., Lowe, K.F. and Pembleton, K.G.. 2007. "Effect of defoliation interval and height on the growth and quality of Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo." Tropical Grasslands. 41 (4), pp. 260-268.
Potential of tropical forages for the Tasmanian dairy industry
Pembleton, Keith, Rawnsley, Richard, Donaghy, Danny and Chamberlain, Peter. 2006. "Potential of tropical forages for the Tasmanian dairy industry." 13th Australian Agronomy Conference 2006. Perth, Australia 10 - 14 Sep 2006 Australia. Australian Society of Agronomy.