SGDM-GRU: Spectral Graph Deep Learning Based Gated Recurrent Unit Model for Accurate Fake News Detection

Article

Sahi, Aqeel, Albdair, Mostfa, Diykh, Mohammed, Abdulla, Shahab, Alghayab, Hadi, Aljebur, Kaled and Alkhafaji, Sarmad K.D.. 2025. "SGDM-GRU: Spectral Graph Deep Learning Based Gated Recurrent Unit Model for Accurate Fake News Detection." Expert Systems with Applications. 281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2025.127572
Article Title

SGDM-GRU: Spectral Graph Deep Learning Based Gated Recurrent Unit Model for Accurate Fake News Detection

ERA Journal ID17852
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsSahi, Aqeel, Albdair, Mostfa, Diykh, Mohammed, Abdulla, Shahab, Alghayab, Hadi, Aljebur, Kaled and Alkhafaji, Sarmad K.D.
Journal TitleExpert Systems with Applications
Journal Citation281
Article Number127572
Number of Pages12
Year2025
PublisherElsevier
Place of PublicationUnited Kingdom
ISSN0957-4174
1873-6793
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2025.127572
Web Address (URL)https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0957417425011947
Abstract

With the surge of diverse news content on social media platforms, the necessity to effectively identify and combat fake news has never been more critical. The spreading of fake information in society could damage and harm the reliability of information as well as mislead public perception. As a result, several machine-learning-based models have been designed as promising methods to detect fake news. However, existing models experience some difficulties in capturing dynamic and historical social graph characteristics. This study proposes a novel approach called the SGDM-GRU (Spectral Graph Deep Learning Model based on Gated Recurrent Unit) to identify fake news. The proposed SGDM-GRU model incorporates GRU and represents network news patterns as graphs. We conducted several simulations on four datasets. Results showed that the SGDM-GRU model performs better than recently published fake news detection models. The proposed model obtained 97%, 98%, and 98% accuracy with Weibo, Twitter, Politifact, and Cossipcop datasets. With a combination of spectral graph deep learning models, the proposed model delivers a new finding in news detection research.

KeywordsFake news detection; SGDM; Graph; GRU
Contains Sensitive ContentDoes not contain sensitive content
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020460207. Modelling and simulation
Byline AffiliationsSchool of Mathematics, Physics and Computing
Al-Shatrah University, Iraq
Al-Ayen University, Iraq
University of Misan, Iraq
University of Thi-Qar, Iraq
UniSQ College
TAFE Queensland
Al-Taff University, Iraq
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Sahi, Aqeel, Lai, David and Li, Yan. 2017. "An energy efficient TCP DoS attacks mitigation method in cloud computing." Al-Jumaily, Adel Ali, Barifcani, Ahmed and Al-Jumaily, Ahmed (ed.) 1st MoHESR and HCED Iraqi Scholars Conference in Australasia 2017 (ISCA 2017). Melbourne, Australia 05 - 06 Dec 2017 Melbourne, Australia.
Person identification by gait analysis using photogrammetry techniques and foot pressure sensing matt
Majeed, Ammar, Chong, Albert K. and Abdulla, Shahab. 2017. "Person identification by gait analysis using photogrammetry techniques and foot pressure sensing matt." Al-Jumaily, Adel Ali, Barifcani, Ahmed and Al-Jumaily, Ahmed (ed.) 1st MoHESR and HCED Iraqi Scholars Conference in Australasia 2017 (ISCA 2017). Melbourne, Australia 05 - 06 Dec 2017 Melbourne, Australia.
Ensemble of adaboost cascades of 3L-LBPs classifiers for license plates detection with low quality images
Al-Shemarry, Meeras Salman, Li, Yan and Abdulla, Shahab. 2018. "Ensemble of adaboost cascades of 3L-LBPs classifiers for license plates detection with low quality images." Expert Systems with Applications. 92, pp. 216-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2017.09.036
Complex networks approach for EEG signal sleep stages classification
Diykh, Mohammed and Li, Yan. 2016. "Complex networks approach for EEG signal sleep stages classification." Expert Systems with Applications. 63, pp. 241-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2016.07.004
Security and privacy preserving approaches in the eHealth clouds with disaster recovery plan
Sahi, Aqeel, Lai, David and Li, Yan. 2016. "Security and privacy preserving approaches in the eHealth clouds with disaster recovery plan." Computers in Biology and Medicine. 78, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2016.09.003
EEG sleep stages classification based on time domain features and structural graph similarity
Diykh, Mohammed, Li, Yan and Wen, Peng. 2016. "EEG sleep stages classification based on time domain features and structural graph similarity." IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering. 24 (11), pp. 1159-1168. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2016.2552539
Robust internal model control for depth of anaesthesia
Abdulla, Shahab Anna and Wen, Peng. 2011. "Robust internal model control for depth of anaesthesia." International Journal of Mechatronics and Automation. 1 (1), pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMA.2011.039150
Depth of anaesthesia patient models and control
Abdulla, Shahab and Wen, Peng. 2011. "Depth of anaesthesia patient models and control." Guo, Shuxiang, Touge, Tetsuo and Xiufen, Ye (ed.) 2011 IEEE/ICME International Conference on Complex Medical Engineering (ICME 2011). Harbin, China 22 - 25 May 2011 United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCME.2011.5876701
Fuzzy and non-fuzzy approaches for digital image classification
Diykh, Mohammed and Li, Yan. 2016. "Fuzzy and non-fuzzy approaches for digital image classification." Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology. 95 (4), pp. 858-870.
Parallel encryption mode for probabilistic scheme to secure data in the cloud
Sahi, Aqeel, Lai, David and Li, Yan. 2015. "Parallel encryption mode for probabilistic scheme to secure data in the cloud." 10th International Conference on Information Technology and Applications (ICITA 2015). Sydney, Australia 01 - 04 Jul 2015 Australia.
Preventing man-in-the-middle attack in Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol
Khader, Aqeel Sahi and Lai, David. 2015. "Preventing man-in-the-middle attack in Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol." 22nd International Conference on Telecommunications (ICT2015). Sydney, Australia 27 - 29 Apr 2015 United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICT.2015.7124683
Classification of epileptic EEG signals based on simple random sampling and sequential feature selection
Al Ghayab, Hadi, Li, Yan, Abdulla, Shahab, Diykh, Mohammed and Wan, Xiangkui. 2016. "Classification of epileptic EEG signals based on simple random sampling and sequential feature selection." Brain Informatics. 3 (2), pp. 85-91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40708-016-0039-1
Students' mathematical preparation: differences in staff and student perceptions
Wandel, Andrew P., Robinson, Clare, Abdulla, Shahab, Dalby, Tim, Frederiks, Anita and Galligan, Linda. 2015. "Students' mathematical preparation: differences in staff and student perceptions." International Journal of Innovation in Science and Mathematics Education. 23 (1), pp. 82-93.
Students' mathematical preparation Part A: lecturers' perceptions
Galligan, Linda, Wandel, Andrew, Pigozzo, Robyn, Frederiks, Anita, Robinson, Clare, Abdulla, Shahab and Dalby, Tim. 2013. "Students' mathematical preparation Part A: lecturers' perceptions." Deborah, King, Birgit, Loch and Leanne, Rylands (ed.) 9th Delta Conference of Teaching and Learning of Undergraduate Mathematics and Statistics 2013: Shining Through the Fog. Kiama, Australia 24 - 29 Nov 2013 Sydney, Australia.
Students' mathematical preparation Part B: students' perceptions
Dalby, Tim, Robinson, Clare, Abdulla, Shahab, Galligan, Linda, Frederiks, Anita, Pigozzo, Robyn and Wandel, Andrew. 2013. "Students' mathematical preparation Part B: students' perceptions." King, Deborah, Loch, Birgit and Rylands, Leanne (ed.) 9th Delta Conference of Teaching and Learning of Undergraduate Mathematics and Statistics 2013: Shining Through the Fog. Kiama, Australia 24 - 29 Nov 2013 Sydney, Australia.
Model based predictive control of depth of anaesthesia
Abdulla, Shahab, Wen, Peng, Zude, Zhou and Quan, Liu. 2012. "Model based predictive control of depth of anaesthesia." Chih-Hsing, Chu, Smith, Shana and Hong, Hocheng (ed.) 2012 International Conference on Innovative Design and Manufacturing (ICIDM 2012). Taipei, Taiwan 12 - 14 Dec 2012 Taiwan.
The effects of time-delay on feedback control of depth of anesthesia
Abdulla, Shahab A. and Wen, Peng. 2012. "The effects of time-delay on feedback control of depth of anesthesia." Zhang, Yuan-Ting, Naghavi, Morteza, Bonato, Paolo and Carmen, C. Y. Poon (ed.) 2012 IEEE-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics: Global Grand Challenge of Health Informatics (BHI 2012). Hong Kong and Shenzhen, China 02 - 07 Jan 2012 Hong Kong, China. https://doi.org/10.1109/BHI.2012.6211747
Depth of anaesthesia control investigation using robust deadbeat control technique
Abdulla, Shahab and Wen, Peng. 2012. "Depth of anaesthesia control investigation using robust deadbeat control technique." Tetsuo, Kobayashi, Tetsuo, Touge, Hisao, Tachibana and Jinglong, Wu (ed.) 2012 International Conference on Complex Medical Engineering (ICME 2012). Kobe, Japan 01 - 04 Jul 2012 Piscataway, NJ. United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCME.2012.6275636
Depth of anaesthesia control techniques and human body models
Abdulla, Shahab Anna. 2012. Depth of anaesthesia control techniques and human body models. PhD Thesis Doctor of Philosophy. University of Southern Queensland.
Convection drying process modeling and simulation study based on tomato
Shahab, Anna, Wen, Peng and Richard, George. 2009. "Convection drying process modeling and simulation study based on tomato." Giannoccaro, Nicola Ivan and Klingajay, Mongkorn (ed.) International Conference on Robotics, Informatics, Intelligence Control System Technology (RIIT 2009). Bangkok, Thailand 11 - 14 Dec 2009 Bangkok, Thailand.
Fruit drying process: analysis, modeling and simulation
Abdulla, Shahab, Wen, Paul, Landers, Richard and Yousif, B. F.. 2011. "Fruit drying process: analysis, modeling and simulation." Scientific Research and Essays. 6 (23), pp. 4915-4924.
The design and investigation of model based internal model control for the regulation of hypnosis
Abdulla, Shahab, Wen, Peng and Xiang, Wei. 2010. "The design and investigation of model based internal model control for the regulation of hypnosis." Kuo, Way, Tsui, Lap Chee and Sung, Jao Yiu (ed.) IEEE/NANOMED 2010: Promoting Good Health with Nanotechnology. Hong Kong, China 05 - 09 Dec 2010 Hong Kong. https://doi.org/10.1109/NANOMED.2010.5749833
Depth of anesthesia control using internal model control techniques
Anna, Shahab and Wen, Peng. 2010. "Depth of anesthesia control using internal model control techniques." Li, Yan, Yang, Jiajia, Wen, Peng and Wu, Jinglong (ed.) 2010 IEEE/ICME International Conference on Complex Medical Engineering (ICME 2010). Gold Coast, Australia 13 - 15 Jul 2010 Piscataway, NJ. United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCME.2010.5558825
Excel files of bispectral index (BIS), anaesthesia levels and nominal patient data based on sensitivity to anaesthesia
Abdulla, Shahab. 2008. Excel files of bispectral index (BIS), anaesthesia levels and nominal patient data based on sensitivity to anaesthesia. Toowoomba. University of Southern Queensland. https://doi.org/10.26192/q37yw