Patient safety incident reporting systems and reporting practices in African healthcare organisations: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Article

Fekadu, Gelana, Muir, Rachel, Tobiano, Georgia, Ireland, Michael J, Engidaw, Melaku Tadege and Marshall, Andrea P. 2025. "Patient safety incident reporting systems and reporting practices in African healthcare organisations: a systematic review and meta-analysis." BMJ Open Quality. 14 (1). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjoq-2024-003202
Article Title

Patient safety incident reporting systems and reporting practices in African healthcare organisations: a systematic review and meta-analysis

ERA Journal ID211925
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsFekadu, Gelana, Muir, Rachel, Tobiano, Georgia, Ireland, Michael J, Engidaw, Melaku Tadege and Marshall, Andrea P
Journal TitleBMJ Open Quality
Journal Citation14 (1)
Number of Pages13
Year2025
PublisherBMJ
Place of PublicationUnited Kingdom
ISSN2399-6641
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjoq-2024-003202
Web Address (URL)https://bmjopenquality.bmj.com/content/14/1/e003202
Abstract

Background Patient safety incident reporting and learning systems are crucial for improving the safety and quality of healthcare. However, comprehensive evidence of their availability and use in African healthcare organisations is lacking. Therefore, this review aims to synthesise the existing literature on these systems and reporting practices within African healthcare organisations.

Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Five electronic databases, including PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) via EBSCOhost, Scopus, Web of Science and the Excerpta Medica Database (Embase), were searched to identify relevant records. Peer-reviewed articles and guidelines published in English were included in this review. Quality appraisal was performed using the Joanna Briggs Institute and Quality Assessment with Diverse Studies tool. A random effects model was used to compute the pooled prevalence using Stata V.17.0.

Results A systematic search retrieved 9279 records, of which 39 (36 articles and 3 guidelines) were included in this review. Eight patient safety incident reporting and learning systems were identified, with compliance rates ranging from low (16%) to high (87%) based on the WHO criteria. The pooled prevalence of patient safety incident reporting practices was 48% (95% CI 40% to 56%). However, the studies exhibited high heterogeneity (I²=98.75%, p<0.001).

Conclusion In African healthcare organisations, it is imperative to establish robust patient safety incident reporting and learning systems, as none of the existing systems fully meet WHO criteria. In addition, optimising the existing systems and encouraging healthcare professionals to improve reporting practices will enhance patient safety and outcomes.

KeywordsHuman error; African healthcare organisations; Patient safety
Contains Sensitive ContentDoes not contain sensitive content
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020529999. Other psychology not elsewhere classified
Byline AffiliationsGriffith University
Haramaya University, Ethiopia
Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Australia
King's College London, United Kingdom
School of Psychology and Wellbeing
Debre Tabor University, Ethiopia
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Ireland, Michael J., Goh, Hong Eng and Marais, Ida. 2018. "A Rasch Model analysis of the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire." Journal of Applied Measurement. 19 (3), pp. 258-270.
Slipping through the cracks: teachers who miss out on early career support
Kelly, Nick, Sim, Cheryl and Ireland, Michael. 2018. "Slipping through the cracks: teachers who miss out on early career support." Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education. 46 (3), pp. 292-316. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359866X.2018.1441366
Geographical Variations in the Clinical Management of Colorectal Cancer in Australia: A Systematic Review
Crawford-Williams, Fiona, March, Sonja, Ireland, Michael J., Rowe, Arlen, Goodwin, Belinda, Hyde, Melissa K., Chambers, Suzanne K., Aitken, Joanne F. and Dunn, Jeff. 2018. "Geographical Variations in the Clinical Management of Colorectal Cancer in Australia: A Systematic Review." Frontiers in Oncology. 8, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2018.00116
The impact of differential item functioning on the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale
Goh, Hong Eng, Marais, Ida and Ireland, Michael. 2018. "The impact of differential item functioning on the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale." Journal of Applied Measurement. 19 (2), pp. 1-11.
Understanding performance decrements in a letter-canceling task: overcoming habits or inhibition of reading
Myers, Larry, Downie, Steven, Taylor, Grant, Marrington, Jessica, Tehan, Gerald and Ireland, Michael J.. 2018. "Understanding performance decrements in a letter-canceling task: overcoming habits or inhibition of reading." Frontiers in Psychology. 9, pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00711
The Interoception Sensory Questionnaire (ISQ): A Scale to Measure Interoceptive Challenges in Adults
Fiene, L., Ireland, M. J. and Brownlow, C.. 2018. "The Interoception Sensory Questionnaire (ISQ): A Scale to Measure Interoceptive Challenges in Adults." Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 48 (10), pp. 3354-3366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3600-3
Cancer care in regional Australia from the health professional's perspective
Crawford-Williams, Fiona, Goodwin, Belinda, March, Sonja, Ireland, Michael J., Hyde, Melissa K., Chambers, Suzanne K., Aitken, Joanne F. and Dunn, Jeff. 2018. "Cancer care in regional Australia from the health professional's perspective." Supportive Care in Cancer. 26 (10), pp. 3507-3515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-018-4218-x
Attitudes Toward e-Mental Health Services in a Community Sample of Adults: Online Survey
March, Sonja, Day, Jamin, Ritchie, Gabrielle, Rowe, Arlen, Gough, Jeffrey, Hall, Tanya, Yuen, Chin Yan Jackie, Donovan, Caroline Leanne and Ireland, Michael. 2018. "Attitudes Toward e-Mental Health Services in a Community Sample of Adults: Online Survey." Journal of Medical Internet Research. 20 (2). https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.9109
The Interactive Child Distress Screener: development and preliminary feasibility testing
March, Sonja, Day, Jamin, Zieschank, Kirsty and Ireland, Michael. 2018. "The Interactive Child Distress Screener: development and preliminary feasibility testing." JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 6 (4), pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.2196/mhealth.9456
Ego depletion in real-time: an examination of the sequential-task paradigm
Arber, Madeleine M., Ireland, Michael J., Feger, Roy, Marrington, Jessica, Tehan, Joshua and Tehan, Gerald. 2017. "Ego depletion in real-time: an examination of the sequential-task paradigm." Frontiers in Psychology. 8, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01672
Psychosocial interventions for managing occupational stress and burnout among medical doctors: a systematic review
Clough, Bonnie A., March, Sonja, Chan, Raymond J., Casey, Leanne M., Phillips, Rachel and Ireland, Michael J.. 2017. "Psychosocial interventions for managing occupational stress and burnout among medical doctors: a systematic review." Systematic Reviews. 6, pp. 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-017-0526-3
Psychometric testing of the revised “Families’ Importance in Nursing Care—Nurses’ Attitudes instrument”
Mackie, Benjamin R., Marshall, Andrea, Mitchell, Marion and Ireland, Michael J.. 2017. "Psychometric testing of the revised “Families’ Importance in Nursing Care—Nurses’ Attitudes instrument” ." Journal of Advanced Nursing. 74 (2), pp. 482-490. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13442
Can alcohol sponsorship be diluted by health messaging?
Kelly, Sarah Jane, Ireland, Michael, Mangan, John and Williamson, Harley. 2018. "Can alcohol sponsorship be diluted by health messaging?" Sport in Society. 21 (3), pp. 434-451. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2017.1346617
Internet-based delivery of cognitive behaviour therapy compared to monitoring, feedback and support for problem gambling: a randomised controlled trial
Casey, Leanne M., Oei, Tian P. S., Raylu, Namrata, Horrigan, Katherine, Day, Jamin, Ireland, Michael and Clough, Bonnie A.. 2017. "Internet-based delivery of cognitive behaviour therapy compared to monitoring, feedback and support for problem gambling: a randomised controlled trial." Journal of Gambling Studies. 33 (3), pp. 993-1010. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-016-9666-y
Farmers tell us how to help improve their mental health help-seeking
Vayro, C., Brownlow, C., Ireland, M. and March, S.. 2017. "Farmers tell us how to help improve their mental health help-seeking." 9th Australian Rural and Remote Mental Health Symposium. Albury, Australia 11 - 13 Oct 2017 Nerang, Qld, Australia.
Socio-demographic factors drive regional differences in participation in the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program – An ecological analysis
Sun, Jiandong, March, Sonja, Ireland, Michael J., Crawford-Williams, Fiona, Goodwin, Belinda, Hyde, Melissa K., Chambers, Suzanne K., Aitken, Joanne F. and Dunn, Jeff. 2018. "Socio-demographic factors drive regional differences in participation in the National Bowel Cancer Screening Program – An ecological analysis." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health. 42 (1), pp. 92-97. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12722
A systematic review of geographical differences in management and outcomes for colorectal cancer in Australia
Ireland, Michael J., March, Sonja, Crawford-Williams, Fiona, Cassimatis, Mandy, Aitken, Joanne F., Hyde, Melissa K., Chambers, Suzanne K., Sun, Jiandong and Dunn, Jeff. 2017. "A systematic review of geographical differences in management and outcomes for colorectal cancer in Australia." BMC Cancer. 17 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-017-3067-1
A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness to reduce stress and burnout among intern medical practitioners
Ireland, Michael J., Clough, Bonnie, Gill, Kim, Langan, Fleur, O'Connor, Angela and Spencer, Lyndall. 2017. "A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness to reduce stress and burnout among intern medical practitioners." Medical Teacher. 39 (4), pp. 409-414. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2017.1294749
The impact of alcohol sponsorship in sport upon varsity sportspeople
Kelly, Sarah Jane, Ireland, Michael, Mangan, John and Alpert, Frank. 2014. "The impact of alcohol sponsorship in sport upon varsity sportspeople." Journal of Sport Management. 28 (4), pp. 418-432. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2013-0078
Young consumers’ exposure to alcohol sponsorship in sport
Kelly, Sarah, Ireland, Michael, Alpert, Frank and Mangan, John. 2015. "Young consumers’ exposure to alcohol sponsorship in sport." International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship. 16 (2), pp. 2-21. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-16-02-2015-B002
Development of the SOSS-D: a scale to measure stigma of occupational stress and burnout in medical doctors
Clough, Bonnie A., Ireland, Michael J. and March, Sonja. 2018. "Development of the SOSS-D: a scale to measure stigma of occupational stress and burnout in medical doctors." Journal of Mental Health. 28 (1), pp. 26-33. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2017.1370642
Farmers are not seeking help: what does service provision have to do with it?
Vayro, C., Brownlow, C., Ireland, M. and March, S.. 2017. "Farmers are not seeking help: what does service provision have to do with it?" 14th World Rural Health Conference (Wonca 2017). Cairns, QLD 29 Apr - 02 May 2017
Farmers aren't seeking help for mental health: their partners tell us why
Vayro, Caitlin, Brownlow, Charlotte, Ireland, Michael and March, Sonja. 2017. "Farmers aren't seeking help for mental health: their partners tell us why." Coleman, Leanne (ed.) 14th National Rural Health Conference. Cairns, Australia 26 - 29 Mar 2017 Canberra, Australia.
Stories from Queensland farmers: 'why we don't seek help for mental health'
Vayro, Caitlin, Brownlow, Charlotte, Ireland, Michael and March, Sonja. 2016. "Stories from Queensland farmers: 'why we don't seek help for mental health'." 8th Rural and Remote Mental Health Symposium (2016). Kingscliff, Australia 03 - 04 Nov 2016
The cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire: factorial, convergent, and criterion validity analyses of the full and short versions
Ireland, Michael J., Clough, Bonnie A. and Day, Jamin J.. 2017. "The cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire: factorial, convergent, and criterion validity analyses of the full and short versions." Personality and Individual Differences. 110, pp. 90-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.01.035
It works two ways: impacts of sponsorship alliance upon sport and sponsor image
Kelly, Sarah Jane, Ireland, Michael, Mangan, John and Williamson, Harley. 2016. "It works two ways: impacts of sponsorship alliance upon sport and sponsor image." Sport Marketing Quarterly. 25 (4), pp. 241-259.
The impact of interventions that promote family involvement in care on adult acute-care wards: an integrative review
Mackie, Benjamin R., Mitchell, Marion and Marshall, Andrea. 2018. "The impact of interventions that promote family involvement in care on adult acute-care wards: an integrative review." Collegian: The Australian Journal of Nursing Practice, Scholarship and Research. 25 (1), pp. 131-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2017.01.006
Innovative mental health solutions for regional well-being and resilience
March, Sonja, Ireland, Michael, Brownlow, Charlotte, Goh, Hong Eng, Antonio, Amy, Tehan, Gerry and Keppell, Mike. 2014. "Innovative mental health solutions for regional well-being and resilience." Keppell, Mike and Reushle, Shirley (ed.) 2nd Digital Rural Futures Conference 2014. Toowoomba, Australia 25 - 27 Jun 2014 Toowoomba, Australia.
The nature of youth care tasks in families experiencing chronic illness/disability: development of the Youth Activities of Caregiving Scale (YACS)
Ireland, Michael James and Pakenham, Kenneth Ian. 2010. "The nature of youth care tasks in families experiencing chronic illness/disability: development of the Youth Activities of Caregiving Scale (YACS)." Psychology and Health: an international journal. 25 (6), pp. 713-731. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440902893724
Youth adjustment to parental illness or disability: the role of illness characteristics, caregiving, and attachment
Ireland, Michael J. and Pakenham, Kenneth I.. 2010. "Youth adjustment to parental illness or disability: the role of illness characteristics, caregiving, and attachment." Psychology, Health and Medicine. 15 (6), pp. 632-645. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2010.498891
Meditation and psychological health and functioning: a descriptive and critical review
Ireland, Michael. 2012. "Meditation and psychological health and functioning: a descriptive and critical review." The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice. 9 (1), pp. 4-19.
Meditation and psychological health: modeling theoretically derived predictors, processes, and outcomes
Ireland, Michael James. 2013. "Meditation and psychological health: modeling theoretically derived predictors, processes, and outcomes." Mindfulness. 4 (4), pp. 362-374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0136-z
Meditative insight: conceptual and measurement development
Ireland, Michael J.. 2013. "Meditative insight: conceptual and measurement development." Mental Health, Religion and Culture. 16 (1), pp. 79-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2011.645225
Effect of context on performance approach orientation
Izadikhah, Zahra, Jackson, Chris and Ireland, Michael J.. 2012. "Effect of context on performance approach orientation." American Journal of Psychology. 125 (2), pp. 193-207. https://doi.org/10.5406/amerjpsyc.125.2.0193