A preliminary evaluation of the potential to use electromagnetic induction to assess sprinkler irrigation performance in horticultural crops

Paper

Hussain, Amjed and Raine, Steven R.. 2008. "A preliminary evaluation of the potential to use electromagnetic induction to assess sprinkler irrigation performance in horticultural crops." 1st Global Workshop on High Resolution Digitial Soil Sensing and Mapping. Sydney, Australia 05 - 08 Feb 2008 Sydney, Australia.
Paper/Presentation Title

A preliminary evaluation of the potential to use electromagnetic induction to assess sprinkler irrigation performance in horticultural crops

Presentation TypePaper
AuthorsHussain, Amjed (Author) and Raine, Steven R. (Author)
Journal or Proceedings TitleProceedings of the 1st Global Workshop on High Resolution Digital Soil Sensing and Mapping
Number of Pages7
Year2008
Place of PublicationSydney, Australia
Web Address (URL) of Paperhttp://www.csiro.au/events/pe7c.html
Conference/Event1st Global Workshop on High Resolution Digitial Soil Sensing and Mapping
Event Details
1st Global Workshop on High Resolution Digitial Soil Sensing and Mapping
Event Date
05 to end of 08 Feb 2008
Event Location
Sydney, Australia
Abstract

[Abstraact]: In irrigated environments the uniformity of the water application has a major effect on the soil water content and the subsequent spatial variation in crop stress and yield. However, the evaluation of sprinkler irrigation uniformity using traditional catch can analyses is resource prohibitive and commonly results in only small grids being used to infer whole field performance. A trial was established in a lettuce crop irrigated with a solid set sprinkler system to evaluate the potential to use electromagnetic sensing for irrigation performance assessment. After crop establishment, the uniformity of the irrigation applications was deliberately modified within one sprinkler plot (9 m x 11 m) by reducing the sprinkler operating pressures. The uniformity of the water applied at each irrigation was measured using a grid of catch cans. The apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) was measured
within the plot at multiple times during the cropping season using an EM38 (Geonics Ltd Canada). The ECa was found to be poorly correlated with the applied irrigation depths prior to sprinkler modification when the uniformity of the irrigations was relatively high. However, the correlation improved after sprinkler modification due to the increasing differences in soil moisture. There was
generally a poor relationship between the volumes applied at each irrigation and the difference in ECa measured before and after irrigation. However, this relationship was marginally better for the irrigations immediately after sprinkler modification. This data suggests that EM sensing may be used to identify the spatial variations in irrigation application where the irrigation uniformity is poor (i.e. CU < 70%) and the application patterns are consistent throughout the season but that the technique is
not suitable to evaluate individual application events or where the irrigation uniformity is comparatively high.

Keywordsspatial variability, irrigation, soil tension, ECa
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020410605. Soil physics
300201. Agricultural hydrology
300802. Horticultural crop growth and development
Public Notes

File reproduced in accordance with the copyright policy of the publisher/author.

Byline AffiliationsNational Centre for Engineering in Agriculture
Permalink -

https://research.usq.edu.au/item/9y9v5/a-preliminary-evaluation-of-the-potential-to-use-electromagnetic-induction-to-assess-sprinkler-irrigation-performance-in-horticultural-crops

Log in to edit

Download files

  • 2024
    total views
  • 213
    total downloads
  • 1
    views this month
  • 0
    downloads this month

Export as

Related outputs

Automated variety trial plot growth and flowering detection for maize and soybean using machine vision
McCarthy, Alison and Raine, Steven. 2022. "Automated variety trial plot growth and flowering detection for maize and soybean using machine vision." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 194, pp. 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2022.106727
The impact of clay dispersion and migration on soil hydraulic conductivity and pore networks
Awedat, Awedat Musbah, Zhu, Yingcan, Bennett, John McLean and Raine, Steven R.. 2021. "The impact of clay dispersion and migration on soil hydraulic conductivity and pore networks." Geoderma. 404, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115297
A risk-based approach to mine-site rehabilitation: use of Bayesian Belief Network Modelling to manage dispersive soil and spoil
Ghahramani, Afshin, Bennett, John McLean, Ali, Aram, Reardon-Smith, Kathryn, Dale, Glenn, Roberton, Stirling D. and Raine, Steven. 2021. "A risk-based approach to mine-site rehabilitation: use of Bayesian Belief Network Modelling to manage dispersive soil and spoil." Sustainability. 13 (20), pp. 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132011267
Applying risk-based principles of dispersive mine spoil behaviour to facilitate development of cost-effective best management practices
Bennett, John, Raine, Steve, Reardon-Smith, Kate, Dale, Glenn and Thomas, Evan. 2017. Applying risk-based principles of dispersive mine spoil behaviour to facilitate development of cost-effective best management practices. Unpublished.
Improving whole farm and infield irrigation efficiencies
Raine, Steven, Purcell, Jim and Schmidt, Erik. 2006. "Improving whole farm and infield irrigation efficiencies." International Water and Irrigation. 26 (2), pp. 12-14.
Deep blade loosening and two-dimensional infiltration theory make furrow irrigation predictable, simpler and more efficient
Hamilton, G.J., Akbar, G., Raine, S. and McHugh, A.. 2020. "Deep blade loosening and two-dimensional infiltration theory make furrow irrigation predictable, simpler and more efficient." Agricultural Water Management. 239, pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106241
Deep blade loosening increases root growth, organic carbon, aeration, drainage, lateral infiltration and productivity
Hamilton, G. J., Bakker, D., Akbar, G., Hassan, I., Hussain, Z., McHugh, A. and Raine, S.. 2019. "Deep blade loosening increases root growth, organic carbon, aeration, drainage, lateral infiltration and productivity." Geoderma. 345, pp. 72-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.01.046
Towards predicting the soil-specific threshold electrolyte concentration of soil as a reduction in saturated hydraulic conductivity: the role of clay net negative charge
Bennett, J. McL., Marchuk, A., Marchuk, S. and Raine, S. R.. 2019. "Towards predicting the soil-specific threshold electrolyte concentration of soil as a reduction in saturated hydraulic conductivity: the role of clay net negative charge." Geoderma. 337, pp. 122-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.08.030
Validating laboratory assessment of threshold electrolyte concentration for fields irrigated with marginal quality saline-sodic water
Dang, A., Bennett, J. McL., Marchuk, A., Marchuk, S., Biggs, A. J. W. and Raine, S. R.. 2018. "Validating laboratory assessment of threshold electrolyte concentration for fields irrigated with marginal quality saline-sodic water." Agricultural Water Management. 205, pp. 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.04.037
Quantifying the aggregation-dispersion boundary condition in terms of saturated hydraulic conductivity reduction and the threshold electrolyte concentration
Dang, A., Bennett, J. McL., Marchuk, Alla, Biggs, Andrew and Raine, Steven. 2018. "Quantifying the aggregation-dispersion boundary condition in terms of saturated hydraulic conductivity reduction and the threshold electrolyte concentration." Agricultural Water Management. 203, pp. 172-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.03.005
Towards incorporation of potassium into the disaggregation model for determination of soil-specific threshold electrolyte concentration
Dang, A., Bennett, J. M., Marchuk, A., Marchuk, S., Biggs, A. J. W. and Raine, S. R.. 2018. "Towards incorporation of potassium into the disaggregation model for determination of soil-specific threshold electrolyte concentration." Soil Research. 56 (7), pp. 664-674. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR17305
Evaluating dispersive potential to identify the threshold electrolyte concentration in non-dispersive soils
Dang, A., Bennett, J., Marchuk, A., Biggs, A. and Raine, S.. 2018. "Evaluating dispersive potential to identify the threshold electrolyte concentration in non-dispersive soils." Soil Research. 56 (6), pp. 549-559. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR17304
Scheduling technologies to improve irrigated water use efficiency...a focus on centre pivots and lateral moves
Raine, Steven. 2008. "Scheduling technologies to improve irrigated water use efficiency...a focus on centre pivots and lateral moves." Combinable Crops 2008. Chertsey, New Zealand 04 Dec 2008 Canterbury, New Zealand.
Impact of permanent bed renovation practice on irrigation performance and productivity
Akbar, Ghani, Hamilton, Greg, McHugh, Allen David and Raine, Steven. 2018. "Impact of permanent bed renovation practice on irrigation performance and productivity." Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 55 (3), pp. 675-682. https://doi.org/10.21162/PAKJAS/18.4576
Vegetative nitrogen stress decreases lodging risk and increases yield of irrigated spring wheat in the subtropics
Peake, A.S., Bell, K.L., Carberry, P.S., Poole, N. and Raine, S.R.. 2016. "Vegetative nitrogen stress decreases lodging risk and increases yield of irrigated spring wheat in the subtropics." Crop and Pasture Science. 67 (9), pp. 907-920. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP16052
An alternative approach to whole-farm deficit irrigation analysis: evaluating the risk-efficiency of wheat irrigation strategies in sub-tropical Australia
Peake, A. S., Carberry, P. S., Raine, S. R., Gett, V. and Smith, R. J.. 2016. "An alternative approach to whole-farm deficit irrigation analysis: evaluating the risk-efficiency of wheat irrigation strategies in sub-tropical Australia." Agricultural Water Management. 169, pp. 61-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.02.013
Managing land application of coal seam water: a field study of land amendment irrigation using saline-sodic and alkaline water on a Red Vertisol
Bennett, J. McL., Marchuk, A., Raine, S. R., Dalzell, S. A. and Macfarlane, D. C.. 2016. "Managing land application of coal seam water: a field study of land amendment irrigation using saline-sodic and alkaline water on a Red Vertisol." Journal of Environmental Management. 184 (2), pp. 178-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.09.078
Water: advanced irrigation technologies
Hedley, C. B., Knox, J. W., Raine, S. R. and Smith, R.. 2014. "Water: advanced irrigation technologies." van Alfen, Neal K. (ed.) Encyclopedia of agriculture and food systems. United States. Elsevier. pp. 378-406
Effect of electro-osmosis on soil-water potential and water chemistry in sand
Huweg, Abdurrahman F. S., Kamel, Fouad and Raine, Steven. 2011. "Effect of electro-osmosis on soil-water potential and water chemistry in sand." Banhazi, T., Saunders, C. and Hegarty, R. (ed.) SEAg 2011: Diverse Challenges, Innovative Solutions. Gold Coast, Australia 29 - 30 Sep 2011 Canberra, Australia.
A preliminary evaluation of furrow inflow rate and cut-off time on the performance of smallholder raised bed farming systems
Akbar, G., McHugh, A. D., Raine, S. R. and Hamilton, G.. 2011. "A preliminary evaluation of furrow inflow rate and cut-off time on the performance of smallholder raised bed farming systems ." WCCA 2011: Resilient Food Systems for a Changing World . Brisbane, Australia 26 - 29 Sep 2011 Canberra, Australia.
A preliminary evaluation of irrigation performance and in season changes under permanent raised beds on Vertosol in Queensland, Australia
Akbar, G., Raine, S., McHugh, J. and Hamilton, G.. 2011. "A preliminary evaluation of irrigation performance and in season changes under permanent raised beds on Vertosol in Queensland, Australia." WCCA 2011: Resilient Food Systems for a Changing World . Brisbane, Australia 26 - 29 Sep 2011 Canberra, Australia.
Advancing VARIwise towards autonomous irrigation and a grower's guide
McCarthy, Alison, Antille, Diogenes, Skowronski, Victor, Zhao, Bo, Kodur, Shreevatsa, Nguyen-Ky, Tai and Raine, Steven. 2016. Advancing VARIwise towards autonomous irrigation and a grower's guide. Narrabri, Australia. Cotton Research and Development Corporation.
Towards a method for optimized extraction of soluble nutrients from fresh and composted chicken manures
Ksheem, Abdalhakim M., Bennett, John McL., Antille, Diogenes L. and Raine, Steven R.. 2015. "Towards a method for optimized extraction of soluble nutrients from fresh and composted chicken manures." Waste Management. 45, pp. 76-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.02.011
An irrigation controller mechanically actuated by soil-water tension: I - Design, development and laboratory evaluations
Almeida, Alexsandro C. S., Botrel, Tarlei A., Raine, Steven R., de Camargo, Antonio P., Pinto, Marinaldo F. and Salvador, Conan A.. 2017. "An irrigation controller mechanically actuated by soil-water tension: I - Design, development and laboratory evaluations." Revista Brasileira De Engenharia Agricola E Ambiental. 21 (6), pp. 369-373. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v21n6p369-373
Irrigation controller mechanically actuated by soil-water tension: II - Field evaluations
Almeida, Alexsandro C. S., Botrel, Tarlei A., Raine, Steven R., de Camargo, Antonio P., Pinto, Marinaldo F. and Salvador, Conan A.. 2017. "Irrigation controller mechanically actuated by soil-water tension: II - Field evaluations." Revista Brasileira De Engenharia Agricola E Ambiental. 21 (5), pp. 298-303. https://doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v21n5p298-303
Identifying the potential to apply deficit irrigation strategies in cotton using large mobile irrigation machines
White, Simon C. and Raine, Steven R.. 2004. "Identifying the potential to apply deficit irrigation strategies in cotton using large mobile irrigation machines ." Fischer, T., Turner, N., Angus, J., McIntyre, L., Robertson, M., Borrell, A. and Lloyd, D. (ed.) 4th International Crop Science Congress (ICSC 2004): New Directions for a Diverse Planet. Brisbane, Australia 26 Sep - 01 Oct 2004 Gosford NSW.
Quantifying landscape fragmentation in the Lockyer Valley Catchment, Queensland: 1973 – 1997
Apan, Armando A., Raine, Steven R. and Paterson, Mark S.. 2000. "Quantifying landscape fragmentation in the Lockyer Valley Catchment, Queensland: 1973 – 1997." AURISA 2000 Conference (AURISA 2000). Coolum, Australia 20 - 24 Nov 2000
Image analysis techniques for assessing landscape structural change: a case study of the Lockyer Valley Catchment, Queensland
Apan, Armando A., Raine, Steven R. and Paterson, Mark S.. 2000. "Image analysis techniques for assessing landscape structural change: a case study of the Lockyer Valley Catchment, Queensland." 10th Australasian Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry Conference (ARSPC 2000). Adelaide, Australia 21 - 25 Aug 2000
Image analysis and artificial intelligence based approach for soil-water and nitrogen status estimation
McCarthy, Alison, Nguyen, Tai and Raine, Steven. 2015. "Image analysis and artificial intelligence based approach for soil-water and nitrogen status estimation." 2nd Australian Cotton Research Conference 2015: Science Securing Cotton's Future. Toowoomba, Australia 08 - 10 Sep 2015 Australia.
Data requirements for automated model-based control of irrigation and fertiliser application
McCarthy, Alison and Raine, Steven. 2015. "Data requirements for automated model-based control of irrigation and fertiliser application." Acuna, T., Moeller, C., Parsons, D. and Harrison, M. (ed.) 17th Australian Agronomy Conference 2015: Building Productive, Diverse and Sustainable Landscapes (AAC 2015). Hobart, Australia 20 - 24 Sep 2015 Warragul, Australia.
Managing lateral infiltration on wide beds in clay and sandy clay loam using Hydrus 2D
Akbar, Ghani, Raine, Steven, McHugh, Allen David and Hamilton, Greg. 2015. "Managing lateral infiltration on wide beds in clay and sandy clay loam using Hydrus 2D." Irrigation Science. 33 (3), pp. 177-190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-014-0458-9
Assessing erosion processes associated with establishment of coal seam gas pipeline infrastructure in Queensland, Australia
Vacher, Cameron A., Antille, Diogenes L., Huth, Neil I. and Raine, Steven R.. 2016. "Assessing erosion processes associated with establishment of coal seam gas pipeline infrastructure in Queensland, Australia." 2016 ASABE Annual International Meeting. Orlando, Florida 17 - 20 Jul 2016 United States. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. https://doi.org/10.13031/aim.20162461210
Inflow rate and border irrigation performance
Morris, Michael R., Hussain, Amjed, Gillies, Malcolm H. and O'Halloran, Nicholas J.. 2015. "Inflow rate and border irrigation performance." Agricultural Water Management. 155, pp. 76-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2015.03.017
Real-time control approaches for site-specific irrigation and fertigation optimisation
McCarthy, Alison, Nguyen, Tai and Raine, Steven. 2014. "Real-time control approaches for site-specific irrigation and fertigation optimisation." Keppell, Mike and Reushle, Shirley (ed.) 2nd Digital Rural Futures Conference 2014. Toowoomba, Australia 25 - 27 Jun 2014
Quantifying potential yield and lodging-related yield gaps for irrigated spring wheat in sub-tropical Australia
Peake, A. S., Huth, N. I., Carberry, P. S., Raine, S. R. and Smith, R. J.. 2014. "Quantifying potential yield and lodging-related yield gaps for irrigated spring wheat in sub-tropical Australia." Field Crops Research. 158, pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2013.12.001
Management to improve soil productivity and maximise lateral infiltration in permanent bed-furrow irrigation systems
Hamilton, Greg, Akbar, Ghani, Hassan, Iqbal, Raine, Steve, McHugh, Allen, Fisher, Peter, Bakker, Derk and Sheppard, Jessica. 2014. "Management to improve soil productivity and maximise lateral infiltration in permanent bed-furrow irrigation systems." Patti, Antonio, Tang, Caixan and Wong, Vanessa (ed.) 2014 National Soil Science Conference. Melbourne, Australia 23 - 27 Nov 2014 Melbourne, Australia.
Simulation of irrigation control strategies for cotton using model predictive control within the VARIwise simulation framework
McCarthy, Alison C., Hancock, Nigel H. and Raine, Steven R.. 2014. "Simulation of irrigation control strategies for cotton using model predictive control within the VARIwise simulation framework." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 101, pp. 135-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2013.12.004
Holistic control system design for large mobile irrigation machines
McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven. 2015. "Holistic control system design for large mobile irrigation machines." Billingsley, John and Brett, Peter (ed.) Machine vision and mechatronics in practice. Heidelberg, Germany. Springer. pp. 177-184
Development and simulation of sensor-based irrigation control strategies for cotton using the VARIwise simulation framework
McCarthy, Alison C., Hancock, Nigel H. and Raine, Steven R.. 2014. "Development and simulation of sensor-based irrigation control strategies for cotton using the VARIwise simulation framework." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 101, pp. 148-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2013.12.014
Technological and integrated approaches for practical and rapid assessment of compaction in agricultural soils: a review.
Bennett, J. McL., Antille, D. L. and Raine, S. R.. 2013. Technological and integrated approaches for practical and rapid assessment of compaction in agricultural soils: a review. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
Advances in intelligent and autonomous systems to improve irrigation and fertiliser efficiency
Raine, Steven R. and McCarthy, Alison C.. 2014. "Advances in intelligent and autonomous systems to improve irrigation and fertiliser efficiency." Currie, L. D. and Christensen, C. L. (ed.) Nutrient management for the farm, catchment and community. Palmerston North, New Zealand 18 - 20 Feb 2014 Palmerston North, New Zealand.
Modification of the McNeal clay swelling model improves prediction of saturated hydraulic conductivity as a function of applied water quality
Ezlit, Y. D., Bennett, J. McL., Raine, S. R. and Smith, R. J.. 2013. "Modification of the McNeal clay swelling model improves prediction of saturated hydraulic conductivity as a function of applied water quality." Soil Science Society of America Journal. 77 (6), pp. 2149-2156. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2013.03.0097
VARIwise simulation of variable-rate irrigation of cotton via adaptive control: first results
McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven. 2010. "VARIwise simulation of variable-rate irrigation of cotton via adaptive control: first results." 15th Australian Cotton Conference 2010: Fashioning the Future. Gold Coast, Australia 10 - 12 Aug 2010 Gold Coast, Australia.
Annual report 2008: South-East Queensland Irrigation Futures: research and development support
Raine, S. R. and McHugh, A. D.. 2009. Annual report 2008: South-East Queensland Irrigation Futures: research and development support. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
A review of salinity and sodicity in irrigation
Ezlit, Younes D., Smith, Rod J. and Raine, Steven R.. 2010. A review of salinity and sodicity in irrigation. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
A grower guide to plant based sensing for irrigation scheduling
White, S. C. and Raine, S. R.. 2008. A grower guide to plant based sensing for irrigation scheduling. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
A review of the potential issues associated with using coal seam gas associated water for dust suppression
Bennett, J. McL. and Raine, S. R.. 2012. A review of the potential issues associated with using coal seam gas associated water for dust suppression. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
Using treated CSG water for irrigation in the Surat Basin: opportunity or threat?
Raine, Steven. 2012. "Using treated CSG water for irrigation in the Surat Basin: opportunity or threat?" Queensland Mining and Energy Bulletin. Autumn, pp. 36-39.
Review of precision irrigation technologies and their application
Smith, R. J., Baillie, J. N., McCarthy, A. C., Raine, S. R. and Baillie, C. P.. 2010. Review of precision irrigation technologies and their application. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
Threshold electrolyte concentration relationships for soils from Macarthur River
Bennett, J. McL., Raine, S. R. and Eberhard, F.. 2012. Threshold electrolyte concentration relationships for soils from Macarthur River. Towoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
Threshold electrolyte concentration relationships for soils from Roma fields Roleen property
Bennett, J. McL., Raine, S. R. and Eberhard, F.. 2012. Threshold electrolyte concentration relationships for soils from Roma fields Roleen property. Towoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
The impact of rain water on soil pore networks following irrigation with saline-sodic water
Awedat, A. M., Bennett, J. McL., Raine, S. R. and Misra, R. K.. 2012. "The impact of rain water on soil pore networks following irrigation with saline-sodic water." Birkett, Lucy and Sparrow, Leigh (ed.) 5th Joint Australian and New Zealand Soil Science Conference (SSA 2012): Soil Solutions for Diverse Landscapes. Hobart, Australia 02 - 07 Dec 2012 Melbourne, Australia.
Influence of porosity and permeate suspended clay concentration on clay entrainment within a red ferrosol
Awedat, A. M., Raine, S. R., Bennett, J. McL. and Misra, R. K.. 2012. "Influence of porosity and permeate suspended clay concentration on clay entrainment within a red ferrosol." Birkitt, Lucy and Sparrow, Leigh (ed.) 5th Joint Australian and New Zealand Soil Science Conference (SSA 2012): Soil Solutions for Diverse Landscapes. Hobart, Australia 02 - 07 Dec 2012 Melbourne, Australia.
The soil specific nature of threshold electrolyte concentration analysis
Bennett, J. McL. and Raine, S. R.. 2012. "The soil specific nature of threshold electrolyte concentration analysis." Birkett, L. L. and Sparrow, L. A. (ed.) 5th Joint Australian and New Zealand Soil Science Conference (SSA 2012): Soil Solutions for Diverse Landscapes. Hobart, Australia 02 - 07 Dec 2012 Hobart, Australia.
Advanced process control of irrigation: the current state and an analysis to aid future development
McCarthy, Alison C., Hancock, Nigel H. and Raine, Steven R.. 2013. "Advanced process control of irrigation: the current state and an analysis to aid future development." Irrigation Science. 31 (3), pp. 183-192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-011-0313-1
Impact of renovating permanent raised beds on water use productivity under vertisol
Akbar, Ghani, Raine, Steven, McHugh, Allen and Hamilton, Greg. 2012. "Impact of renovating permanent raised beds on water use productivity under vertisol." Currey, Anne (ed.) ICID & Irrigation Australia 2012 Conference and Trade Show. Adelaide, Australia 24 - 29 Jun 2012 Sydney, Australia.
A soil management technique to enhance lateral infiltration (subbing) in permanent raised beds
Akbar, Ghani, Raine, Steven, McHugh, Allen and Hamilton, Greg. 2012. "A soil management technique to enhance lateral infiltration (subbing) in permanent raised beds." Currey, Anne (ed.) ICID & Irrigation Australia 2012 Conference and Trade Show. Adelaide, Australia 24 - 29 Jun 2012 Sydney, Australia.
Evaluating whole field irrigation performance using statistical inference of inter-furrow infiltration variation
Gillies, M. H., Smith, R. J. and Raine, S. R.. 2011. "Evaluating whole field irrigation performance using statistical inference of inter-furrow infiltration variation." Biosystems Engineering. 110 (2), pp. 134-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2011.07.008
A preliminary evaluation of in-season variations in sprinkler irrigation application patterns
Hussain, Amjed and Raine, Steven R.. 2011. "A preliminary evaluation of in-season variations in sprinkler irrigation application patterns." Thompson, Chris (ed.) Irrigation 2011: New Horizons, Fresh Ideas Regional Conference and Exhibition. Launceston, Australia 22 - 25 Aug 2011 Sydney, Australia.
The economics of sprinkler irrigation uniformity for lettuce production with in-season rainfall
Hussain, A., Raine, S. R. and Smith, R. J.. 2009. "The economics of sprinkler irrigation uniformity for lettuce production with in-season rainfall." Banhazi, T. M. and Saunders, C. (ed.) SEAg 2009: Agricultural Technologies In a Changing Climate. Brisbane, Australia 13 - 16 Sep 2009 Brisbane, Queensland.
An improved solution for the infiltration advance problem in irrigation hydraulics
Cook, F. J., Knight, J. H., Doble, R. C. and Raine, S. R.. 2013. "An improved solution for the infiltration advance problem in irrigation hydraulics." Irrigation Science. 31 (5), pp. 1113-1123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-012-0392-7
Modified threshold electrolyte concentration analysis for soils from Greenacres
Bennett, J. McL. and Raine, S. R.. 2011. Modified threshold electrolyte concentration analysis for soils from Greenacres . Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
Environmental effects of applying coal seam gas associated water to unsealed roads for dust suppression: final report
Bennett, J. McL. and Raine, S. R.. 2011. Environmental effects of applying coal seam gas associated water to unsealed roads for dust suppression: final report. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
Effect of applying feedlot effluent pond water on the permeability of soils: final report
Bennett, J. McL., Dalby, T. and Raine, S. R.. 2011. Effect of applying feedlot effluent pond water on the permeability of soils: final report. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
Threshold electrolyte concentration relationships for soils from property A and B
Bennett, J., Raine, S. and Eberhard, F.. 2011. Threshold electrolyte concentration relationships for soils from property A and B. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
Threshold electrolyte concentration relationships for soils from Roleen, Tantatton, Pine Ridge, Ben Bow and Oakleigh
Bennett, J., Raine, S. and Eberhard, F.. 2011. Threshold electrolyte concentration relationships for soils from Roleen, Tantatton, Pine Ridge, Ben Bow and Oakleigh. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
Threshold electrolyte concentration relationships for soils from the Fairview IR5, IR7 and IR8 irrigation areas
Raine, S. R. and Bennett, J.. 2011. Threshold electrolyte concentration relationships for soils from the Fairview IR5, IR7 and IR8 irrigation areas. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
Effect of applying feedlot effluent pond water on the permeability of soils: interim report
Bennett, J., Dalby, T. and Raine, S.. 2011. Effect of applying feedlot effluent pond water on the permeability of soils: interim report. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
Real-time data requirements for model-based adaptive control of irrigation scheduling in cotton
McCarthy, A. C., Hancock, N. H. and Raine, S. R.. 2011. "Real-time data requirements for model-based adaptive control of irrigation scheduling in cotton." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering. 8 (2), pp. 189-206.
Quantifying the role of irrigation uniformity on lettuce production and profitability in the Lockyer Valley, Queensland
Hussain, Amjed. 2010. Quantifying the role of irrigation uniformity on lettuce production and profitability in the Lockyer Valley, Queensland. PhD Thesis Doctor of Philosophy. University of Southern Queensland.
An examination of the end-over-end shaking technique for measuring soil dispersion
So, H. B., Cook, G. D. and Raine, S. R.. 1997. "An examination of the end-over-end shaking technique for measuring soil dispersion." Australian Journal of Soil Research. 35 (1), pp. 31-39. https://doi.org/10.1071/S96062
Automated internode length measurement of cotton plants under field conditions
McCarthy, C. L., Hancock, N. H. and Raine, S. R.. 2009. "Automated internode length measurement of cotton plants under field conditions." Transactions of the ASABE. 52 (6), pp. 2093-2103.
On-the-go machine vision sensing of cotton plant geometric parameters: first results
McCarthy, Cheryl, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven. 2008. "On-the-go machine vision sensing of cotton plant geometric parameters: first results." Billingsley, John and Bradbeer, Robin (ed.) 13th Annual Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice. (M2VIP 2006). Toowoomba, Australia 05 - 07 Dec 2006 Germany. pp. 305-312 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74027-8_26
Estimating the furrow infiltration characteristic from a single advance point
Langat, P. K., Smith, R. J. and Raine, S. R.. 2008. "Estimating the furrow infiltration characteristic from a single advance point." Irrigation Science. 26 (5), pp. 367-374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-008-0102-7
Accounting for temporal inflow variation in the inverse solution for infiltration in surface irrigation
Gillies, Malcolm H., Smith, R. J. and Raine, Steven R.. 2007. "Accounting for temporal inflow variation in the inverse solution for infiltration in surface irrigation ." Irrigation Science. 25 (2), pp. 87-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-006-0037-9
Selecting sites suitable for animal waste application using a raster GIS
Basnet, Badri Bahadur, Apan, Armando and Raine, Steven R.. 2001. "Selecting sites suitable for animal waste application using a raster GIS." Environmental Management (New York): an international journal for decision-makers, scientists and environmental auditors. 28 (4), pp. 519-531. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002670010241
The effect of polyacrylamide additions on the infiltration and erosion of disturbed lands
Vacher, Cameron A., Loch, Rob and Raine, Steven R.. 2003. "The effect of polyacrylamide additions on the infiltration and erosion of disturbed lands." Australian Journal of Soil Research. 41 (8), pp. 1509-1520. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR02114
Mapping and analysis of changes in the riparian landscape structure of the Lockyer Valley Catchment, Queensland, Australia
Apan, Armando, Raine, Steven R. and Paterson, Mark. 2002. "Mapping and analysis of changes in the riparian landscape structure of the Lockyer Valley Catchment, Queensland, Australia." Landscape and Urban Planning. 59 (1), pp. 43-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(01)00246-8
Spatial prioritisation of revegetation sites for dryland salinity management: an analytical framework using GIS
Apan, Armando, Raine, Steven R., Le Brocque, Andrew F. and Cockfield, Geoff. 2004. "Spatial prioritisation of revegetation sites for dryland salinity management: an analytical framework using GIS." Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. 47 (6), pp. 811-825. https://doi.org/10.1080/0964056042000284848
Soil-water and salt movement associated with precision irrigation systems - research investment opportunities
Raine, S. R., Meyer, W. S., Rassam, D. W., Hutson, J. L. and Cook, F. J.. 2005. Soil-water and salt movement associated with precision irrigation systems - research investment opportunities. Canberra, Australia. Land and Water Australia.
The future of irrigation technologies and practices is here now.
Raine, Steven R.. 2006. "The future of irrigation technologies and practices is here now. " Irrigation Australia 2006: Irrigation Association of Australia National Conference and Exhibition. Brisbane, Australia 09 - 11 May 2006 Hornsby, NSW, Australia.
Effect of water quality on soil structure and infiltration under furrow irrigation
Emdad, Mohammad R., Raine, Steven R., Smith, Rod J. and Fardad, Hossein. 2004. "Effect of water quality on soil structure and infiltration under furrow irrigation." Irrigation Science. 23 (2), pp. 55-60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-004-0093-y
Irrigation application efficiency and deep drainage potential under surface irrigated cotton
Smith, R. J., Raine, Steven R. and Minkevich, John. 2005. "Irrigation application efficiency and deep drainage potential under surface irrigated cotton." Agricultural Water Management. 71 (2), pp. 117-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2004.07.008
Evaluation of a hydrographic technique to measure on-farm water storage volumes
Gibbings, Peter and Raine, Steven R.. 2005. "Evaluation of a hydrographic technique to measure on-farm water storage volumes." Agricultural Water Management. 78 (3), pp. 209-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2005.02.010
Applied machine vision of plants: a review with implications for field deployment in automated farming operations
McCarthy, C. L., Hancock, N. H. and Raine, S. R.. 2010. "Applied machine vision of plants: a review with implications for field deployment in automated farming operations." Intelligent Service Robotics. 3 (4), pp. 209-217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11370-010-0075-2
Effect of irrigation management on nitrate movement under a drip irrigated lettuce crop
Althaus, Kimberley, McKeering, Loretta M., McHugh, Allen and Raine, Steven R.. 2009. "Effect of irrigation management on nitrate movement under a drip irrigated lettuce crop ." Banhazi, T. M. and Saunders, C. (ed.) SEAg 2009: Agricultural Technologies In a Changing Climate. Brisbane, Australia 13 - 16 Sep 2009 Brisbane, Australia.
Physiological response of cotton to a root zone soil moisture gradient: implications for partial root zone drying irrigation
White, Simon C. and Raine, Steven R.. 2009. "Physiological response of cotton to a root zone soil moisture gradient: implications for partial root zone drying irrigation." Journal of Cotton Science. 13 (2), pp. 67-74.
VARIwise: a general-purpose adaptive control simulation framework for spatially and temporally varied irrigation at sub-field scale
McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2010. "VARIwise: a general-purpose adaptive control simulation framework for spatially and temporally varied irrigation at sub-field scale." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 70 (1), pp. 117-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2009.09.011
Apparatus and infield evaluations of a prototype machine vision system for cotton plant internode length measurement
McCarthy, Cheryl, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2010. "Apparatus and infield evaluations of a prototype machine vision system for cotton plant internode length measurement." Journal of Cotton Science. 14 (4), pp. 221-232.
Simulation of adaptive site-specific irrigation control performance with spatially variable rainfall
McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2010. "Simulation of adaptive site-specific irrigation control performance with spatially variable rainfall." Montagu, Kelvin (ed.) Australian Irrigation Conference and Exibition 2010: One Water Many Futures. Sydney, Australia 08 - 10 Jun 2010 Sydney, Australia.
Simulation of site-specific irrigation control strategies with sparse input data
McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2010. "Simulation of site-specific irrigation control strategies with sparse input data." 17th World Congress of the International Commission of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (CIGR 2010): Sustainable Biosystems Through Engineering. Quebec City, Canada 13 - 17 Jun 2010 Quebec, Canada.
The effect of irrigation non-uniformity on carrot production
Koech, Richard and Raine, Steven R.. 2010. "The effect of irrigation non-uniformity on carrot production." Montagu, Kelvin (ed.) Australian Irrigation Conference and Exibition 2010: One Water Many Futures. Sydney, Australia 08 - 10 Jun 2010 Sydney, Australia.
Can electromagnetic induction be used to evaluate sprinkler irrigation uniformity for a shallow rooted crop?
Hussain, Amjed and Raine, Steven R.. 2010. "Can electromagnetic induction be used to evaluate sprinkler irrigation uniformity for a shallow rooted crop?" Gilkes, Robert J. and Prakongkep, Nattaporn (ed.) 19th World Congress of Soil Science (WCSS 2010): Soil Solutions for a Changing World. Brisbane, Australia 01 - 06 Aug 2010 Warrugal, Australia.
Holistic control system design for large mobile irrigation machines
McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven. 2010. "Holistic control system design for large mobile irrigation machines." 16th Annual Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice (M2VIP 2010). Darussalam, Brunei 22 - 24 Jun 2010 Toowoomba, Australia.
Investigating the effect of electro-osmosis on sandy soil near saturated conditions
Huweg, Abdurrahman F. S., Kamel, Fouad and Raine, Steven. 2010. "Investigating the effect of electro-osmosis on sandy soil near saturated conditions." Goh, Steven C. and Wang, Hao (ed.) 2010 Southern Region Engineering Conference (SREC 2010). Toowoomba, Australia 11 - 12 Nov 2010 Toowoomba, Australia.
Permanent raised bed configurations and renovation methods affect crop performance
Akbar, Ghani, Hamilton, Greg and Raine, Steven. 2010. "Permanent raised bed configurations and renovation methods affect crop performance." Gilkes, Robert J. and Prakongkep, Nattaporn (ed.) 19th World Congress of Soil Science (WCSS 2010): Soil Solutions for a Changing World. Brisbane, Australia 01 - 06 Aug 2010 Melbourne, Australia.
Evaluation of automotive varnish as a coating for density measurements of soil clods
de Almeida, B. G., da Silva, A. P., Raine, Steven R. and Figueiredo, G. C.. 2009. "Evaluation of automotive varnish as a coating for density measurements of soil clods." Soil Science Society of America Journal. 73 (2), pp. 449-452. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2008.0191
A preliminary field evaluation of an automated vision-based plant geometry measurement system
McCarthy, Cheryl, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2007. "A preliminary field evaluation of an automated vision-based plant geometry measurement system." Prusinkiewicz, Przemyslaw, Hanan, Jim S. and Lane, Brendan (ed.) 5th International Workshop on Functional Structural Plant Models (FSPM07). Napier, New Zealand 04 - 09 Nov 2007
Automated machine vision sensing of plant structural parameters
McCarthy, C. L., Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2007. "Automated machine vision sensing of plant structural parameters." Biological Sensorics 2007: Critical Technologies for Future Biosystems. Minneapolis, Australia 15 - 17 Jun 2007 St. Joseph, MI, United States.
Evaluation of a proximal vision data acquisition system for measuring spatial variability in lettuce growth
Hussain, Amjed, Raine, Steven R., Henderson, Craig and Jensen, Troy. 2008. "Evaluation of a proximal vision data acquisition system for measuring spatial variability in lettuce growth." Unkovich, M. (ed.) 14th Australian Agronomy Conference: Global Issues. Paddock Action. Adelaide, Australia 21 - 25 Sep 2008 Gosford, NSW, Australia.
Characterising land ownership patterns in a salt-affected catchment: key implications for revegetation
Apan, Armando, Raine, Steven R., Cockfield, Geoff and Le Brocque, Andrew F.. 2003. "Characterising land ownership patterns in a salt-affected catchment: key implications for revegetation." 2003 Spatial Sciences Institute Biennial Conference: Spatial Knowledge Without Boundaries (SSC2003). Canberra, Australia 22 - 27 Sep 2003 Canberra, Australia.
Development of a simulation framework for variable-rate irrigation of cotton
McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2008. "Development of a simulation framework for variable-rate irrigation of cotton." 14th Australian Cotton Conference: New Beginnings – Cotton in a Climate of Change. Gold Coast, Australia 12 - 14 Aug 2008 Narrabri, NSW, Australia.
Managing spatial and temporal variability in irrigated agriculture through adaptive control
Smith, R. J., Raine, Steven R., McCarthy, Alison and Hancock, Nigel. 2009. "Managing spatial and temporal variability in irrigated agriculture through adaptive control." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering. 7 (1), pp. 79-90.
Bankless channel irrigation systems: irrigation performance assessment
Grabham, Michael, Hornbuckle, John, Raine, Steven R. and Smith, Rod. 2009. "Bankless channel irrigation systems: irrigation performance assessment." Irrigation Australia 2009: Irrigation Australia Irrigation and Drainage Conference: Irrigation Today - Meeting the Challenge. Swan Hill, Australia 18 - 21 Oct 2009 Sydney, Australia.
Exploration of data requirements for adaptive control of irrigation scheduling
McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2009. "Exploration of data requirements for adaptive control of irrigation scheduling." Banhazi, T. M. and Saunders, C. (ed.) SEAg 2009: Agricultural Technologies In a Changing Climate. Brisbane, Australia 13 - 16 Sep 2009 Brisbane, Australia.
Towards evaluation of adaptive control systems for improved site-specific irrigation of cotton
McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2008. "Towards evaluation of adaptive control systems for improved site-specific irrigation of cotton." Irrigation Australia 2008: Irrigation Association of Australia National Conference and Exhibition: Share the Water, Share the Benefits. Melbourne, Australia 20 - 22 May 2008 Hornsby, NSW, Australia.
Measurement and management of furrow irrigation at the field scale
Gillies, Malcolm H., Smith, R. J. and Raine, Steven R.. 2008. "Measurement and management of furrow irrigation at the field scale." Irrigation Australia 2008: Irrigation Association of Australia National Conference and Exhibition: Share the Water, Share the Benefits. Melbourne, Australia 20 - 22 May 2008
Managing spatial and temporal variability in irrigated agriculture through adaptive control
Smith, R. J., Raine, Steven R., McCarthy, Alison and Hancock, Nigel. 2007. "Managing spatial and temporal variability in irrigated agriculture through adaptive control." Banhazi, T. M. and Saunders, C. (ed.) SEAg 2007: Agriculture and Engineering - Challenge Today, Technology Tomorrow. Adelaide, Australia 24 - 26 Sep 2007 Australia.
Soil-water and solute movement under precision irrigation: knowledge gaps for managing sustainable root zones
Raine, S. R., Meyer, W. S., Rassam, D. W., Hutson, J. L. and Cook, F. J.. 2007. "Soil-water and solute movement under precision irrigation: knowledge gaps for managing sustainable root zones ." Irrigation Science. 26 (1), pp. 91-100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-007-0075-y
Errors in predicting furrow irrigation performance using single measures of infiltration
Langat, Philip K., Raine, Steven R. and Smith, R. J.. 2007. "Errors in predicting furrow irrigation performance using single measures of infiltration." Irrigation Science. 25 (4), pp. 339-349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-006-0049-5
On-the-go machine vision sensing of cotton plant geometric parameters: first results
McCarthy, Cheryl, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2006. "On-the-go machine vision sensing of cotton plant geometric parameters: first results." Billingsley, John (ed.) 13th Annual Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice. (M2VIP 2006). Toowoomba, Australia 05 - 07 Dec 2006 Berlin, Heidelberg.
Improving plants' water use efficiency and potential impacts from soil structure change - research investment opportunities
Loch, R. J., Grant, C. G., McKenzie, D. C. and Raine, S. R.. 2005. Improving plants' water use efficiency and potential impacts from soil structure change - research investment opportunities. Canberra, Australia. Land and Water Australia.
Using simulation modelling to improve the design and management of furrow irrigation in small-holder plots
Langat, Philip K. and Raine, Steven R.. 2006. "Using simulation modelling to improve the design and management of furrow irrigation in small-holder plots." 10th Southern and Eastern Africa Rainwater Network Conference. Mombasa, Kenya 04 - 06 Dec 2006 Mombasa, Kenya.
A preliminary evaluation of machine vision sensing of cotton nodes for automated irrigation control
McCarthy, Cheryl, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2006. "A preliminary evaluation of machine vision sensing of cotton nodes for automated irrigation control." Irrigation Australia 2006: Irrigation Association of Australia National Conference and Exhibition. Brisbane, Australia 09 - 11 May 2006 Brisbane.
Real time control of surface irrigation: managing infiltration variations and enhancing furrow irrigation performance
Khatri, K. L., Smith, R. J. and Raine, Steven R.. 2006. "Real time control of surface irrigation: managing infiltration variations and enhancing furrow irrigation performance." Irrigation Australia 2006: Irrigation Association of Australia National Conference and Exhibition. Brisbane, Australia 09 - 11 May 2006 Brisbane.
Is it possible to extract infiltration rates for variable inflow furrow irrigation?
Gillies, Malcolm H., Smith, R. J. and Raine, Steven R.. 2006. "Is it possible to extract infiltration rates for variable inflow furrow irrigation?" Irrigation Australia 2006: Irrigation Association of Australia National Conference and Exhibition. Brisbane, Australia 09 - 11 May 2006 Hornsby, NSW, Australia.
Identification and management of dispersive mine spoils
Vacher, Cameron A., Loch, Rob and Raine, Steven R.. 2004. Identification and management of dispersive mine spoils. Kenmore, Australia. Australian Centre for Mining Environmental Research.
Characterisation of soil profiles on four AFLQ Premier League sporting fields
Raine, Steven R. and Eberhard, Jochen. 2004. Characterisation of soil profiles on four AFLQ Premier League sporting fields. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
A scoping study on measuring and monitoring tools and technology for precision irrigation
Misra, R. K., Raine, Steven R., Pezzaniti, David, Charlesworth, Philip and Hancock, Nigel. 2005. A scoping study on measuring and monitoring tools and technology for precision irrigation . Toowoomba, Australia. CRC for Irrigation Futures.
Strategies for maximizing sugarcane yield with limited water in the Bundaberg district
Baillie, Craig Peter and Raine, Steven R.. 2005. "Strategies for maximizing sugarcane yield with limited water in the Bundaberg district." Annual Australian National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage (ANCID) Conference. Mildura, Australia 23 - 26 Oct 2005 Mildura, Australia.
Improving whole farm and infield irrigation efficiencies using Irrimate tools
Raine, Steven R., Purcell, Jim and Schmidt, Erik. 2005. "Improving whole farm and infield irrigation efficiencies using Irrimate tools." Irrigation Australia 2005: Irrigation Association of Australia National Conference and Exhibition: Restoring the Balance. Townsville, Australia 17 - 19 May 2005 Hornsby, NSW, Australia.
The future direction of on-farm irrigation technologies and practice research
Raine, Steven R. and Durack, Matthew K.. 2005. "The future direction of on-farm irrigation technologies and practice research." The New Age of Cotton - Managing Change and Risk in your Environment (2005). Narrabri, Australia 17 - 18 Aug 2005 Narrabri, Australia.
Recent developments and strategies in the use of plant indicators for irrigation scheduling
Misra, R. K., Fuentes, S. and Raine, Steven R.. 2005. "Recent developments and strategies in the use of plant indicators for irrigation scheduling." Irrigation Australia 2005: Irrigation Association of Australia National Conference and Exhibition: Restoring the Balance. Townsville, Australia 17 - 19 May 2005 Sydney, NSW.
Geographic information system based manure application plan
Raine, Steven R., Basnet, Badri B. and Apan, Armando A.. 2002. "Geographic information system based manure application plan." Journal of Environmental Management. 64 (2), pp. 99-113. https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.2001.0484