Designing printed circuit stators for brushless permanent magnet motors

Article

Gambetta, D. and Ahfock, A.. 2009. "Designing printed circuit stators for brushless permanent magnet motors." IET Electric Power Applications. 3 (5), pp. 482-490. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-epa.2008.0199
Article Title

Designing printed circuit stators for brushless permanent magnet motors

ERA Journal ID4573
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsGambetta, D. (Author) and Ahfock, A. (Author)
Journal TitleIET Electric Power Applications
Journal Citation3 (5), pp. 482-490
Number of Pages9
Year2009
Place of PublicationUnited Kingdom
ISSN1350-2352
1751-8660
1751-8679
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-epa.2008.0199
Web Address (URL)http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=IEPAAN000003000005000482000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=Yes&ref=no
Abstract

Progress in a number of areas of technology has made printed circuit motors a serious contender for many applications. Modern cost effective neodymium magnets have allowed compact motor designs. Multi-layer circuit board production techniques have made the production of printed circuit coils cheaper and easier. However, in spite of the growing importance of printed circuit brushless motors, there is a lack of analytical tools to assist with their design. This paper uses geometrical analysis to allow the plotting of printed circuit tracks to be carried out more systematically. The track plotting procedures have been linked with the finite element method to predict rotational EMF waveforms. Six prototype motors were built and they were used to experimentally validate the method of predicting EMF waveforms. A general design algorithm is presented based on the suggested track plotting procedure and the EMF prediction technique.

Keywordsprinted circuit motors; brushless motors; brushless permanent magnet motor; cost effective; EMF waveforms; geometrical analysis; motor design; multi-layer circuit boards; prediction techniques; wave forms
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020400805. Electrical energy transmission, networks and systems
490402. Algebraic and differential geometry
400899. Electrical engineering not elsewhere classified
Public Notes

This paper is a postprint of a paper submitted to and accepted for publication in IET Electric Power Applications and is subject to Institution of Engineering and Technology Copyright. The copy of record is available at IET Digital Library.

Byline AffiliationsMetallux, Switzerland
Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering
Permalink -

https://research.usq.edu.au/item/9z66x/designing-printed-circuit-stators-for-brushless-permanent-magnet-motors

Log in to edit

Download files

Accepted Version
Gambetta_Ahfock_IET_2009_AV.pdf
File access level: Anyone

  • 2267
    total views
  • 2386
    total downloads
  • 7
    views this month
  • 2
    downloads this month

Export as

Related outputs

An integrated decision-making approach for managing transformer tap changer operation while optimizing renewable energy storage allocation using ANP-entropy and TOPSIS
Haidar, Ahmed M. A., Sharip, Mohd R. M. and Ahfock, Tony. 2024. "An integrated decision-making approach for managing transformer tap changer operation while optimizing renewable energy storage allocation using ANP-entropy and TOPSIS." Electrical Engineering: Archiv fuer elektrotechnik. 106 (3), pp. 2407-2423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-023-02057-1
Grid frequency support from inverter connected generation
Mlilo, Njabulo, Ahfock, Tony and Brown, Jason. 2021. "Grid frequency support from inverter connected generation." 31st Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC 2021). Perth, Australia 26 - 30 Sep 2021 United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC52110.2021.9597782
Impact of intermittent renewable energy generation penetration on the power system networks – A review
Mlilo, Njabulo, Brown, Jason and Ahfock, Tony. 2021. "Impact of intermittent renewable energy generation penetration on the power system networks – A review." Technology and Economics of Smart Grids and Sustainable Energy. 6 (1), pp. 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40866-021-00123-w
Feasibility Analysis of Implementing Hybrid Powered Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Sarawak
Haidar, Ahmed M. A., Ahfock, Tony and Han, Lim Wei. 2022. "Feasibility Analysis of Implementing Hybrid Powered Electric Vehicle Charging Stations in Sarawak." 2022 IEEE Sustainable Power and Energy Conference (iSPEC). Perth, Australia 04 - 07 Dec 2022 Australia. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). https://doi.org/10.1109/iSPEC54162.2022.10032990
A preliminary study of the impact of lateral head orientations on the current distributions during tDCS
Song, Bo, Menezes de Oliveira, Marilia, Wang, Shuaifang, Li, Yan, Wen, Peng and Ahfock, Tony. 2019. "A preliminary study of the impact of lateral head orientations on the current distributions during tDCS." Liang, Peipeng, Goel, Vinod and Shan, Chunlei (ed.) 12th International Conference on Brain Informatics (BI 2019). Haikou, China 13 - 15 Dec 2019 Cham, Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37078-7_25
The current state of Distributed Renewable Generation, challenges of interconnection and opportunities for energy conversion based DC microgrids
Ullah, Shahid, Haidar, Ahmed M. A., Hoole, Paul, Zen, Hushairi and Ahfock, Tony. 2020. "The current state of Distributed Renewable Generation, challenges of interconnection and opportunities for energy conversion based DC microgrids." Journal of Cleaner Production. 273, pp. 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122777
Human Head Modelling Simulation Applied to Electroconvulsive Therapy
Menezes de Oliveira, Marilia, Song, Bo, Ahfock, Tony, Li, Yan and Wen, Paul. 2018. "Human Head Modelling Simulation Applied to Electroconvulsive Therapy." Abreu de Souza, Mauren, Remigio Gamba, Humberto and Pedrini, Helio (ed.) Multi-Modality Imaging: Applications and Computational Techniques. Cham, Switzerland. Springer. pp. 103-133
A distributed secondary control strategy for power sharing and voltage regulation by multiple converters in DC micro-grids
Ullah, Shahid, Haidar, Ahmed M. A., Muttaqi, Kashem M. and Ahfock, Tony. 2019. "A distributed secondary control strategy for power sharing and voltage regulation by multiple converters in DC micro-grids." 2019 IEEE International Conference on Electrical, Control and Instrumentation Engineering (ICECIE 2019). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 25 Nov 2019 United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICECIE47765.2019.8974711
Daniell cell investigation for energy storage
Parikipandla, Bharath, Helwig, Andreas, Byrne, Terry, Holmes, Graham and Ahfock, Tony. 2018. "Daniell cell investigation for energy storage." 2017 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC 2017) . Melbourne, Australia 19 - 22 Nov 2017 New York, United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282396
Modeling of multi-junction solar cells for maximum power point tracking to improve the conversion efficiency
Wang, Zhe, Das, Narottam, Helwig, Andreas and Ahfock, Tony. 2018. "Modeling of multi-junction solar cells for maximum power point tracking to improve the conversion efficiency." 2017 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC 2017) . Melbourne, Australia 19 - 22 Nov 2017 New York, United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282402
Impact of incident light angle on the conversion efficiency of nano-structured GaAs solar cells
Sharma, Manish, Das, Narottam, Helwig, Andreas and Ahfock, Tony. 2018. "Impact of incident light angle on the conversion efficiency of nano-structured GaAs solar cells ." 2017 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC 2017) . Melbourne, Australia 19 - 22 Nov 2017 New York, United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282411
Axial flux PM coreless stator machine development for low speed wind generator
Kaliyev, Vladislav, Helwig, Andreas and Ahfock, Tony. 2018. "Axial flux PM coreless stator machine development for low speed wind generator." 2017 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC 2017) . Melbourne, Australia 19 - 22 Nov 2017 United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282397
An Investigation into Wooden Pole Fire Inception Threshold in a Single Wire Earth Return System under Drought Conditions
Catriz, Roderick, Ahfock, Tonuy and Worden, John. 2020. "An Investigation into Wooden Pole Fire Inception Threshold in a Single Wire Earth Return System under Drought Conditions ." 29th Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC 2019). Nadi, Fiji 26 - 29 Nov 2019 United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC48547.2019.211914
Commercialisation of conductivity-based acidity measurement systems for dairy applications
Hancock, Nigel, Maxwell, Andrew and Ahfock, Tony. 2008. Commercialisation of conductivity-based acidity measurement systems for dairy applications. Toowoomba. University of Southern Queensland.
Acidity measurement systems for dairy applications
Hancock, Nigel, Maxwell, Andrew and Ahfock, Tony. 2005. Acidity measurement systems for dairy applications . USQ - Toowoomba. University of Southern Queensland / Dairy Australia.
Heat transfer due to electroconvulsive therapy: influence of anisotropic thermal and electrical skull conductivity
Menezes de Oliveira, Marilia, Wen, Peng and Ahfock, Tony. 2016. "Heat transfer due to electroconvulsive therapy: influence of anisotropic thermal and electrical skull conductivity." Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine. 133, pp. 71-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2016.05.022
Numeric investigation of brain tumor influence on the current distributions during transcranial direct current stimulation
Song, Bo, Wen, Peng, Ahfock, Tony and Li, Yan. 2016. "Numeric investigation of brain tumor influence on the current distributions during transcranial direct current stimulation." IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 63 (1), pp. 176-187. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2015.2468672
Single Wire Earth Return (SWER) system voltage support using four quadrant DSTATCOM
Mirazimiabarghouei, Seyed Javad, Ahfock, Tony and Helwig, Andreas. 2016. "Single Wire Earth Return (SWER) system voltage support using four quadrant DSTATCOM." 6th IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy (PECon 2016): Empowering Technologies for Future Energy Sustainability. Melaka, Malaysia 28 - 29 Nov 2016 Malaysia. https://doi.org/10.1109/PECON.2016.7951564
Placement of Distribution STATic COMpensator (DSTATCOM) as voltage support equipment in Single Wire Earth Return (SWER) system
Mirazimiabarghouei, Seyed Javad, Ahfock, Tony and Helwig, Andreas. 2016. "Placement of Distribution STATic COMpensator (DSTATCOM) as voltage support equipment in Single Wire Earth Return (SWER) system." 6th IEEE International Conference on Power and Energy (PECon 2016): Empowering Technologies for Future Energy Sustainability. Melaka, Malaysia 28 - 29 Nov 2016 https://doi.org/10.1109/PECON.2016.7951468
Effects of head geometry, coil position and CSF displacement on field distribution under transcranial magnetic stimulation
Shahid, Salman, Wen, Peng, Ahfock, Tony and Leis, John. 2011. "Effects of head geometry, coil position and CSF displacement on field distribution under transcranial magnetic stimulation." Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics. 1 (3), pp. 271-277. https://doi.org/10.1166/jmihi.2011.1040
The use of voltage regulators in power systems with arc-suppression coils
Burgess, R. and Ahfock, A.. 2011. "The use of voltage regulators in power systems with arc-suppression coils." AUPEC 2011: Integrating Renewables into the Grid. Brisbane, Australia 25 - 28 Sep 2011 Piscataway, NJ. United States.
Energy management and automated analytics for reduction of energy consumption
Santarossa, Matthew, Das, Narottam, Helwig, Andreas and Ahfock, Tony. 2016. "Energy management and automated analytics for reduction of energy consumption." Saha, Tapan (ed.) 26th Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC 2016). Brisbane, Australia 25 - 28 Sep 2016 Brisbane, Australia. https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2016.7749315
A case study: is energy storage affordable for further Australian sustainable energy development?
Helwig, Andreas and Ahfock, Tony. 2015. "A case study: is energy storage affordable for further Australian sustainable energy development?" 25th Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference 2015: Challenges for Future Grids (AUPEC 2015). Wollongong, Australia 27 - 30 Sep 2015 Wollongong, NSW, Australia. https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2015.7324821
A preliminary study about the distribution of temperature due to electrical stimulation in ECT
Menezes de Oliveira, Marilia, Wen, Peng, Ahfock, Tony and Shahid, Syed Salman. 2014. "A preliminary study about the distribution of temperature due to electrical stimulation in ECT." 2014 ICME International Conference on Complex Medical Engineering (ICME 2014). Taipei, Taiwan 26 - 29 Jun 2014 Piscataway, NJ. United States.
The value and cost of complexity in predictive modelling: role of tissue anisotropic conductivity and fibre tracts in neuromodulation
Shahid, Syed Salman, Bikson, Marom, Salman, Humaira, Wen, Peng and Ahfock, Tony. 2014. "The value and cost of complexity in predictive modelling: role of tissue anisotropic conductivity and fibre tracts in neuromodulation." Journal of Neural Engineering. 11 (3), pp. 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-2560/11/3/036002
Evaluation of neutral voltages in arc suppression coil systems
Burgess, R. and Ahfock, A.. 2013. "Evaluation of neutral voltages in arc suppression coil systems." Australian Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering. 10 (1), pp. 127-136. https://doi.org/10.7158/1448837X.2013.11464362
Extending SWER line capacity
Helwig, Andreas and Ahfock, Tony. 2013. "Extending SWER line capacity." 23rd Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC 2013). Hobart, Australia 29 Sep - 03 Oct 2013 Piscataway, NJ. United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2013.6725427
Long-life nickel iron battery functionality/cost comparison for peak demand SWER network voltage support application
Helwig, Andreas and Ahfock, Tony. 2013. "Long-life nickel iron battery functionality/cost comparison for peak demand SWER network voltage support application." 23rd Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC 2013). Hobart, Australia 29 Sep - 03 Oct 2013 Piscataway, NJ. United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2013.6725377
Assessment of electric field distribution in anisotropic cortical and subcortical regions under the influence of tDCS
Shahid, Salman, Wen, Peng and Ahfock, Tony. 2014. "Assessment of electric field distribution in anisotropic cortical and subcortical regions under the influence of tDCS." Bioelectromagnetics. 35 (1), pp. 41-57. https://doi.org/10.1002/bem.21814
Effects of model complexity and tissue anisotropic conductivity on cortical modulation during transcranial direct current stimulation
Shahid, S., Wen, P. and Ahfock, T.. 2012. "Effects of model complexity and tissue anisotropic conductivity on cortical modulation during transcranial direct current stimulation." IET Science, Measurement and Technology. 6 (6), pp. 464-473. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-smt.2012.0014
Numerical investigation of white matter anisotropic conductivity in defining current distribution under tDCS
Shahid, Salman, Wen, Peng and Ahfock, Tony. 2013. "Numerical investigation of white matter anisotropic conductivity in defining current distribution under tDCS." Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine. 109 (1), pp. 48-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2012.09.001
Sizing nickel iron batteries for RAPS systems
Helwig, A. and Ahfock, A.. 2011. "Sizing nickel iron batteries for RAPS systems." 2011 IET Renewable Power Generation Conference (RPG 2011) . Edinburgh, United Kingdom 06 - 08 Sep 2011 Stevenage, Herts. United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.1049/cp.2011.0148
Flexible engineering degree programs with remote access laboratories in an Australian regional university known for its excellence in e-learning
Ku, H., Goh, S. and Ahfock, A.. 2011. "Flexible engineering degree programs with remote access laboratories in an Australian regional university known for its excellence in e-learning." Computer Applications in Engineering Education. 19 (1), pp. 18-25. https://doi.org/10.1002/cae.20284
Stator eddy-current losses in printed circuit brushless motors
Ahfock, A. and Gambetta, D.. 2011. "Stator eddy-current losses in printed circuit brushless motors." IET Electric Power Applications. 5 (1), pp. 159-167. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-epa.2009.0203
Minimising the risk of cross-country faults in systems using arc suppression coils
Burgess, R. and Ahfock, A.. 2011. "Minimising the risk of cross-country faults in systems using arc suppression coils." IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution. 5 (7), pp. 703-711. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2010.0351
Sensorless commutation of printed circuit brushless direct current motors
Ahfock, A. and Gambetta, D.. 2010. "Sensorless commutation of printed circuit brushless direct current motors ." IET Electric Power Applications. 4 (6), pp. 397-406. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-epa.2009.0133
Method and apparatus for measuring electrical conductivity
Hancock, Nigel Harold, Maxwell, Andrew Douglas and Ah Fock, Antonio Louis. 2005. Method and apparatus for measuring electrical conductivity. 2005205611
New design methodologies for printed circuit axial field brushless dc motors
Gambetta, Daniele Morco. 2009. New design methodologies for printed circuit axial field brushless dc motors. PhD Thesis Doctor of Philosophy. University of Southern Queensland.
Method and apparatus for measuring electrical conductivity
Hancock, Nigel H., Maxwell, Andrew D. and Ahfock, Tony L.. 2008. Method and apparatus for measuring electrical conductivity. AG01N2702FI
Comparison between unipolar and bipolar single phase grid-connected inverters for PV applications
Bowtell, Les and Ahfock, Tony. 2007. "Comparison between unipolar and bipolar single phase grid-connected inverters for PV applications." AUPEC 2007: 17th Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference. Perth, Australia 09 - 12 Dec 2007 Australia. https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2007.4548098
Magnetic flux density distribution in axial flux machine cores
Hewitt, Andrew, Ahfock, Tony L. and Suslov, Sergey A.. 2005. "Magnetic flux density distribution in axial flux machine cores." IET Electric Power Applications. 152 (2), pp. 192-196. https://doi.org/10.1049/ip-epa:20055039
Effect of fat and muscle tissue conductivity on cortical currents - a tDCS study
Shahid, Salman, Wen, Peng and Ahfock, Tony. 2011. "Effect of fat and muscle tissue conductivity on cortical currents - a tDCS study." Guo, Shuxiang, Touge, Tetsuo and Xiufen, Ye (ed.) 2011 IEEE/ICME International Conference on Complex Medical Engineering (ICME 2011). Harbin, China 22 - 25 May 2011 Piscataway, NJ. United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCME.2011.5876735
Remote access laboratories in Australia and Europe
Ku, H., Ahfock, T. and Yusaf, T.. 2011. "Remote access laboratories in Australia and Europe." European Journal of Engineering Education. 36 (3), pp. 253-268. https://doi.org/10.1080/03043797.2011.578244
Dynamic analysis of a DC offset controller for grid-connected inverters
Bowtell, L. A. and Ahfock, A. L.. 2010. "Dynamic analysis of a DC offset controller for grid-connected inverters." Duke, Richard (ed.) AUPEC 2010: Power Quality for the 21st Century. Christchurch, New Zealand 05 - 08 Dec 2010 United States.
Direct current offset controller for transformerless single-phase photovoltaic grid-connected inverters
Bowtell, L. and Ahfock, A.. 2010. "Direct current offset controller for transformerless single-phase photovoltaic grid-connected inverters." IET Renewable Power Generation. 4 (5), pp. 428-437. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2009.0043
The use of arc-suppression coils in power systems with open-delta regulators
Burgess, R. and Ahfock, A.. 2010. "The use of arc-suppression coils in power systems with open-delta regulators." Duke, Richard (ed.) AUPEC 2010: Power Quality for the 21st Century. Christchurch, New Zealand 05 - 08 Dec 2010 Christchurch, New Zealand.
Effects of head geometry and coil position on field distribution under transcranial magnetic stimulation
Shahid, Salman, Wen, Peng, Ahfock, Tony and Leis, John. 2011. "Effects of head geometry and coil position on field distribution under transcranial magnetic stimulation." MECBME 2011: Connecting Professionals in Biomedical Sciences and Technology. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates 21 - 24 Feb 2011 Red Hook, NY. United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/MECBME.2011.5752158
Distortion in single phase current controlled PV inverters for grid connection
Sharma, Ronald and Ahfock, Tony L.. 2004. "Distortion in single phase current controlled PV inverters for grid connection ." Saha, T. K. and Walker, G. R. (ed.) AUPEC 2004: Challenges and Opportunities in the Deregulated Power Industry. Brisbane, Australia 26 - 29 Sep 2004 Brisbane, Australia.
A practical demonstration of electromagnetic braking
Ahfock, T. and Wells, C. G.. 2007. "A practical demonstration of electromagnetic braking." AUPEC 2007: 17th Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference. Perth, Australia 09 - 12 Dec 2007 Perth, Australia. https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2007.4548077
A new sensorless commutation technique for brushless DC motors
Gambetta, D. and Ahfock, A.. 2009. "A new sensorless commutation technique for brushless DC motors." IET Electric Power Applications. 3 (1), pp. 40-49. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-epa:20070517
Sub-domain scaling for finite element analysis of electrical machines
Hewitt, Andrew and Ahfock, Tony L.. 2005. "Sub-domain scaling for finite element analysis of electrical machines." IET Electric Power Applications. 152 (2), pp. 149-156. https://doi.org/10.1049/ip-epa:20055078
Ultra-capacitor assisted battery storage for remote area power supplies: a case study
Helwig, Andreas and Ahfock, Tony L.. 2009. "Ultra-capacitor assisted battery storage for remote area power supplies: a case study." Ertugrul, Nesimi (ed.) AUPEC 2009: Sustainable Energy Technologies and Systems. Adelaide, Australia 27 - 30 Sep 2009 Adelaide, Australia.
Infrastructure for remotely accessible laboratories at the University of Southern Queensland
Ahfock, Tony, Buttsworth, David, Phythian, Mark and Maxwell, Andrew. 2008. "Infrastructure for remotely accessible laboratories at the University of Southern Queensland." Mann, Llewellyn, Thompson, Adam and Howard, Prue (ed.) 19th Annual Conference of the Australasian Association for Engineering Education (AAEE 2008). Yeppoon, Australia 07 - 10 Dec 2008 Canberra, Australia.
Internationalisation of Technology and Society course at University of Southern Queensland
Thorpe, David and Ahfock, Tony. 2005. "Internationalisation of Technology and Society course at University of Southern Queensland." Radcliffe, David and Humphries, Josh (ed.) 4th ASEE/AaeE Global Colloquium on Engineering Education. Sydney, Australia 26 - 29 Sep 2005 Brisbane, Australia.
DC magnetisation of transformers
Ahfock, A. and Hewitt, A. J.. 2006. "DC magnetisation of transformers." IET Electric Power Applications. 153 (4), pp. 601-607.
DC offset elimination in a single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic system
Ahfock, Tony L. and Bowtell, Leslie. 2006. "DC offset elimination in a single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic system." AUPEC 2006: 16th Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference. Melbourne, Australia 10 - 13 Dec 2006 Melbourne, Australia.
Curvature-related eddy-current losses in laminated axial flux machine cores
Ahfock, Tony L. and Hewitt, Andrew. 2005. "Curvature-related eddy-current losses in laminated axial flux machine cores." IET Electric Power Applications. 152 (5), pp. 1350-1358. https://doi.org/10.1049/ip-erp:20045280
Modeling of the solid rotor induction motor
Ahfock, Tony L. and Hewitt, Andrew. 2005. "Modeling of the solid rotor induction motor." Negnevitsky, Michael (ed.) AUPEC 2005: 15th Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference. Hobart, Australia 25 - 28 Sep 2005 Hobart, Australia.
A pulsed LED system for schlieren flow visualisation
Buttsworth, David R. and Ahfock, Tony L.. 2003. A pulsed LED system for schlieren flow visualisation. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.