Aiding coastal wetland restoration via the belowground soil microbiome: an overview

Article


Birnbaum, Christina and Trevathan-Tackett, Stacey M.. 2023. "Aiding coastal wetland restoration via the belowground soil microbiome: an overview." Restoration Ecology. 31 (7). https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13824
Article Title

Aiding coastal wetland restoration via the belowground soil microbiome: an overview

ERA Journal ID3313
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsBirnbaum, Christina and Trevathan-Tackett, Stacey M.
Journal TitleRestoration Ecology
Journal Citation31 (7)
Article Numbere13824
Number of Pages11
Year2023
PublisherJohn Wiley & Sons
Place of PublicationUnited States
ISSN1061-2971
1526-100X
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13824
Web Address (URL)https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/rec.13824
Abstract

The United Nations Decade of Ecosystem Restoration was announced in 2021 to highlight the need for collective efforts to revive degraded ecosystems. Plant above- and belowground microbiomes are fundamental to plant health and ecosystem functioning. Plant aboveground microbiomes have received considerably more attention than the belowground microbiome, especially in the context of coastal plant restoration. Thus, there is fundamental gap in our understanding of the role belowground microbiomes play in restoration success in saltmarsh and mangrove ecosystems. Here, we outline potential pathways and challenges associated with including the belowground microbiome in mangrove and saltmarsh restoration via a conceptual framework and an overview of current literature. We highlight the large gap of knowledge that exists in plant–microbe literature as it pertains to coastal restoration warranting future research. More research is needed to significantly advance both fundamental and applied knowledge through better understanding of the importance of coastal microbiomes to restoration success by stakeholders and funding bodies.

Keywordsgermination; mangrove; revegetation; rhizosphere; root; saltmarsh
Article Publishing Charge (APC) FundingOther
Contains Sensitive ContentDoes not contain sensitive content
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020310308. Terrestrial ecology
310703. Microbial ecology
Public Notes

File reproduced in accordance with the copyright policy of the publisher/author.

Byline AffiliationsDeakin University
School of Agriculture and Environmental Science
Centre for Crop Health
Permalink -

https://research.usq.edu.au/item/v1427/aiding-coastal-wetland-restoration-via-the-belowground-soil-microbiome-an-overview

Download files


Published Version
  • 36
    total views
  • 53
    total downloads
  • 0
    views this month
  • 3
    downloads this month

Export as

Related outputs

Effects of salinity and plant host on plant-microbe interactions in Louisiana coastal marshes
Kulick, N.K., Willis, C., Birnbaum, C., Ducat, C., Farrer, E.C. and Donnell, I.. "Effects of salinity and plant host on plant-microbe interactions in Louisiana coastal marshes." 103rd Annual meeting of the Ecological Society of America . New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
Extreme salinity fluctuations and invasion by Phragmites australis in wetland ecosystems.
Waryszak, P., Birnbaum, C. and Farrer, E.C.. "Extreme salinity fluctuations and invasion by Phragmites australis in wetland ecosystems. " 103rd Annual meeting of the Ecological Society of America . New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
Abundance and richness of fungal endophytes from scale-infected and uninfected reed (Phragmites australis).
Cunningham, A., Birnbaum, C., Ducat, C., Kulick, N.K. and Farrer, E.C.. "Abundance and richness of fungal endophytes from scale-infected and uninfected reed (Phragmites australis)." Centre for Engaged Learning and Teaching (Tulane University).
Vegetation dynamics of rapidly declining Louisiana coastal wetlands: The role of cosmopolitan reed grass Phragmites australis
Birnbaum, C., Waryszak, P. and Farrer, E.C.. "Vegetation dynamics of rapidly declining Louisiana coastal wetlands: The role of cosmopolitan reed grass Phragmites australis." 102nd Annual meeting of the Ecological Society of America .
Peatland carbon chemistry, amino acids and protein preservation in biogeochemically distinct ecohydrologic layers
Yusuf, Anne Yalien, Silvester, Ewen, Brkljac, Robert, Birnbaum, Christina, Chapman, James and Grover, Samantha. 2024. "Peatland carbon chemistry, amino acids and protein preservation in biogeochemically distinct ecohydrologic layers." European Journal of Soil Science. 75 (3). https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.13518
Global Diversity and Distribution of Rhizosphere and Root-Associated Fungi in Coastal Wetlands: A Systematic Review
Lumibao, Candice Y., Harris, Georgia and Birnbaum, Christina. 2024. "Global Diversity and Distribution of Rhizosphere and Root-Associated Fungi in Coastal Wetlands: A Systematic Review." Estuaries and Coasts. 47 (4), pp. 905-916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-024-01343-w
Integrating soil microbial communities into fundamental ecology, conservation, and restoration: examples from Australia
Birnbaum, Christina, Dearnaley, John, Egidi, Eleonora, Frew, Adam, Hopkins, Anna, Powell, Jeff, Aguilar-Trigueros, Carlos, Liddicoat, Craig, Albornoz, Felipe, Heuck, Meike K., Dadzie, Frederick A., Florence, Luke, Singh, Pankaj, Mansfield, Tomas, Rajapaksha, Kumari, Stewart, Jana, Rallo, Paola, Peddle, Shawn D. and Chiarenza, Giancarlo. 2024. "Integrating soil microbial communities into fundamental ecology, conservation, and restoration: examples from Australia." New Phytologist. 241 (3), pp. 974-981. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.19440
Soil abounds with life – and supports all life above it. But Australian soils need urgent repair.
Frew, A., Birnbaum, C., Egidi, E. and Heuck, M.K.. 2023. "Soil abounds with life – and supports all life above it. But Australian soils need urgent repair. " The Conversation.
Peatland carbon stabilization under changing Alpine climatic conditions
Yusuf, A.Y., Krohn, C., Birnbaum, C., Chapman, J. and Grover, S.. 2023. "Peatland carbon stabilization under changing Alpine climatic conditions." Soil Science Australia National Conference.
Plant and soil fungal community responses to cultural burning
Birnbaum, C., Kath, J., Dearnaley, J. and Reardon-Smith, K.. 2023. "Plant and soil fungal community responses to cultural burning." 65th Annual Symposium for International Association for Vegetation Science.
AusME 2022 Melbourne conference.
Birnbaum, C. and Marcelino, V.. 2023. "AusME 2022 Melbourne conference." Microbiology Australia. 44 (1), pp. 3-4. https://doi.org/10.1071/MA23015
From invisible to visible: Terrestrial biodiversity assessments and conservation policies must include soil organisms in Australia
Birnbaum, Christina and Dearnaley, John. 2023. "From invisible to visible: Terrestrial biodiversity assessments and conservation policies must include soil organisms in Australia." Science. 381 (6658). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adg7870
Friends to the rescue: using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to future-proof Australian agriculture
Heuck, Meike Katharina, Birnbaum, Christina and Frew, Adam. 2023. "Friends to the rescue: using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to future-proof Australian agriculture." Microbiology Australia. 44 (1), pp. 5-8. https://doi.org/10.1071/MA23002
Degradation Reduces Microbial Richness and Alters Microbial Functions in an Australian Peatland
Birnbaum, Christina, Wood, Jennifer, Lilleskov, Erik, Lamit, Louis James, Shannon, James, Brewer, Matthew and Grover, Samantha. 2022. "Degradation Reduces Microbial Richness and Alters Microbial Functions in an Australian Peatland." Microbial Ecology: an international journal. 85 (3), pp. 875-891. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-022-02071-z
Carbon dynamics in Victoria’s Mountain Ash forests: A new method for soil organic carbon estimation
Ferrari, Atalaya, Birnbaum, Christina and Grover, Samantha. 2022. "Carbon dynamics in Victoria’s Mountain Ash forests: A new method for soil organic carbon estimation." 2022 Conference of the Ecological Society of Australia (ESA 2022). Wollongong, Australia 28 Nov - 02 Dec 2022 Australia.
‘Dig Up Dirt’, using citizen science to understand the diversity of beneficial fungi in Australian agroecosystems
Heuck, M.K., Birnbaum, C., Kath, J., Powell, J. and Frew, A.. 2022. "‘Dig Up Dirt’, using citizen science to understand the diversity of beneficial fungi in Australian agroecosystems." 2022 Conference of the Ecological Society of Australia (ESA 2022). Wollongong, Australia 28 Nov - 02 Dec 2022
From Little Things, Big Things Grow
Frew, A., Heuck, M.K. and Birnbaum, C.. 2022. "From Little Things, Big Things Grow." Australian Quarterly. 93 (4), pp. 26-31.
Direct and Indirect Effects of Climate Change in Coastal Wetlands: Will Climate Change Influence Wetlands by Affecting Plant Invasion?
Birnbaum, Christina, Waryszak, Pawel and Farrer, Emily C.. 2021. "Direct and Indirect Effects of Climate Change in Coastal Wetlands: Will Climate Change Influence Wetlands by Affecting Plant Invasion? " Wetlands: the journal of the Society of Wetland Scientists. 41 (5). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-021-01456-z
Plant and microbial impacts of an invasive species vary across an environmental gradient
Farrer, Emily C., Birnbaum, Christina, Waryszak, Pawel, Halbrook, Susannah R., Brady, Monica V., Bumby, Caitlin R., Candaele, Helena, Kulick, Nelle K., Lee, Sean F. H., Schroeder, Carolyn S., Smith, McKenzie K. H. and Wilber, William. 2021. "Plant and microbial impacts of an invasive species vary across an environmental gradient ." Journal of Ecology. 109 (5), pp. 2163-2176. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.13629
Accounting for unseen carbon: measuring soil organic carbon in Victoria’s tall wet old growth forest
Ferrari, Atalaya, Birnbaum, Christina and Grover, Samantha. 2021. "Accounting for unseen carbon: measuring soil organic carbon in Victoria’s tall wet old growth forest." 2021 Conference of the Ecological Society of Australia (ESA 2021).
Microbial community structure and function differs between dried peat and intact bog peat across a vertical soil gradient
Birnbaum, Christina, Wood, Jennifer, Lilleskov, Erik, Lamit, Louis James, Shannon, James, Brewer, Matthew and Grover, Samantha. 2021. "Microbial community structure and function differs between dried peat and intact bog peat across a vertical soil gradient." 2021 Conference of the Ecological Society of Australia (ESA 2021). Australia.
Phragmites australis Associates with Belowground Fungal Communities Characterized by High Diversity and Pathogen Abundance
Schroeder, Carolyn S., Halbrook, Susannah, Birnbaum, Christina, Waryszak, Pawel, Wilber, William and Farrer, Emily C.. 2020. "Phragmites australis Associates with Belowground Fungal Communities Characterized by High Diversity and Pathogen Abundance ." Diversity. 12 (9). https://doi.org/10.3390/d12090363
Availability of soil mutualists may not limit non-native Acacia invasion but could increase their impact on native soil communities
Wandrag, Elizabeth M., Birnbaum, Christina, Klock, Metha M., Barrett, Luke G. and Thrall, Peter H.. 2020. "Availability of soil mutualists may not limit non-native Acacia invasion but could increase their impact on native soil communities ." Journal of Applied Ecology. 57 (4), pp. 786-793. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13577
Contrasting effects of biotic context on root and soil microbial communities in the invasive grass, P. australis, and native wetland plants
Halbrook, S.R., Schroeder, C.S., Birnbaum, C., Waryszak, P., Wilber, W., Brady, M.V., Bumby, C.R., Kulick, N.K., Candaele, H., Lee, S.F., Smith (Student), M. and Farrer, E.C.. 2020. "Contrasting effects of biotic context on root and soil microbial communities in the invasive grass, P. australis, and native wetland plants." 2020 Conference of the Ecological Society of America.
Above and belowground impacts of an invasive species vary across the landscape
Farrer, E.C., Birnbaum, C., Waryszak, P., Halbrook, S.R., Brady, M.V., Bumby, C.R., Candaele, H., Kulick, N.K., Lee, S.F., Schroeder, C.S., Smith (Student), M. and Wilber, W.. 2020. "Above and belowground impacts of an invasive species vary across the landscape." 2020 Conference of the Ecological Society of Australia .
Soil Microbial Communities in Long-Term Soil Storage for Sand Mine Reclamation
Gorzelak, M., McAmmond, B.M., Van Hamme, J., Birnbaum, C., Thomsen, C. and Hart, M.. 2020. "Soil Microbial Communities in Long-Term Soil Storage for Sand Mine Reclamation." Ecological Restoration. https://doi.org/10.3368/er.38.1.13
Special thematic issue on applying microbial community research to improve conservation and restoration outcomes
Birnbaum, C. and Egidi, E.. 2020. "Special thematic issue on applying microbial community research to improve conservation and restoration outcomes." Plant Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-020-01068-3
Taxon specific analysis reveals the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on bacterial communities in Louisiana wetland soils
Smith (Student), M., Birnbaum, C., Waryszak, P., Halbrook, S.R., Brady, M.V., Bumby, C.R., Kulick, N.K., Lee, S.F., Schroeder, C.S., Wilber, W. and Farrer, E.C.. 2020. "Taxon specific analysis reveals the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on bacterial communities in Louisiana wetland soils." 104th Annual meeting of the Ecological Society of America.
Soil fungal responses to experimental warming and drying in a Mediterranean shrubland
Birnbaum, Christina, Hopkins, Anna J.M., Fontaine, Joseph B. and Enright, Enright. 2019. "Soil fungal responses to experimental warming and drying in a Mediterranean shrubland ." Science of the Total Environment. 683, pp. 524-536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.222
We built a network of greenhouses and rain shelters to simulate what climate change will do to soils.
Hopkins, A.J., Birnbaum, C., Fontaine, J.B. and Enright, N.J.. 2019. "We built a network of greenhouses and rain shelters to simulate what climate change will do to soils. " The Conversation.
Digging deep for biodiversity.
Birnbaum, C., Egidi, E. and Singh, B.. 2019. "Digging deep for biodiversity." Austral Ecology: a journal of ecology in the Southern Hemisphere. 44 (3), pp. 561-564.
Symbiotic N2-Fixer Community Composition, but Not Diversity, Shifts in Nodules of a Single Host Legume Across a 2-Million-Year Dune Chronosequence
Birnbaum, Christina, Bissett, Andrew, Teste, Francois P. and Laliberte, Etienne. 2018. "Symbiotic N2-Fixer Community Composition, but Not Diversity, Shifts in Nodules of a Single Host Legume Across a 2-Million-Year Dune Chronosequence ." Microbial Ecology: an international journal. 76 (4), pp. 1009-1020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-018-1185-1
Effect of plant root symbionts on performance of native woody species in competition with an invasive grass in multispecies microcosms
Birnbaum, Christina, Morald, Tim K., Tibbett, Mark, Bennett, Richard G. and Standish, Rachel J.. 2018. "Effect of plant root symbionts on performance of native woody species in competition with an invasive grass in multispecies microcosms ." Ecology and Evolution. 8 (17), pp. 8652-8664. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4397
Small size, huge value. Freshwater rock pools of the Kimberley.
Cross, A., Barrett, M., Hopkins, A.J., Birnbaum, C., Burgess, T., Kumerasan, D., Mucina, L., Merritt, D., Turner, S., Myers, C., Renton, M. and Dixon, K.. 2018. "Small size, huge value. Freshwater rock pools of the Kimberley." The natural world of the Kimberley.
Topsoil Stockpiling in Restoration: Impact of Storage Time on Plant Growth and Symbiotic Soil Biota
Birnbaum, Christina, Bradshaw, Laura Elizabeth, Ruthrof, Katinka Xoliswa and Fontaine, Joseph Benjamin. 2017. "Topsoil Stockpiling in Restoration: Impact of Storage Time on Plant Growth and Symbiotic Soil Biota ." Ecological Restoration. 35 (3), pp. 237-245. https://doi.org/10.3368/er.35.3.237
Vegetation dynamics of rapidly declining coastal wetlands: the role of cosmopolitan reed grass Phragmites australis in the Gulf Coast.
Birnbaum, C., Waryszak, P. and Farrer, E.C.. 2017. "Vegetation dynamics of rapidly declining coastal wetlands: the role of cosmopolitan reed grass Phragmites australis in the Gulf Coast." British Ecological Society Annual Meeting 2017. Ghent, Belgium
Nitrogen-fixing bacterial communities in invasive legume nodules and associated soils are similar across introduced and native range populations in Australia
Birnbaum, Christina, Bissett, Andrew, Thrall, Peter H. and Leishman, Michelle R.. 2016. "Nitrogen-fixing bacterial communities in invasive legume nodules and associated soils are similar across introduced and native range populations in Australia ." Journal of Biogeography. 43 (8), pp. 1631-1644. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12752
Effects of experimental warming on rhizosphere fungal composition of two dominant shrubs in Mediterranean-type ecosystem
Birnbaum, C., Hopkins, A.J., Fontaine, J.B. and Enright, N.J.. "Effects of experimental warming on rhizosphere fungal composition of two dominant shrubs in Mediterranean-type ecosystem." 59th Annual Symposium of the International Association for Vegetation Science. Pirenopolis, Brazil 12 - 17 Jun 2016
Sequential Disturbance Effects of Hailstorm and Fire on Vegetation in a Mediterranean-Type Ecosystem
Gower, K., Fontaine, J.B., Birnbaum, C. and Enright, N.J.. 2015. "Sequential Disturbance Effects of Hailstorm and Fire on Vegetation in a Mediterranean-Type Ecosystem ." Ecosystems. 18 (7), pp. 1121-1134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-015-9886-5
Regeneration failure threatens persistence of Persoonia elliptica (Proteaceae) in Western Australian jarrah forests
Nield, Andrew P., Monaco, Sophie, Birnbaum, Christina and Enright, Neal J.. 2015. "Regeneration failure threatens persistence of Persoonia elliptica (Proteaceae) in Western Australian jarrah forests ." Plant Ecology. 216 (2), pp. 189-198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-014-0427-7
Does topsoil age affect plant growth and symbiotic root microbiota?
Birnbaum, C., Bradshaw, L.E., Fontaine, J.B. and Ruthrof, K.X.. 2015. "Does topsoil age affect plant growth and symbiotic root microbiota?" 2015 Ecological Society of Australia annual conference. Adelaide, Australia 29 Nov - 03 Dec 2015
Invasive legumes encounter similar soil fungal communities in their non-native and native ranges in Australia
Birnbaum, Christina, Bissett, Andrew, Thrall, Peter H. and Leishman, Michelle R.. 2014. "Invasive legumes encounter similar soil fungal communities in their non-native and native ranges in Australia ." Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 76, pp. 210-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.05.017
Making nature whole: a history of ecological restoration (The science and practice of ecological restoration series) by William R. Jordan and George M. Lubick
Birnbaum, Christina. 2014. "Making nature whole: a history of ecological restoration (The science and practice of ecological restoration series) by William R. Jordan and George M. Lubick." Ecological Management and Restoration. 15 (3), pp. e11-e11. https://doi.org/10.1111/emr.12122
Do soil microbes drive Acacia species invasion in non-native ranges in Australia?
Birnbaum, Christina and Leishman, Michelle R.. 2014. "Do soil microbes drive Acacia species invasion in non-native ranges in Australia? " 57th Annual Symposium of the International Association for Vegetation Science. Perth, Australia 01 - 05 Sep 2014 Australia.
Do soil microbes matter in plant invasions? A case study from Australia on five acacias and their associated soil microbial communities across non-native and native range populations.
Birnbaum, C.. 2014. "Do soil microbes matter in plant invasions? A case study from Australia on five acacias and their associated soil microbial communities across non-native and native range populations." 4th International Symposium on Weeds and Invasive Plants. Montpellier, France 19 - 23 May 2014
Plant-soil feedbacks do not explain invasion success of Acacia species in introduced range populations in Australia
Birnbaum, C. and Leishman, M. R.. 2013. "Plant-soil feedbacks do not explain invasion success of Acacia species in introduced range populations in Australia ." Biological Invasions. 15 (12), pp. 2609-2625. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-013-0478-z
Specialists or generalists? Nitrogen fixing bacterial communities of invasive acacias in Australia
Birnbaum, Christina, Bissett, Andrew, Thrall, Peter H. and Leishman, Michelle R.. 2013. "Specialists or generalists? Nitrogen fixing bacterial communities of invasive acacias in Australia." 2013 Conference of the Ecological Society of Australia (ESA 2013). Auckland, New Zealand 24 - 29 Nov 2013
NOBANIS – Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet – Ondatra zibethicus
Birnbaum, Christina. 2013. NOBANIS – Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet – Ondatra zibethicus. European Network on Invasive Alien Species (NOBANIS).
NOBANIS – Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet – Neovison vison
Birnbaum, Christina. 2013. NOBANIS – Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet – Neovison vison. European Network on Invasive Alien Species (NOBANIS).
Mutualisms are not constraining cross-continental invasion success of Acacia species within Australia
Birnbaum, Christina, Barrett, Luke G., Thrall, Peter H. and Leishman, Michelle R.. 2012. "Mutualisms are not constraining cross-continental invasion success of Acacia species within Australia ." Diversity and Distributions. 18 (10), pp. 962-976. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642.2012.00920.x
Cross-continental study on invasive Acacias in Australia: role of plant-soil feedbacks
Birnbaum, Christina and Leishman, Michelle R.. 2011. "Cross-continental study on invasive Acacias in Australia: role of plant-soil feedbacks." 2011 Conference of the Ecological Society of Australia (ESA 2011). Hobart, Australia 21 - 25 Nov 2011 Ecological Society of Australia.
Role of nitrogen fixing bacteria in the invasion success of Australian Acacias
Birnbaum, Christina, Barrett, Luke G., Thrall, Peter H. and Leishman, Michelle R.. 2011. "Role of nitrogen fixing bacteria in the invasion success of Australian Acacias." 11th International Conference on the Ecology and Management of Alien Plant Invasions (EMAPi 2011). Szombathely, Hungary 30 Aug - 03 Sep 2011 Hungary.
Zippy escapee from fur farms
Birnbaum, Alien Invaders: Invasive Plants and Animals in Europe. 2011. "Zippy escapee from fur farms." Wolfgang Nentwig (ed.) Alien Invaders: Invasive Plants and Animals in Europe. Switzerland. pp. 173-180
NOBANIS–Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet–Dreissena polymorpha. From: Online Database of the European Network on Invasive Alien Species–NOBANIS www. nobanis. org.
Birnbaum, C.. 2011. NOBANIS–Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet–Dreissena polymorpha. From: Online Database of the European Network on Invasive Alien Species–NOBANIS www. nobanis. org.
More is better? Rhizobial abundance and importance in invasion success of Acacias in Australia
Birnbaum, Christina, Thrall, Peter H. and Leishman, Michelle Ruth. 2010. "More is better? Rhizobial abundance and importance in invasion success of Acacias in Australia." 2010 Conference of the Ecological Society of Australia (ESA 2010). Canberra, Australia 06 - 10 Dec 2010 Australia. Ecological Society of Australia.
Growth dynamics of Solidago canadensis L.
Birnbaum, Christina. 2008. "Growth dynamics of Solidago canadensis L. " 5th International Neobiota Conference on Biological Invasions. Prague, Czech Republic 23 200 - 26 Sep 2008
Distribution of the invasive Solidago canadensis L. in the vicinity of Tartu
Birnbaum, C.. 2007. "Distribution of the invasive Solidago canadensis L. in the vicinity of Tartu." Conference. Turku, Finland 18 - 19 Jan 2007 Finland.
NOBANIS – Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet – Bunias orientalis
Birnbaum, Christina. 2006. NOBANIS – Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet – Bunias orientalis. European Network on Invasive Alien Species (NOBANIS).