Future Farm: Improving farmer confidence in targeted N management through automated sensing and decision support

Technical report


Bramley, Rob, Whelan, Brett, Colaco, André, McCarthy, Alison, Richetti, Jonathan, Lawes, Roger, Fajardo, Mario, Bender, Asher, Pothula, Anand, Baillie, Craig, Perry, Eileen, Fitzgerald, Glenn, Clancy, Alex, Leo, Stephen and Grace, Peter. 2022. Future Farm: Improving farmer confidence in targeted N management through automated sensing and decision support. Australia. Grains Research and Development Corporation.
Title

Future Farm: Improving farmer confidence in targeted N management through automated sensing and decision support

Report TypeTechnical report
Research Report CategoryIndustry
AuthorsBramley, Rob, Whelan, Brett, Colaco, André, McCarthy, Alison, Richetti, Jonathan, Lawes, Roger, Fajardo, Mario, Bender, Asher, Pothula, Anand, Baillie, Craig, Perry, Eileen, Fitzgerald, Glenn, Clancy, Alex, Leo, Stephen and Grace, Peter
Number of Pages62
Year2022
PublisherGrains Research and Development Corporation
Place of PublicationAustralia
Abstract

The Future Farm Project was established to re-examine and improve the way in which soil and crop sensors, supplemented by other sources of useful/available data, are used to inform decisions about input management and to provide a way of automating the process from data acquisition, through analysis, to the formulation and implementation of decision options. In particular, using nitrogen (N) fertilizer management as a ‘use-case’, the project sought to enable enhanced grower confidence in N decision making through the adaptive generation of site-specific management models. A key element of these is their increased and improved use of in-season field monitored data (soil, crop, climatic), historic on-farm data, external public and private data and automation of decision rules in software that may potentially be linked to real-time application equipment. This was considered important given the pre-project perception that a lack of farmer confidence in precision agriculture-based decision making was constraining adoption of precision agriculture (PA) approaches to management of grains-based farming systems. This lack of adoption was in spite of the potential of PA approaches as a counter to farm labour shortages, the need to optimise resource use efficiency as a means of maintaining or enhancing farm profitability and the finding through an exhaustive modelling exercise, that the error associated with prediction of N fertilizer requirement based on expected yield was of the order of 50 kg N/ha.

The project developed and/or evaluated several frameworks through which N decisions might be made using remote and proximal sensing technologies and other data sources (e.g. seasonal weather, historical yield, etc). Some frameworks followed mechanistic agronomic thinking whilst others were underpinned by new data-driven methods, ‘artificial intelligence’ (AI) and ‘machine learning’ (ML). A critical element of each was the use of an on-farm experiment comprising ‘N-rich’ and ‘N-zero’ strips which, along with the standard rate used by a farmer at any given site, enabling prediction of the spatially variable crop response and estimation of the economically optimum N rate (EONR).

ANZSRC Field of Research 2020300206. Agricultural spatial analysis and modelling
4611. Machine learning
460304. Computer vision
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Byline AffiliationsCommonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Australia
University of Sydney
University of Southern Queensland
Agriculture Victoria
Queensland University of Technology
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Bramley, R. G. V. and Jensen, T. A.. 2013. "Sugarcane yield monitoring: a protocol for yield map interpolation and key considerations in the collection of yield data." Bruce, R. C. (ed.) 35th Annual Conference of the Australian Society of Sugar Cane Technologists (ASSCT 2013). Townsville, Australia 16 - 18 Apr 2013 Mackay, Australia.
Can a wheat cultivar with high transpiration efficiency maintain its yield advantage over a near-isogenic cultivar under elevated CO2?
Tausz-Posch, Sabine, Seneweera, Saman, Norton, Robert M., Fitzgerald, Glenn J. and Tausz, Michael. 2012. "Can a wheat cultivar with high transpiration efficiency maintain its yield advantage over a near-isogenic cultivar under elevated CO2?" Field Crops Research. 133, pp. 160-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.04.007
Rising atmospheric CO2 concentration affects mineral nutrient and protein concentration of wheat grain
Fernando, Nimesha, Panozzo, Joe, Tausz, Michael, Norton, Robert, Fitzgerald, Glenn and Seneweera, Saman. 2012. "Rising atmospheric CO2 concentration affects mineral nutrient and protein concentration of wheat grain." Food Chemistry. 133 (4), pp. 1307-1311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.105
Wheat grain quality under increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations in a semi-arid cropping system
Fernando, Nimesha, Panozzo, Joe, Tausz, Michael, Norton, Robert M., Fitzgerald, Glenn J., Myers, Samuel, Walker, Cassandra, Stangoulis, James and Seneweera, Saman. 2012. "Wheat grain quality under increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations in a semi-arid cropping system ." Journal of Cereal Science. 56 (3), pp. 684-690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2012.07.010
Understanding crop physiology to select breeding targets and improve crop management under increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations
Tausz, Michael, Tausz-Posch, Sabine, Norton, Robert M., Fitzgerald, Glenn J., Nicolas, Marc E. and Seneweera, Saman. 2013. "Understanding crop physiology to select breeding targets and improve crop management under increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations ." Environmental and Experimental Botany. 88, pp. 71-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2011.12.005
The effect of elevated CO2 on photochemistry and antioxidative defence capacity in wheat depends on environmental growing conditions: a FACE study
Tausz-Posch, Sabine, Borowiak, Klaudia, Dempsey, Raymond W., Norton, Robert M., Seneweera, Saman, Fitzgerald, Glenn J. and Tausz, Michael. 2013. "The effect of elevated CO2 on photochemistry and antioxidative defence capacity in wheat depends on environmental growing conditions: a FACE study." Environmental and Experimental Botany. 88, pp. 81-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2011.12.002
Will intra-specific differences in transpiration efficiency in wheat be maintained in a high CO2 world? A FACE study
Tausz-Posch, Sabine, Norton, Robert M., Seneweera, Saman, Fitzgerald, Glenn J. and Tausz, Michael. 2013. "Will intra-specific differences in transpiration efficiency in wheat be maintained in a high CO2 world? A FACE study." Physiologia Plantarum. 148 (2), pp. 232-245. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01701.x
Intra-specific variation of wheat grain quality in response to elevated [CO2] at two sowing times under rain-fed and irrigation treatments
Fernando, Nimesha, Panozzo, Joe, Tausz, Michael, Norton, Robert M., Fitzgerald, Glenn J., Myers, Samuel, Nicolas, Marc E. and Seneweera, Saman. 2014. "Intra-specific variation of wheat grain quality in response to elevated [CO2] at two sowing times under rain-fed and irrigation treatments." Journal of Cereal Science. 59 (2), pp. 137-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2013.12.002
Elevated CO2 alters grain quality of two bread wheat cultivars grown under different environmental conditions
Fernando, Nimesha, Panozzo, Joe, Tausz, Michael, Norton, Robert M., Neumann, Nathan, Fitzgerald, Glenn J. and Seneweera, Saman. 2014. "Elevated CO2 alters grain quality of two bread wheat cultivars grown under different environmental conditions." Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 185, pp. 24-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.11.023
Advances in intelligent and autonomous systems to improve irrigation and fertiliser efficiency
Raine, Steven R. and McCarthy, Alison C.. 2014. "Advances in intelligent and autonomous systems to improve irrigation and fertiliser efficiency." Currie, L. D. and Christensen, C. L. (ed.) Nutrient management for the farm, catchment and community. Palmerston North, New Zealand 18 - 20 Feb 2014 Palmerston North, New Zealand.
Real-time, web-enabled adaptive control and monitoring of surface and overhead irrigation systems
McCarthy, Alison, Gillies, Malcolm and Smith, Rod. 2013. "Real-time, web-enabled adaptive control and monitoring of surface and overhead irrigation systems." Lamb, David (ed.) 1st Digital Rural Futures Conference: Smart Farms - Smart Regions (DRF 2013). Armidale, Australia 26 - 28 Jun 2013 Armidale, Australia.
VARIwise simulation of variable-rate irrigation of cotton via adaptive control: first results
McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven. 2010. "VARIwise simulation of variable-rate irrigation of cotton via adaptive control: first results." 15th Australian Cotton Conference 2010: Fashioning the Future. Gold Coast, Australia 10 - 12 Aug 2010 Gold Coast, Australia.
Development of a sensing system for automated cotton fruit load and vegetation estimation
McCarthy, Alison and Hancock, Nigel. 2013. "Development of a sensing system for automated cotton fruit load and vegetation estimation." Whitehouse, Mary (ed.) Inaugural Australian Cotton Research Conference 2013: Stimulating Science in Cotton. Narrabri, Australia 08 - 11 Sep 2013
Improving irrigation efficiency through precision irrigation in South East Queensland
Eberhard, J., McHugh, A., Scobie, M., Schmidt, E., McCarthy, A., Uddin, Md J., McKeering, L. and Poulter, R.. 2013. Improving irrigation efficiency through precision irrigation in South East Queensland. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
Real-time adaptive control of furrow irrigation: preliminary results of cotton field trial
McCarthy, Alison, Smith, Rod and Hancock, Nigel. 2012. "Real-time adaptive control of furrow irrigation: preliminary results of cotton field trial." Irrigation Australia Conference (IAL 2012). Adelaide, Australia 24 - 29 Jun 2012 Sydney, Australia.
Real-time model predictive control of surface irrigation for cotton: setup of field trial
McCarthy, Alison, Smith, Rod and Hancock, Nigel. 2012. "Real-time model predictive control of surface irrigation for cotton: setup of field trial." 16th Australian Cotton Conference (ACC 2012): Growing Better all the Time. Gold Coast, Australia 14 - 16 Aug 2012 Gold Coast, Australia.
Precision agriculture technologies for the Australian nut industries
McCarthy, Alison and Jensen, Troy. 2012. "Precision agriculture technologies for the Australian nut industries." 3rd Australian Nut Industry Research Forum (ANIC 2012). Brisbane, Australia 21 Sep 2012 Gold Coast, Australia.
Within block spatial variation in CCS: another potentially important consideration in the application of precision agriculture to sugarcane production
Bramley, R. G. V., Panitz, J. H., Jensen, T. A. and Baillie, C. P.. 2012. "Within block spatial variation in CCS: another potentially important consideration in the application of precision agriculture to sugarcane production." Bruce, R. C. (ed.) 34th Annual Conference of the Australian Society of Sugar Cane Technologists (ASSCT 2012). Palm Cove, Australia 01 - 04 May 2012 Mackay, Australia.
An assessment of sugarcane yield monitoring concepts and techniques from commercial yield monitoring systems
Jensen, T. A., Baillie, C., Bramley, R. G. V. and Panitz, J. H.. 2012. "An assessment of sugarcane yield monitoring concepts and techniques from commercial yield monitoring systems." Bruce, R. C. (ed.) 34th Annual Conference of the Australian Society of Sugar Cane Technologists (ASSCT 2012). Palm Cove, Australia 01 - 04 May 2012 Mackay, Australia.
Review of precision irrigation technologies and their application
Smith, R. J., Baillie, J. N., McCarthy, A. C., Raine, S. R. and Baillie, C. P.. 2010. Review of precision irrigation technologies and their application. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
Advanced process control of irrigation: the current state and an analysis to aid future development
McCarthy, Alison C., Hancock, Nigel H. and Raine, Steven R.. 2013. "Advanced process control of irrigation: the current state and an analysis to aid future development." Irrigation Science. 31 (3), pp. 183-192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-011-0313-1
NPSI/IAL travel fellowship 2010: site-specific irrigation control and sensing systems
McCarthy, Alison. 2011. "NPSI/IAL travel fellowship 2010: site-specific irrigation control and sensing systems." Irrigation Australia. 26 (4), pp. 34-35.
Real-time data requirements for model-based adaptive control of irrigation scheduling in cotton
McCarthy, A. C., Hancock, N. H. and Raine, S. R.. 2011. "Real-time data requirements for model-based adaptive control of irrigation scheduling in cotton." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering. 8 (2), pp. 189-206.
Improved irrigation of cotton via real-time, adaptive control of large mobile irrigation machines
McCarthy, Alison. 2010. Improved irrigation of cotton via real-time, adaptive control of large mobile irrigation machines. PhD Thesis Doctor of Philosophy. University of Southern Queensland.
Impacts and adaptation response of infrastructure and communities to heatwaves: the southern Australian experience of 2009
Best, Peter, Marcussen, Torben, Mushtaq, Shahbaz, Stone, Roger C., Reeves, Jim, Foelz, Colleen, Grace, Peter, Loughnan, Margaret, McEvoy, Darryn, Ahmed, Ifte, Mullett, Jane, Haynes, Katharine, Bird, Deanne, Coates, Lucinda and Ling, Megan. 2010. Impacts and adaptation response of infrastructure and communities to heatwaves: the southern Australian experience of 2009. Gold Coast, Australia. National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility (NCCARF).
VARIwise: a general-purpose adaptive control simulation framework for spatially and temporally varied irrigation at sub-field scale
McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2010. "VARIwise: a general-purpose adaptive control simulation framework for spatially and temporally varied irrigation at sub-field scale." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 70 (1), pp. 117-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2009.09.011
Simulation of adaptive site-specific irrigation control performance with spatially variable rainfall
McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2010. "Simulation of adaptive site-specific irrigation control performance with spatially variable rainfall." Montagu, Kelvin (ed.) Australian Irrigation Conference and Exibition 2010: One Water Many Futures. Sydney, Australia 08 - 10 Jun 2010 Sydney, Australia.
Simulation of site-specific irrigation control strategies with sparse input data
McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2010. "Simulation of site-specific irrigation control strategies with sparse input data." 17th World Congress of the International Commission of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (CIGR 2010): Sustainable Biosystems Through Engineering. Quebec City, Canada 13 - 17 Jun 2010 Quebec, Canada.
Assessment of sugarcane yield monitoring technology for precision agriculture
Jensen, T., Baillie, C., Bramley, R., Di Bella, L., Whiteing, C. and Davis, R.. 2010. "Assessment of sugarcane yield monitoring technology for precision agriculture." Bruce, R. C. (ed.) 32nd Annual Conference of the Australian Society of Sugar Cane Technologists (ASSCT 2010). Bundaberg, Australia 11 - 14 May 2010 Brisbane, Australia.
Holistic control system design for large mobile irrigation machines
McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven. 2010. "Holistic control system design for large mobile irrigation machines." 16th Annual Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice (M2VIP 2010). Darussalam, Brunei 22 - 24 Jun 2010 Toowoomba, Australia.
Development of a simulation framework for variable-rate irrigation of cotton
McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2008. "Development of a simulation framework for variable-rate irrigation of cotton." 14th Australian Cotton Conference: New Beginnings – Cotton in a Climate of Change. Gold Coast, Australia 12 - 14 Aug 2008 Narrabri, NSW, Australia.
Managing spatial and temporal variability in irrigated agriculture through adaptive control
Smith, R. J., Raine, Steven R., McCarthy, Alison and Hancock, Nigel. 2009. "Managing spatial and temporal variability in irrigated agriculture through adaptive control." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering. 7 (1), pp. 79-90.
Exploration of data requirements for adaptive control of irrigation scheduling
McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2009. "Exploration of data requirements for adaptive control of irrigation scheduling." Banhazi, T. M. and Saunders, C. (ed.) SEAg 2009: Agricultural Technologies In a Changing Climate. Brisbane, Australia 13 - 16 Sep 2009 Brisbane, Australia.
Towards evaluation of adaptive control systems for improved site-specific irrigation of cotton
McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2008. "Towards evaluation of adaptive control systems for improved site-specific irrigation of cotton." Irrigation Australia 2008: Irrigation Association of Australia National Conference and Exhibition: Share the Water, Share the Benefits. Melbourne, Australia 20 - 22 May 2008 Hornsby, NSW, Australia.
Managing spatial and temporal variability in irrigated agriculture through adaptive control
Smith, R. J., Raine, Steven R., McCarthy, Alison and Hancock, Nigel. 2007. "Managing spatial and temporal variability in irrigated agriculture through adaptive control." Banhazi, T. M. and Saunders, C. (ed.) SEAg 2007: Agriculture and Engineering - Challenge Today, Technology Tomorrow. Adelaide, Australia 24 - 26 Sep 2007 Australia.