Optimal irrigation of cotton via real-time, adaptive control

Project report


McCarthy, Alison, Smith, Rod and Hancock, Nigel. 2013. Optimal irrigation of cotton via real-time, adaptive control. Narrabri, Australia. Cotton Research and Development Corporation.
Title

Optimal irrigation of cotton via real-time, adaptive control

Report TypeProject report
AuthorsMcCarthy, Alison (Author), Smith, Rod (Author) and Hancock, Nigel (Author)
Institution of OriginUniversity of Southern Queensland
Number of Pages107
Year2013
PublisherCotton Research and Development Corporation
Place of PublicationNarrabri, Australia
Abstract

This project has demonstrated the implementation of adaptive control systems at commercial cotton cropping sites. The control simulation framework VARIwise has been used for the simulation and development of irrigation control strategies. The framework potentially provides site-specific irrigation volumes and timing to be determined in autonomous irrigation, either for uniform or variable-rate irrigation application.

Field evaluations of the control strategies were conducted on siphon and centre pivot irrigation systems in Jondaryan, QLD utilising a weather, soil and plant sensors, control strategies and irrigation control hardware. The siphon and centre pivot irrigation trials produced yield improvements of 11% and 7% respectively, and water use reductions of 12% and 4% respectively. Higher water reductions were achieved in surface irrigation systems than overhead irrigation systems because of the larger volumes of irrigation water applied. Adoption of these irrigation control systems would provide improved and automated irrigation management and labour savings to the industry.

An on-the-go plant sensing system was developed to estimate plant density, plant height (for leaf area index calculation), flower count (for square count calculation) and boll count, as required to calibrate the industry crop production model OZCOT for the control strategy operation. This sensing system was standalone and platforms were developed that enabled mounting to on-farm vehicles (e.g. moped) and irrigation machines. The centre pivot irrigation trial indicated that plant data input was preferable to soil data input for model-based irrigation control strategies.

There is limited control hardware currently commercially available for surface irrigation, and commercial variable-rate solenoid-based irrigation adjustment hardware is available for centre pivots and lateral moves. For the purposes of the field evaluations in this project, an irrigation control hardware system was developed that was independent of the irrigation system. This was based on adjusting the flow rate using a remotely controllable ball valve and servomechanism and could be installed in-line with siphons and droppers on irrigation machines.

Over 90% of the Australian irrigated cotton industry uses surface irrigation. Further enhancements to the system would entail investigating the spatial resolution of irrigation application adjustment for both surface and overhead irrigation systems. This would potentially determine the data requirements of surface irrigation control systems, reduce the sensors requirement (leading to reduced cost of the system) and increase the practicality and uptake of the final system. In addition, the control strategies could be extended to consider fertiliser application in surface irrigation systems, as the efficiency of the fertiliser application is expected to be related to the efficiency of the irrigation application.

KeywordsVARIwise; automated irrigation; adaptive control systems; cotton
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020300206. Agricultural spatial analysis and modelling
400799. Control engineering, mechatronics and robotics not elsewhere classified
300403. Agronomy
Public Notes

Confidential report - not for open access.

Byline AffiliationsNational Centre for Engineering in Agriculture
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McCarthy, Alison, Smith, Rod and Gillies, Malcolm. 2014. "Autonomous site-specific irrigation control: the current state and a vision of a future system [Keynote]." Keppell, Mike and Reushle, Shirley (ed.) 2nd Digital Rural Futures Conference 2014. Toowoomba, Australia 25 - 27 Jun 2014 Toowoomba, Australia.
Real-time control approaches for site-specific irrigation and fertigation optimisation
McCarthy, Alison, Nguyen, Tai and Raine, Steven. 2014. "Real-time control approaches for site-specific irrigation and fertigation optimisation." Keppell, Mike and Reushle, Shirley (ed.) 2nd Digital Rural Futures Conference 2014. Toowoomba, Australia 25 - 27 Jun 2014
Field-scale evaluation of furrow fertigation using liquid nitrogen
Antille, Diogenes L. and McCarthy, Alison C.. 2014. "Field-scale evaluation of furrow fertigation using liquid nitrogen." 17th Australian Cotton Conference (ACC 2014): Our Fibre, Our Focus, Our Future. Gold Coast, Australia 05 - 07 Aug 2014 Narrabri, Australia.
Effect of spatial variability on data requirements for site-specific irrigation
McCarthy, Alison. 2014. "Effect of spatial variability on data requirements for site-specific irrigation." 17th Australian Cotton Conference (ACC 2014): Our Fibre, Our Focus, Our Future. Gold Coast, Australia 05 - 07 Aug 2014 Narrabri, Australia.
Quantifying potential yield and lodging-related yield gaps for irrigated spring wheat in sub-tropical Australia
Peake, A. S., Huth, N. I., Carberry, P. S., Raine, S. R. and Smith, R. J.. 2014. "Quantifying potential yield and lodging-related yield gaps for irrigated spring wheat in sub-tropical Australia." Field Crops Research. 158, pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2013.12.001
Simulation of irrigation control strategies for cotton using model predictive control within the VARIwise simulation framework
McCarthy, Alison C., Hancock, Nigel H. and Raine, Steven R.. 2014. "Simulation of irrigation control strategies for cotton using model predictive control within the VARIwise simulation framework." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 101, pp. 135-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2013.12.004
Holistic control system design for large mobile irrigation machines
McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven. 2015. "Holistic control system design for large mobile irrigation machines." Billingsley, John and Brett, Peter (ed.) Machine vision and mechatronics in practice. Heidelberg, Germany. Springer. pp. 177-184
Evaluating the performance of a real-time optimisation system for furrow irrigation
Koech, R. K., Smith, R. J. and Gillies, M. H.. 2014. "Evaluating the performance of a real-time optimisation system for furrow irrigation ." Agricultural Water Management. 142, pp. 77-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2014.04.020
A real-time optimisation system for automation of furrow irrigation
Koech, R. K., Smith, R. J. and Gillies, M. H.. 2014. "A real-time optimisation system for automation of furrow irrigation." Irrigation Science. 32 (4), pp. 319-327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-014-0432-6
Development and simulation of sensor-based irrigation control strategies for cotton using the VARIwise simulation framework
McCarthy, Alison C., Hancock, Nigel H. and Raine, Steven R.. 2014. "Development and simulation of sensor-based irrigation control strategies for cotton using the VARIwise simulation framework." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 101, pp. 148-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2013.12.014
A computer model to estimate seepage rates from automated irrigation distribution channels during periods of shutdown
Moavenshahidi, A., Smith, R. and Gillies, M.. 2014. "A computer model to estimate seepage rates from automated irrigation distribution channels during periods of shutdown." Journal of Hydroinformatics. 16 (6), pp. 1302-1317. https://doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2014.104
Factors affecting the estimation of seepage rates from channel automation data
Moavenshahidi, A., Smith, R. and Gillies, M.. 2014. "Factors affecting the estimation of seepage rates from channel automation data." Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. 141 (6), pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000842
Development and application of process-based simulation models for cotton production: a review of past, present, and future directions
Thorp, K. R., Ale, S., Bange, M. P., Barnes, E. M., Hoogenboom, G., Lascano, R. J., McCarthy, A. C., Nair, S., Paz, J. O., Rajan, N., Reddy, K. R., Wall, G. W. and White, J. W.. 2014. "Development and application of process-based simulation models for cotton production: a review of past, present, and future directions." Journal of Cotton Science. 18 (1), pp. 10-47.
Evaluation of sap flow sensors to measure the transpiration rate of plants during canopy wetting and drying
Uddin, Jasim, Smith, Rod, Hancock, Nigel and Foley, Joseph. 2014. "Evaluation of sap flow sensors to measure the transpiration rate of plants during canopy wetting and drying." Journal of Agricultural Studies. 2 (2), pp. 105-119. https://doi.org/10.5296/jas.v2i2.6134
Evaluation of stereovision for extracting plant features
Mohammed Amean, Z., Low, T., McCarthy, C. and Hancock, N.. 2013. "Evaluation of stereovision for extracting plant features." SEAg 2013: Innovative Agricultural Technologies for a Sustainable Future. Barton, Australia 22 - 25 Sep 2013 Canberra, Australia.
Hydraulics of large diameter gated flexible fluming
Koech, Richard, Smith, Rod and Gillies, Malcolm. 2013. "Hydraulics of large diameter gated flexible fluming." Biosystems Engineering. 114 (2), pp. 170-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2012.12.005
Advances in intelligent and autonomous systems to improve irrigation and fertiliser efficiency
Raine, Steven R. and McCarthy, Alison C.. 2014. "Advances in intelligent and autonomous systems to improve irrigation and fertiliser efficiency." Currie, L. D. and Christensen, C. L. (ed.) Nutrient management for the farm, catchment and community. Palmerston North, New Zealand 18 - 20 Feb 2014 Palmerston North, New Zealand.
A preliminary evaluation of vision and laser sensing for tree trunk detection and orchard mapping
Shalal, Nagham, Low, Tobias, McCarthy, Cheryl and Hancock, Nigel. 2013. "A preliminary evaluation of vision and laser sensing for tree trunk detection and orchard mapping." Katupitiya, Jayantha, Guivant, Jose and Eaton, Ray (ed.) Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation (ACRA 2013). Sydney, Australia 02 - 04 Dec 2013 Australia.
Automatic plant branch segmentation and classification using vesselness measure
Mohammed Amean, Z., Low, T., McCarthy, C. and Hancock, N.. 2013. "Automatic plant branch segmentation and classification using vesselness measure." Katupitiya, Jayantha, Guivant, Jose and Eaton, Ray (ed.) Australasian Conference on Robotics and Automation (ACRA 2013). Sydney, Australia 02 - 04 Dec 2013 Australia.
Modification of the McNeal clay swelling model improves prediction of saturated hydraulic conductivity as a function of applied water quality
Ezlit, Y. D., Bennett, J. McL., Raine, S. R. and Smith, R. J.. 2013. "Modification of the McNeal clay swelling model improves prediction of saturated hydraulic conductivity as a function of applied water quality." Soil Science Society of America Journal. 77 (6), pp. 2149-2156. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2013.03.0097
Real-time, web-enabled adaptive control and monitoring of surface and overhead irrigation systems
McCarthy, Alison, Gillies, Malcolm and Smith, Rod. 2013. "Real-time, web-enabled adaptive control and monitoring of surface and overhead irrigation systems." Lamb, David (ed.) 1st Digital Rural Futures Conference: Smart Farms - Smart Regions (DRF 2013). Armidale, Australia 26 - 28 Jun 2013 Armidale, Australia.
VARIwise simulation of variable-rate irrigation of cotton via adaptive control: first results
McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven. 2010. "VARIwise simulation of variable-rate irrigation of cotton via adaptive control: first results." 15th Australian Cotton Conference 2010: Fashioning the Future. Gold Coast, Australia 10 - 12 Aug 2010 Gold Coast, Australia.
Development of a sensing system for automated cotton fruit load and vegetation estimation
McCarthy, Alison and Hancock, Nigel. 2013. "Development of a sensing system for automated cotton fruit load and vegetation estimation." Whitehouse, Mary (ed.) Inaugural Australian Cotton Research Conference 2013: Stimulating Science in Cotton. Narrabri, Australia 08 - 11 Sep 2013
A review of salinity and sodicity in irrigation
Ezlit, Younes D., Smith, Rod J. and Raine, Steven R.. 2010. A review of salinity and sodicity in irrigation. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
Improving irrigation efficiency through precision irrigation in South East Queensland
Eberhard, J., McHugh, A., Scobie, M., Schmidt, E., McCarthy, A., Uddin, Md J., McKeering, L. and Poulter, R.. 2013. Improving irrigation efficiency through precision irrigation in South East Queensland. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
Evaporation and sapflow dynamics during sprinkler irrigation of cotton
Uddin, J., Smith, R. J., Hancock, N. H. and Foley, J. P.. 2013. "Evaporation and sapflow dynamics during sprinkler irrigation of cotton." Agricultural Water Management. 125, pp. 35-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2013.04.001
Real-time adaptive control of furrow irrigation: preliminary results of cotton field trial
McCarthy, Alison, Smith, Rod and Hancock, Nigel. 2012. "Real-time adaptive control of furrow irrigation: preliminary results of cotton field trial." Irrigation Australia Conference (IAL 2012). Adelaide, Australia 24 - 29 Jun 2012 Sydney, Australia.
Real-time model predictive control of surface irrigation for cotton: setup of field trial
McCarthy, Alison, Smith, Rod and Hancock, Nigel. 2012. "Real-time model predictive control of surface irrigation for cotton: setup of field trial." 16th Australian Cotton Conference (ACC 2012): Growing Better all the Time. Gold Coast, Australia 14 - 16 Aug 2012 Gold Coast, Australia.
Precision agriculture technologies for the Australian nut industries
McCarthy, Alison and Jensen, Troy. 2012. "Precision agriculture technologies for the Australian nut industries." 3rd Australian Nut Industry Research Forum (ANIC 2012). Brisbane, Australia 21 Sep 2012 Gold Coast, Australia.
Seepage rate estimation from total channel control data during periods of shut down: preliminary data quality assessment. Case study: Coleambally irrigation system
Shahidi, A. M., Smith, R. and Gillies, M.. 2013. "Seepage rate estimation from total channel control data during periods of shut down: preliminary data quality assessment. Case study: Coleambally irrigation system." Bjornlund, H., Brebbia, C. A. and Wheeler, S. (ed.) 4th International Conference on Sustainable Irrigation and Drainage: Management, Technologies and Policies . Adelaide, Australia 11 - 13 Dec 2012 Southampton, United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.2495/SI120101
Review of precision irrigation technologies and their application
Smith, R. J., Baillie, J. N., McCarthy, A. C., Raine, S. R. and Baillie, C. P.. 2010. Review of precision irrigation technologies and their application. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
Measurement of evapotranspiration during sprinkler irrigation using a precision energy budget (Bowen ratio, eddy covariance) methodology
Uddin, J., Hancock, N. H., Smith, R. J. and Foley, J. P.. 2013. "Measurement of evapotranspiration during sprinkler irrigation using a precision energy budget (Bowen ratio, eddy covariance) methodology." Agricultural Water Management. 116, pp. 89-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2012.10.008
New approach to estimate the additional water requirements in sprinkler irrigation: a predictive model
Uddin, Jasim, Smith, Rod, Hancock, Nigel and Foley, Joseph. 2012. "New approach to estimate the additional water requirements in sprinkler irrigation: a predictive model." Currey, Anne (ed.) ICID & Irrigation Australia 2012 Conference and Trade Show. Adelaide, Australia 24 - 29 Jun 2012 Sydney, Australia.
A novel technique to measure the total evaporation and its components during sprinkler irrigation
Uddin, Jasim, Smith, Rod, Hancock, Nigel and Foley, Joseph. 2012. "A novel technique to measure the total evaporation and its components during sprinkler irrigation ." Currey, Anne (ed.) ICID & Irrigation Australia 2012 Conference and Trade Show. Adelaide, Australia 24 - 29 Jun 2012 Sydney, Australia.
Advanced process control of irrigation: the current state and an analysis to aid future development
McCarthy, Alison C., Hancock, Nigel H. and Raine, Steven R.. 2013. "Advanced process control of irrigation: the current state and an analysis to aid future development." Irrigation Science. 31 (3), pp. 183-192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-011-0313-1
The impact of artificial monolayers on water quality: data from tank and field trials
Pittaway, P., Martinez-Alvarez, V., Gallego-Elvira, B. and Hancock, N.. 2012. "The impact of artificial monolayers on water quality: data from tank and field trials." Begbie, D. K., Kenway, S. J., Biermann, S. M. and Wakem, S. L. (ed.) 4th Urban Water Security Research Alliance Science Forum and Stakeholder Engagement. Brisbane, Australia 19 - 20 Jun 2012 Brisbane, Australia.
NPSI/IAL travel fellowship 2010: site-specific irrigation control and sensing systems
McCarthy, Alison. 2011. "NPSI/IAL travel fellowship 2010: site-specific irrigation control and sensing systems." Irrigation Australia. 26 (4), pp. 34-35.
Improved evaluation of bay (and furrow) irrigation
Rojas-Ponce, Samuel, Smith, Rod and Gillies, Malcolm. 2011. "Improved evaluation of bay (and furrow) irrigation." Thompson, Chris (ed.) Irrigation 2011: New Horizons, Fresh Ideas Regional Conference and Exhibition. Launceston, Australia 22 - 25 Aug 2011 Sydney, Australia.
Optimising the design, installation and operation of a monolayer application system on a farm dam via a 'Universal Design Framework'
Brink, Gavin, Wandel, Andrew, Pittaway, Pam, Hancock, Nigel and Schmidt, Erik. 2011. "Optimising the design, installation and operation of a monolayer application system on a farm dam via a 'Universal Design Framework'." Thompson, Chris (ed.) Irrigation 2011: New Horizons, Fresh Ideas Regional Conference and Exhibition. Launceston, Australia 22 - 25 Aug 2011 Sydney, Australia.
Surface irrigation for energy and water use efficiency
Khatri, Kanya L. and Smith, Rod. 2011. "Surface irrigation for energy and water use efficiency." Thompson, Chris (ed.) Irrigation 2011: New Horizons, Fresh Ideas Regional Conference and Exhibition. Launceston, Australia 22 - 25 Aug 2011 Sydney, Australia.
Evaluating whole field irrigation performance using statistical inference of inter-furrow infiltration variation
Gillies, M. H., Smith, R. J. and Raine, S. R.. 2011. "Evaluating whole field irrigation performance using statistical inference of inter-furrow infiltration variation." Biosystems Engineering. 110 (2), pp. 134-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2011.07.008
Design of an automatic furrow irrigation system utilising adaptive real-time control
Koech, R. K., Smith, R. J. and Gillies, M. H.. 2011. "Design of an automatic furrow irrigation system utilising adaptive real-time control." Banhazi, T., Saunders, C. and hegarty, R. (ed.) SEAg 2011: Diverse Challenges, Innovative Solutions. Gold Coast, Australia 29 - 30 Sep 2011 Canberra, Australia.
Relating flock activity levels to odour variations in tunnel ventilated broiler sheds - preliminary results
Atzeni, Michael, Sohn, Jae-Ho, Hancock, Nigel and Banhazi, Thomas. 2011. "Relating flock activity levels to odour variations in tunnel ventilated broiler sheds - preliminary results." Banhazi, T., Saunders, C. and Hegarty, R. (ed.) SEAg 2011: Diverse Challenges, Innovative Solutions. Gold Coast, Australia 29 - 30 Sep 2011 Canberra, Australia.
Development of a smart monolayer application system for reducing evaporation from farm dams: introductory paper
Brink, G. N., Symes, T. W. and Hancock, N. H.. 2011. "Development of a smart monolayer application system for reducing evaporation from farm dams: introductory paper." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering. 8 (2), pp. 121-130.
Assessment of the performance of evaporation suppressant films: analysis and limitations of simple trialling methods
Hancock, N. H., Pittaway, P. A. and Symes, T. W.. 2011. "Assessment of the performance of evaporation suppressant films: analysis and limitations of simple trialling methods." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering. 8 (2), pp. 157-168.
The economics of sprinkler irrigation uniformity for lettuce production with in-season rainfall
Hussain, A., Raine, S. R. and Smith, R. J.. 2009. "The economics of sprinkler irrigation uniformity for lettuce production with in-season rainfall." Banhazi, T. M. and Saunders, C. (ed.) SEAg 2009: Agricultural Technologies In a Changing Climate. Brisbane, Australia 13 - 16 Sep 2009 Brisbane, Queensland.
Evaluation of sap flow sensors to measure the transpiration rate of plants during sprinkler irrigation
Uddin, J., Smith, R. J., Hancock, N. H. and Foley, J.. 2011. "Evaluation of sap flow sensors to measure the transpiration rate of plants during sprinkler irrigation." Banhazi, T., Saunders, C. and Hegarty, R. (ed.) SEAg 2011: Diverse Challenges, Innovative Solutions. Gold Coast, Australia 29 - 30 Sep 2011 Canberra, Australia.
Eddy covariance measurements of the total evaporation during sprinkler irrigation - preliminary results
Uddin, J., Smith, R. J., Hancock, N. H. and Foley, J.. 2011. "Eddy covariance measurements of the total evaporation during sprinkler irrigation - preliminary results." Banhazi, T., Saunders, C. and Hegarty, R. (ed.) SEAg 2011: Diverse Challenges, Innovative Solutions. Gold Coast, Australia 29 - 30 Sep 2011 Canberra, Australia.
Real-time data requirements for model-based adaptive control of irrigation scheduling in cotton
McCarthy, A. C., Hancock, N. H. and Raine, S. R.. 2011. "Real-time data requirements for model-based adaptive control of irrigation scheduling in cotton." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering. 8 (2), pp. 189-206.
HCL. Trade Mark No.1044991 (as a series in Class 9, Scientific Apparatus, Measuring Apparatus) registered from 07 March 2005 (for ten years)
Hancock, Nigel and Maxwell, Andrew. 2005. HCL. Trade Mark No.1044991 (as a series in Class 9, Scientific Apparatus, Measuring Apparatus) registered from 07 March 2005 (for ten years). 1044991
HCL [Trademark]
Hancock, Nigel and Maxwell, Andrew. 2006. HCL [Trademark].
Method and apparatus for measuring electrical conductivity
Hancock, Nigel Harold, Maxwell, Andrew Douglas and Ah Fock, Antonio Louis. 2005. Method and apparatus for measuring electrical conductivity. 2005205611
Improved irrigation of cotton via real-time, adaptive control of large mobile irrigation machines
McCarthy, Alison. 2010. Improved irrigation of cotton via real-time, adaptive control of large mobile irrigation machines. PhD Thesis Doctor of Philosophy. University of Southern Queensland.
Revisiting artificial monolayers as a strategy to reduce evaporative loss from large open water storages
Pittaway, P., Hancock, N., Brink, G., Symes, T. and Schmidt, E.. 2009. "Revisiting artificial monolayers as a strategy to reduce evaporative loss from large open water storages ." Kenway, S. J. and Begbie, D. K. (ed.) 1st Urban Water Security Research Alliance Science Forum (UWSRA 2009). Brisbane, Australia 17 - 18 Aug 2009 Brisbane, Australia.
Method and apparatus for measuring electrical conductivity
Hancock, Nigel H., Maxwell, Andrew D. and Ahfock, Tony L.. 2008. Method and apparatus for measuring electrical conductivity. AG01N2702FI
Automated internode length measurement of cotton plants under field conditions
McCarthy, C. L., Hancock, N. H. and Raine, S. R.. 2009. "Automated internode length measurement of cotton plants under field conditions." Transactions of the ASABE. 52 (6), pp. 2093-2103.
On-the-go machine vision sensing of cotton plant geometric parameters: first results
McCarthy, Cheryl, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven. 2008. "On-the-go machine vision sensing of cotton plant geometric parameters: first results." Billingsley, John and Bradbeer, Robin (ed.) 13th Annual Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice. (M2VIP 2006). Toowoomba, Australia 05 - 07 Dec 2006 Germany. pp. 305-312 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74027-8_26
Estimating the furrow infiltration characteristic from a single advance point
Langat, P. K., Smith, R. J. and Raine, S. R.. 2008. "Estimating the furrow infiltration characteristic from a single advance point." Irrigation Science. 26 (5), pp. 367-374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-008-0102-7
A decision support model for travelling gun irrigation machines
Smith, Rod, Gillies, Malcolm H., Newell, Geoffrey and Foley, Joseph P.. 2008. "A decision support model for travelling gun irrigation machines." Biosystems Engineering. 100 (1), pp. 126-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2008.01.004
Accounting for temporal inflow variation in the inverse solution for infiltration in surface irrigation
Gillies, Malcolm H., Smith, R. J. and Raine, Steven R.. 2007. "Accounting for temporal inflow variation in the inverse solution for infiltration in surface irrigation ." Irrigation Science. 25 (2), pp. 87-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-006-0037-9
Simulation of performance for a simple real time control system of furrow irrigation
Khatri, K. L. and Smith, R. J.. 2006. "Simulation of performance for a simple real time control system of furrow irrigation." Lorenzini, G. (ed.) 1st International Conference on Sustainable Irrigation Management, Technologies and Policies. Bologna, Italy 05 - 07 Sep 2006 England. WIT Press. https://doi.org/10.2495/SI060021
Real-time prediction of soil infiltration characteristics for the management of furrow irrigation
Khatri, Kanya L. and Smith, R. J.. 2006. "Real-time prediction of soil infiltration characteristics for the management of furrow irrigation." Irrigation Science. 25 (1), pp. 33-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-006-0032-1
Effect of water quality on soil structure and infiltration under furrow irrigation
Emdad, Mohammad R., Raine, Steven R., Smith, Rod J. and Fardad, Hossein. 2004. "Effect of water quality on soil structure and infiltration under furrow irrigation." Irrigation Science. 23 (2), pp. 55-60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-004-0093-y
Irrigation application efficiency and deep drainage potential under surface irrigated cotton
Smith, R. J., Raine, Steven R. and Minkevich, John. 2005. "Irrigation application efficiency and deep drainage potential under surface irrigated cotton." Agricultural Water Management. 71 (2), pp. 117-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2004.07.008
Gas sampling efficiencies and aerodynamic characteristics of a laboratory wind tunnel for odour measurement
Sohn, J. H., Smith, R. J., Hudson, N. A. and Choi, H. L.. 2005. "Gas sampling efficiencies and aerodynamic characteristics of a laboratory wind tunnel for odour measurement." Biosystems Engineering. 92 (1), pp. 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2005.05.010
Infiltration parameters from surface irrigation advance and run-off data
Gillies, Malcolm H. and Smith, R. J.. 2005. "Infiltration parameters from surface irrigation advance and run-off data." Irrigation Science. 24 (1), pp. 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-005-0004-x
Automation and control in surface irrigation systems: current status and expected future trends
Koech, Richard, Smith, Rod and Gillies, Malcolm. 2010. "Automation and control in surface irrigation systems: current status and expected future trends." Goh, Steven C. and Wang, Hao (ed.) 2010 Southern Region Engineering Conference (SREC 2010). Toowoomba, Australia 11 - 12 Nov 2010 Toowoomba, Australia.
Simulation modelling in surface irrigation systems
Koech, Richard, Gillies, Malcolm and Smith, Rod. 2010. "Simulation modelling in surface irrigation systems." Goh, Steven C. and Wang, Hao (ed.) 2010 Southern Region Engineering Conference (SREC 2010). Toowoomba, Australia 11 - 12 Nov 2010 Toowoomba, Australia.
Applied machine vision of plants: a review with implications for field deployment in automated farming operations
McCarthy, C. L., Hancock, N. H. and Raine, S. R.. 2010. "Applied machine vision of plants: a review with implications for field deployment in automated farming operations." Intelligent Service Robotics. 3 (4), pp. 209-217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11370-010-0075-2
Defining precision irrigation: a new approach to irrigation management
Smith, Rod and Baillie, Justine. 2009. "Defining precision irrigation: a new approach to irrigation management." Irrigation Australia 2009: Irrigation Australia Irrigation and Drainage Conference: Irrigation Today - Meeting the Challenge. Swan Hill, Australia 18 - 21 Oct 2009 Sydney, Australia.
VARIwise: a general-purpose adaptive control simulation framework for spatially and temporally varied irrigation at sub-field scale
McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2010. "VARIwise: a general-purpose adaptive control simulation framework for spatially and temporally varied irrigation at sub-field scale." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 70 (1), pp. 117-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2009.09.011
Apparatus and infield evaluations of a prototype machine vision system for cotton plant internode length measurement
McCarthy, Cheryl, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2010. "Apparatus and infield evaluations of a prototype machine vision system for cotton plant internode length measurement." Journal of Cotton Science. 14 (4), pp. 221-232.
Head ditch hydraulics and the variability of inflows to irrigation furrows
Smith, R. J. and Gillies, M. H.. 2010. "Head ditch hydraulics and the variability of inflows to irrigation furrows." Irrigation and Drainage. 59 (4), pp. 442-452. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.495
Droplet evaporation losses during sprinkler irrigation: an overview
Uddin, Jasim, Smith, Rod, Hancock, Nigel and Foley, Joseph P.. 2010. "Droplet evaporation losses during sprinkler irrigation: an overview." Montagu, Kelvin (ed.) Australian Irrigation Conference and Exibition 2010: One Water Many Futures. Sydney, Australia 08 - 10 Jun 2010 Sydney, Australia.
Reliable, modest-cost seepage and evaporation measurement for farm dams using 'EvapCalc'
Symes, Troy, Hancock, Nigel and Schmidt, Erik. 2010. "Reliable, modest-cost seepage and evaporation measurement for farm dams using 'EvapCalc'." Montagu, Kelvin (ed.) Australian Irrigation Conference and Exibition 2010: One Water Many Futures. Sydney, Australia 08 - 10 Jun 2010 Sydney,Australia.
Simulation of adaptive site-specific irrigation control performance with spatially variable rainfall
McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2010. "Simulation of adaptive site-specific irrigation control performance with spatially variable rainfall." Montagu, Kelvin (ed.) Australian Irrigation Conference and Exibition 2010: One Water Many Futures. Sydney, Australia 08 - 10 Jun 2010 Sydney, Australia.
Simulation of site-specific irrigation control strategies with sparse input data
McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2010. "Simulation of site-specific irrigation control strategies with sparse input data." 17th World Congress of the International Commission of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (CIGR 2010): Sustainable Biosystems Through Engineering. Quebec City, Canada 13 - 17 Jun 2010 Quebec, Canada.
Hydraulic characteristics of large diameter gated flexible fluming
Koech, R. K., Smith, R. J. and Gillies, Malcolm H.. 2010. "Hydraulic characteristics of large diameter gated flexible fluming ." Montagu, Kelvin (ed.) Australian Irrigation Conference and Exibition 2010: One Water Many Futures. Sydney, Australia 08 - 10 Jun 2010 Sydney, Australia.
Furrow irrigation in the Australian cotton industry: alternative water delivery systems and their potential for automation
Koech, R. K., Smith, R. J. and Gillies, Malcolm H.. 2010. Furrow irrigation in the Australian cotton industry: alternative water delivery systems and their potential for automation. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
Determining operational requirements to optimise monolayer performance on a farm dam via a 'Universal Design Framework'
Brink, Gavin, Wandel, Andrew P., Pittaway, Pam, Hancock, Nigel and Pather, Selvan. 2010. "Determining operational requirements to optimise monolayer performance on a farm dam via a 'Universal Design Framework'." Montagu, Kelvin (ed.) Australian Irrigation Conference and Exibition 2010: One Water Many Futures. Sydney, Australia 08 - 10 Jun 2010 Sydney, Australia.
A ‘universal design framework’ for installation planning and operational management of evaporation-suppressing films on agricultural reservoirs
Brink, Gavin, Wandel, Andrew P., Pittaway, Pam, Hancock, Nigel and Pather, Selvan. 2010. "A ‘universal design framework’ for installation planning and operational management of evaporation-suppressing films on agricultural reservoirs." Genet, Roger (ed.) International Conference on Agricultural Engineering: Towards Environmental Technologies (2010). Clermont-Ferrand, France 06 - 08 Sep 2010
Holistic control system design for large mobile irrigation machines
McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven. 2010. "Holistic control system design for large mobile irrigation machines." 16th Annual Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice (M2VIP 2010). Darussalam, Brunei 22 - 24 Jun 2010 Toowoomba, Australia.
EvapCalc – a modest-cost technique for real-time measurement of evaporation (and seepage) from farm dams
Hancock, Nigel and Symes, Troy. 2009. "EvapCalc – a modest-cost technique for real-time measurement of evaporation (and seepage) from farm dams." IWER 2009: International Workshop on Evaporation from Reservoirs. Gold Coast, Australia 09 - 11 Dec 2009 Gold Coast, Australia.
Improving performance of bay irrigation through higher flow rates
Gillies, Malcolm, Smith, Rod, Williamson, Bill and Shanahan, Matthew. 2010. "Improving performance of bay irrigation through higher flow rates." Montagu, Kelvin (ed.) Australian Irrigation Conference and Exibition 2010: One Water Many Futures. Sydney, Australia 08 - 10 Jun 2010 Sydney, Australia.
The combined use of shade-cloth covers and monolayers to prevent evaporation in irrigation reservoirs
Gallego-Elvira, B., Martinez Alvarez, V., Pittaway, Pam, Symes, Troy and Hancock, Nigel. 2010. "The combined use of shade-cloth covers and monolayers to prevent evaporation in irrigation reservoirs." International Conference on Agricultural Engineering: Towards Environmental Technologies (2010). Clermont-Ferrand, France 06 - 08 Sep 2010
The validation of a simple Gaussian dispersion model for determining odour emission rates from area sources
Galvin, Geordie, Lowe, Scott and Smith, Rod. 2004. "The validation of a simple Gaussian dispersion model for determining odour emission rates from area sources." Developments in Chemical Engineering and Mineral Processing. 12 (5/6), pp. 545-558. https://doi.org/10.1002/apj.5500120509
Quantification of odours from piggery effluent ponds using an electronic nose and an artificial neural network
Sohn, Jae Ho, Smith, Rod, Yoong, Ernest, Leis, John W. and Galvin, Geordie. 2003. "Quantification of odours from piggery effluent ponds using an electronic nose and an artificial neural network." Biosystems Engineering. 86 (4), pp. 399-410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2003.09.003
Towards a biophysical understanding of observed performance of evaporation suppressant films applied to agricultural water storages - first analyses
Hancock, Nigel, Pittaway, Pam and Symes, Troy. 2009. "Towards a biophysical understanding of observed performance of evaporation suppressant films applied to agricultural water storages - first analyses ." Banhazi, T. M. and Saunders, C. (ed.) SEAg 2009: Agricultural Technologies In a Changing Climate. Brisbane, Australia 13 - 16 Sep 2009 Brisbane, Australia.
Smart monolayer application and management to reduce evaporation on farm dams - formulation of a universal design framework
Brink, Gavin, Symes, Troy, Pittaway, Pam, Hancock, Nigel, Pather, Selvan and Schmidt, Erik. 2009. "Smart monolayer application and management to reduce evaporation on farm dams - formulation of a universal design framework." Venkatraman, K. (ed.) 2009 Environmental Research Event. Noosa, Australia 10 - 13 May 2009
Towards adaptive operational requirements for optimal application of evaporation-suppressing monolayer to reservoirs via a 'universal design framework'
Brink, Gavin, Wandel, Andrew P., Hancock, Nigel and Pather, Selvan. 2009. "Towards adaptive operational requirements for optimal application of evaporation-suppressing monolayer to reservoirs via a 'universal design framework'." IWER 2009: International Workshop on Evaporation from Reservoirs. Gold Coast, Australia 09 - 11 Dec 2009 Gold Coast, Australia.
An evaluation of a novel wind tunnel design applied to the measurement of the kinetics of odour emissions from piggery effluent
Sohn, Jae Ho, Smith, Rod, Yoong, Ernest, Hudson, Neale A. and Kim, Tae I.. 2004. "An evaluation of a novel wind tunnel design applied to the measurement of the kinetics of odour emissions from piggery effluent." Water Science and Technology. 50 (4), pp. 49-55.
A preliminary field evaluation of an automated vision-based plant geometry measurement system
McCarthy, Cheryl, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2007. "A preliminary field evaluation of an automated vision-based plant geometry measurement system." Prusinkiewicz, Przemyslaw, Hanan, Jim S. and Lane, Brendan (ed.) 5th International Workshop on Functional Structural Plant Models (FSPM07). Napier, New Zealand 04 - 09 Nov 2007
Improving the performance of chemical monolayers in reducing farm dam evaporation
Craig, Ian, Schmidt, Erik, Hancock, Nigel, Barnes, Geoff, Turnbull, David J., Pittaway, Pam and Morrison, Pippa. 2006. "Improving the performance of chemical monolayers in reducing farm dam evaporation." 3rd CRC-IF Annual Research Forum. Narrabri, Australia 05 - 06 Dec 2006 Toowoomba, Queensland.
Development of a 'smart' monolayer application system for reducing evaporation from farm dams: introductory paper
Brink, Gavin, Symes, Troy and Hancock, Nigel. 2009. "Development of a 'smart' monolayer application system for reducing evaporation from farm dams: introductory paper." Banhazi, T. M. and Saunders, C. (ed.) SEAg 2009: Agricultural Technologies In a Changing Climate. Brisbane, Australia 13 - 16 Sep 2009 Brisbane, Australia.
EvapCalc software for the determination of dam evaporation and seepage
Craig, Ian, Schmidt, Erik and Hancock, Nigel. 2007. "EvapCalc software for the determination of dam evaporation and seepage." Banhazi, T. M. and Saunders, C. (ed.) SEAg 2007: Agriculture and Engineering - Challenge Today, Technology Tomorrow. Adelaide, Australia 24 - 26 Sep 2007 Adelaide, Australia.
Automated machine vision sensing of plant structural parameters
McCarthy, C. L., Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2007. "Automated machine vision sensing of plant structural parameters." Biological Sensorics 2007: Critical Technologies for Future Biosystems. Minneapolis, Australia 15 - 17 Jun 2007 St. Joseph, MI, United States.
Development of a simulation framework for variable-rate irrigation of cotton
McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2008. "Development of a simulation framework for variable-rate irrigation of cotton." 14th Australian Cotton Conference: New Beginnings – Cotton in a Climate of Change. Gold Coast, Australia 12 - 14 Aug 2008 Narrabri, NSW, Australia.
Managing spatial and temporal variability in irrigated agriculture through adaptive control
Smith, R. J., Raine, Steven R., McCarthy, Alison and Hancock, Nigel. 2009. "Managing spatial and temporal variability in irrigated agriculture through adaptive control." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering. 7 (1), pp. 79-90.
Evaluating the performance of bay irrigation in the GMID
Smith, R. J., Gillies, Malcolm H., Shanahan, Matthew, Campbell, B. and Williamson, Bill. 2009. "Evaluating the performance of bay irrigation in the GMID." Irrigation Australia 2009: Irrigation Australia Irrigation and Drainage Conference: Irrigation Today - Meeting the Challenge. Swan Hill, Australia 18 - 21 Oct 2009 Sydney, New South Wales.
Bankless channel irrigation systems: irrigation performance assessment
Grabham, Michael, Hornbuckle, John, Raine, Steven R. and Smith, Rod. 2009. "Bankless channel irrigation systems: irrigation performance assessment." Irrigation Australia 2009: Irrigation Australia Irrigation and Drainage Conference: Irrigation Today - Meeting the Challenge. Swan Hill, Australia 18 - 21 Oct 2009 Sydney, Australia.
Exploration of data requirements for adaptive control of irrigation scheduling
McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2009. "Exploration of data requirements for adaptive control of irrigation scheduling." Banhazi, T. M. and Saunders, C. (ed.) SEAg 2009: Agricultural Technologies In a Changing Climate. Brisbane, Australia 13 - 16 Sep 2009 Brisbane, Australia.
Characterisation of the micro-tube emitters used in a novel micro-sprinkler
de Almeida, Ceres Duarte Guedes Cabral, Botrel, Tarlei Arriel and Smith, Rod J.. 2009. "Characterisation of the micro-tube emitters used in a novel micro-sprinkler." Irrigation Science. 27 (3), pp. 209-214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-008-0135-y
Empirical functions for dependent variables in cutback furrow irrigation
Navabian, M., Liaghat, A. M., Smith, R. J. and Abbasi, F.. 2009. "Empirical functions for dependent variables in cutback furrow irrigation." Irrigation Science. 27 (3), pp. 215-222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-008-0138-8
Sensors in, for and by mechatronics: a symbiosis [Introduction]
Hancock, Nigel H.. 2000. "Sensors in, for and by mechatronics: a symbiosis [Introduction]." Billingsley, John (ed.) Mechatronics and machine vision. Baldock, United Kingdom. Research Studies Press. pp. 101-103
Automated carbon dioxide measurement via miniaturised chemical reaction chambers under mechatronic control
Maxwell, Andrew, Hancock, Nigel and Tran-Cong, Thanh. 2000. "Automated carbon dioxide measurement via miniaturised chemical reaction chambers under mechatronic control." Billingsley, John (ed.) Mechatronics and machine vision. Baldock, United Kingdom. Research Studies Press. pp. 135-142
Towards evaluation of adaptive control systems for improved site-specific irrigation of cotton
McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2008. "Towards evaluation of adaptive control systems for improved site-specific irrigation of cotton." Irrigation Australia 2008: Irrigation Association of Australia National Conference and Exhibition: Share the Water, Share the Benefits. Melbourne, Australia 20 - 22 May 2008 Hornsby, NSW, Australia.
Measurement and management of furrow irrigation at the field scale
Gillies, Malcolm H., Smith, R. J. and Raine, Steven R.. 2008. "Measurement and management of furrow irrigation at the field scale." Irrigation Australia 2008: Irrigation Association of Australia National Conference and Exhibition: Share the Water, Share the Benefits. Melbourne, Australia 20 - 22 May 2008
Toward a simple real-time control system for efficient management of furrow irrigation
Khatri, Kanya L. and Smith, R. J.. 2007. "Toward a simple real-time control system for efficient management of furrow irrigation." Irrigation and Drainage. 56 (4), pp. 463-475. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.319
Managing spatial and temporal variability in irrigated agriculture through adaptive control
Smith, R. J., Raine, Steven R., McCarthy, Alison and Hancock, Nigel. 2007. "Managing spatial and temporal variability in irrigated agriculture through adaptive control." Banhazi, T. M. and Saunders, C. (ed.) SEAg 2007: Agriculture and Engineering - Challenge Today, Technology Tomorrow. Adelaide, Australia 24 - 26 Sep 2007 Australia.
Errors in predicting furrow irrigation performance using single measures of infiltration
Langat, Philip K., Raine, Steven R. and Smith, R. J.. 2007. "Errors in predicting furrow irrigation performance using single measures of infiltration." Irrigation Science. 25 (4), pp. 339-349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-006-0049-5
Evaporation, seepage and water quality management in storage dams: a review of research methods
Craig, Ian, Aravinthan, Vasantha, Baillie, Craig Peter, Beswick, Alan, Barnes, Geoff, Bradbury, Ron, Connell, Luke, Cooper, Paul, Fellows, Christopher, Fitzmaurice, Li, Foley, Joseph P., Hancock, Nigel, Lamb, David, Morrison, Pippa, Mossad, Ruth, Misra, R. K., Pittaway, Pam, Prime, Emma, Rees, Steve, ..., Turnbull, David. 2007. "Evaporation, seepage and water quality management in storage dams: a review of research methods." Environmental Health. 7 (3), pp. 84-97.
Non-contact extrudate profilometer: introductory paper
Taylor, Reginald, Hancock, Nigel and Tran-Cong, Thanh. 1997. "Non-contact extrudate profilometer: introductory paper." Werner, B. (ed.) 4th Annual Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice (MViP 1997). Toowoomba, Australia 23 - 25 Sep 1997 USA. https://doi.org/10.1109/MMVIP.1997.625315
Carbon dioxide sensing - a mechatronic approach
Maxwell, Andrew, Hancock, Nigel and Billingsley, John. 1997. "Carbon dioxide sensing - a mechatronic approach." Werner, B. (ed.) 4th Annual Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice (MViP 1997). Toowoomba, Australia 23 - 25 Sep 1997 Los Alamitos, CA. United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/MMVIP.1997.625292
A decision support model for travelling gun irrigation machines
Smith, Rod, Gillies, Malcolm H., Newell, Geoffrey and Foley, Joseph P.. 2007. "A decision support model for travelling gun irrigation machines." CIGR 2006: Agricultural Engineering for a Better World. Bonn, Germany 03 - 07 Sep 2006
Methods for assessing dam evaporation - an introductory paper
Craig, Ian and Hancock, Nigel. 2004. "Methods for assessing dam evaporation - an introductory paper." Burnett, Jolyon (ed.) Irrigation Australia 2004: Irrigation Association of Australia National Conference and Exhibition. Adelaide, Australia 11 - 13 May 2004 Hornsby, NSW, Australia.
On-the-go machine vision sensing of cotton plant geometric parameters: first results
McCarthy, Cheryl, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2006. "On-the-go machine vision sensing of cotton plant geometric parameters: first results." Billingsley, John (ed.) 13th Annual Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice. (M2VIP 2006). Toowoomba, Australia 05 - 07 Dec 2006 Berlin, Heidelberg.
A preliminary evaluation of machine vision sensing of cotton nodes for automated irrigation control
McCarthy, Cheryl, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2006. "A preliminary evaluation of machine vision sensing of cotton nodes for automated irrigation control." Irrigation Australia 2006: Irrigation Association of Australia National Conference and Exhibition. Brisbane, Australia 09 - 11 May 2006 Brisbane.
Real time control of surface irrigation: managing infiltration variations and enhancing furrow irrigation performance
Khatri, K. L., Smith, R. J. and Raine, Steven R.. 2006. "Real time control of surface irrigation: managing infiltration variations and enhancing furrow irrigation performance." Irrigation Australia 2006: Irrigation Association of Australia National Conference and Exhibition. Brisbane, Australia 09 - 11 May 2006 Brisbane.
Is it possible to extract infiltration rates for variable inflow furrow irrigation?
Gillies, Malcolm H., Smith, R. J. and Raine, Steven R.. 2006. "Is it possible to extract infiltration rates for variable inflow furrow irrigation?" Irrigation Australia 2006: Irrigation Association of Australia National Conference and Exhibition. Brisbane, Australia 09 - 11 May 2006 Hornsby, NSW, Australia.
Development of a CFD based dam evaporation model
Craig, I. P., Mossad, R. and Hancock, N.. 2006. "Development of a CFD based dam evaporation model." 11th International Health Summer School. Brisbane, Australia 21 - 22 Nov 2006 Brisbane, Queensland.
Universal acidity - conductivity relations in commercial bulk starter production
Hancock, N. H., McKinnon, I. and Maxwell, A. D.. 2006. "Universal acidity - conductivity relations in commercial bulk starter production." Australian Journal of Dairy Technology. 61 (2), pp. 189-192.
Process studies of odour emissions from effluent ponds using machine-based odour measurement
Sohn, Jae Ho, Smith, R. J. and Yoong, Ernest. 2006. "Process studies of odour emissions from effluent ponds using machine-based odour measurement." Atmospheric Environment. 40 (7), pp. 1230-1241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.035
A scoping study on measuring and monitoring tools and technology for precision irrigation
Misra, R. K., Raine, Steven R., Pezzaniti, David, Charlesworth, Philip and Hancock, Nigel. 2005. A scoping study on measuring and monitoring tools and technology for precision irrigation . Toowoomba, Australia. CRC for Irrigation Futures.
Evaluation of methods for determining infiltration parameters from irrigation advance data
Khatri, K. L. and Smith, R. J.. 2005. "Evaluation of methods for determining infiltration parameters from irrigation advance data." Irrigation and Drainage. 54 (4), pp. 467-482. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.198