Towards adaptive operational requirements for optimal application of evaporation-suppressing monolayer to reservoirs via a 'universal design framework'
Presentation
Paper/Presentation Title | Towards adaptive operational requirements for optimal application of evaporation-suppressing monolayer to reservoirs via a 'universal design framework' |
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Presentation Type | Presentation |
Authors | Brink, Gavin (Author), Wandel, Andrew P. (Author), Hancock, Nigel (Author) and Pather, Selvan (Author) |
Journal or Proceedings Title | Proceedings of the International Workshop on Evaporation from Reservoirs (IWER 2009) - Workshop Booklet |
Year | 2009 |
Place of Publication | Gold Coast, Australia |
Web Address (URL) of Paper | http://www.griffith.edu.au/conference/international-workshop-evaporation-from-reservoirs/abstracts |
Conference/Event | IWER 2009: International Workshop on Evaporation from Reservoirs |
Event Details | IWER 2009: International Workshop on Evaporation from Reservoirs Event Date 09 to end of 11 Dec 2009 Event Location Gold Coast, Australia |
Abstract | Much of the chemical monolayer-based evaporation mitigation research was generated in the 1950s, 60s and 70s centred on the use of spreading long-chain fatty alcohols, such as hexadecanol (C16) and octadecanol (C18), on the water surface. Many researchers from this era have reported highly variable performance results (anywhere from 0-30% efficiency) attributing the highly variable evaporation reduction achieved to film volatilisation, drift, beaching on the lee shore and waves which can break-up or submerge the film.Failure to address this requirement has undoubtedly contributed to the lack of development in the use of monolayers despite some demonstration of useful evaporation suppression performance. In addition recent studies have also indicated that all water bodies have a naturally-occurring surface film, referred to as a microlayer, which can interact with artificial (chemical) monolayers. Natural microlayers are produced by hydrophobic plant waxes, phenolic compounds and other humified material, which concentrates populations of micro-organisms capable of utilizing these materials as organic substrates. This explains why common artificial monolayers (with carbon chain lengths of up to 16) are highly susceptible to biodegradation. Studies on Australian brown water storages reveal highly concentrated microbial microlayer communities, due to the coincidence of leaf and bark fall with low rainfall (Pittaway and van den Ancker 2009). This variation in the concentration of humified organic compounds in the storages is associated with both the volume of the storage, and the riparian vegetation within the water catchment. This paper sets out a strategic approach to the use of monolayer on a reservoir for evaporation mitigation. The approach recognises that every reservoir will have a specific set of user and environmental considerations which leads to a unique set of operational requirements. In order to capture and utilise this information a Universal Design Framework (UDF) has been developed. The UDF serves two purposes, firstly to inform the selection of monolayer material and system design for any given site (‘Planning Mode’), and secondly to inform (and potentially autonomously manage) day-to-day operations, i.e. the timing and amounts of monolayer application (‘Operational Mode’). The UDF takes into account the following parameters: Once the above parameters are known, the UDF is used to determine (in Planning Mode) the most suitable monolayer material/s and optimal arrangement of application equipment, including number of applicators, their arrangement and application strategies for the particular reservoir and monolayer product. In Operational Mode the UDF will guide (or if required, fully control) operational procedures, i.e. the implementation of a unique application strategy for a specific product according to the hour-by-hour prevailing conditions. This paper also outlines decision-making processes within the UDF. Firstly, to determine suitable monolayer materials the UDF compares water quality and biological characteristics of the particular site to those of six benchmark reservoirs in SE Queensland which have been studied in detail (Pittaway and van den Ancker 2009). The biologically-closest informs the choice of appropriate monolayer material/s. Once the selection of a monolayer is made there are a number of unique characteristics that material possesses that will substantially influence the application strategies. Secondly, a simulation platform has been developed to determine the application strategies and operational requirements for the reservoir. The simulation enables rapid evaluation of a range of different sample water bodies to populate a decision chart similar to that for monolayer material selection. A central component of the simulation platform is a fluid-mechanical model of the dispersal of monolayer across a water surface area under the influence of environmental variables, principally wind speed and wind direction, which (in Planning Mode) determines: The above simulated output information is unique to the particular reservoir and is essentially a specification for the design and operation of a monolayer application system for that specific site, and is used firstly (Planning Mode) to select appropriate application equipment capable of satisfying the monolayer application requirements; and secondly, if installed as planned, as the basis for day-to-day monolayer application (Operational Mode). Simulation results to date indicate that from large reservoirs, optimal surface coverage is best achieved by a number of fixed application points surrounding and within the reservoir spaced no further than 12 metres apart; and that a greater concentration of applicators is required upwind from the prevailing wind direction in addition to higher rates of monolayer application. |
Keywords | evaporation; reservoirs; monolayers |
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020 | 400513. Water resources engineering |
Public Notes | Accepted abstracts will be presented in a workshop booklet - as made available here. If accepted they may be converted into a full paper and submitted for full review for publication in the proposed workshop proceedings. |
Byline Affiliations | National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture |
https://research.usq.edu.au/item/9z63q/towards-adaptive-operational-requirements-for-optimal-application-of-evaporation-suppressing-monolayer-to-reservoirs-via-a-universal-design-framework
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