Measurement of evapotranspiration during sprinkler irrigation using a precision energy budget (Bowen ratio, eddy covariance) methodology

Article


Uddin, J., Hancock, N. H., Smith, R. J. and Foley, J. P.. 2013. "Measurement of evapotranspiration during sprinkler irrigation using a precision energy budget (Bowen ratio, eddy covariance) methodology." Agricultural Water Management. 116, pp. 89-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2012.10.008
Article Title

Measurement of evapotranspiration during sprinkler irrigation using a precision energy budget (Bowen ratio, eddy covariance) methodology

ERA Journal ID5245
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsUddin, J. (Author), Hancock, N. H. (Author), Smith, R. J. (Author) and Foley, J. P. (Author)
Journal TitleAgricultural Water Management
Journal Citation116, pp. 89-100
Number of Pages12
Year2013
PublisherElsevier
Place of PublicationAmsterdam, Netherlands
ISSN0378-3774
1873-2283
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2012.10.008
Abstract

Eddy covariance (ECV) is a micrometeorological mass transfer method for measuring evapotranspiration (ET) which has been used successfully for the last decade to measure evapotranspiration from natural and agricultural plant communities. However, no such usage has been reported in relation to evaporation losses occurring during sprinkler irrigation. Instead, sprinkler irrigation research has focused on using traditional methods acknowledged to have many limitations. In this field study, the feasibility of precision energy budget measurement, utilising ECV, to measure the total ET during sprinkler irrigation over different surfaces has been established.
The trials were carried out at small scale using a low-pressure impact type sprinkler irrigation system over bare soil, grass and cotton during the Australian summer of 2010–11. All radiation components plus soil heat flux were measured. The sensible and latent heat fluxes measured using ECV were used to deduce instantaneous Bowen ratio values and hence partition the energy available for sensible plus latent heat (ET) transport. From the measurements of energy fluxes, the effect of advection on irrigation was inferred. Non-dimensionalisation of measured ET permitted comparison of the rate of change of ET in different phases of measurement, i.e. pre-, during and post-irrigation.
Results indicated that the technique was clearly able to measure the different rates of total evaporation over the short crops before, during and after sprinkler irrigation and a relative ET discrimination of order 0.06 mm h−1 was achieved, equivalent to a discrimination in the difference between irrigation and nonirrigation evaporation rates of ±11%. In addition, the results showed that nondimensional ET ranged from 1.4 to 1.6 times the reference (non-irrigating) ET value for mature cotton of height approaching 1 m.

Keywordseddy covariance; Bowen ratio; evapotranspiration; sprinkler irrigation; nondimensionalisation
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020300299. Agriculture, land and farm management not elsewhere classified
300201. Agricultural hydrology
409901. Agricultural engineering
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Byline AffiliationsNational Centre for Engineering in Agriculture
Institution of OriginUniversity of Southern Queensland
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Smith, R. J., Baillie, J. N., McCarthy, A. C., Raine, S. R. and Baillie, C. P.. 2010. Review of precision irrigation technologies and their application. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
New approach to estimate the additional water requirements in sprinkler irrigation: a predictive model
Uddin, Jasim, Smith, Rod, Hancock, Nigel and Foley, Joseph. 2012. "New approach to estimate the additional water requirements in sprinkler irrigation: a predictive model." Currey, Anne (ed.) ICID & Irrigation Australia 2012 Conference and Trade Show. Adelaide, Australia 24 - 29 Jun 2012 Sydney, Australia.
A novel technique to measure the total evaporation and its components during sprinkler irrigation
Uddin, Jasim, Smith, Rod, Hancock, Nigel and Foley, Joseph. 2012. "A novel technique to measure the total evaporation and its components during sprinkler irrigation ." Currey, Anne (ed.) ICID & Irrigation Australia 2012 Conference and Trade Show. Adelaide, Australia 24 - 29 Jun 2012 Sydney, Australia.
Advanced process control of irrigation: the current state and an analysis to aid future development
McCarthy, Alison C., Hancock, Nigel H. and Raine, Steven R.. 2013. "Advanced process control of irrigation: the current state and an analysis to aid future development." Irrigation Science. 31 (3), pp. 183-192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-011-0313-1
The impact of artificial monolayers on water quality: data from tank and field trials
Pittaway, P., Martinez-Alvarez, V., Gallego-Elvira, B. and Hancock, N.. 2012. "The impact of artificial monolayers on water quality: data from tank and field trials." Begbie, D. K., Kenway, S. J., Biermann, S. M. and Wakem, S. L. (ed.) 4th Urban Water Security Research Alliance Science Forum and Stakeholder Engagement. Brisbane, Australia 19 - 20 Jun 2012 Brisbane, Australia.
Improved evaluation of bay (and furrow) irrigation
Rojas-Ponce, Samuel, Smith, Rod and Gillies, Malcolm. 2011. "Improved evaluation of bay (and furrow) irrigation." Thompson, Chris (ed.) Irrigation 2011: New Horizons, Fresh Ideas Regional Conference and Exhibition. Launceston, Australia 22 - 25 Aug 2011 Sydney, Australia.
Optimising the design, installation and operation of a monolayer application system on a farm dam via a 'Universal Design Framework'
Brink, Gavin, Wandel, Andrew, Pittaway, Pam, Hancock, Nigel and Schmidt, Erik. 2011. "Optimising the design, installation and operation of a monolayer application system on a farm dam via a 'Universal Design Framework'." Thompson, Chris (ed.) Irrigation 2011: New Horizons, Fresh Ideas Regional Conference and Exhibition. Launceston, Australia 22 - 25 Aug 2011 Sydney, Australia.
Surface irrigation for energy and water use efficiency
Khatri, Kanya L. and Smith, Rod. 2011. "Surface irrigation for energy and water use efficiency." Thompson, Chris (ed.) Irrigation 2011: New Horizons, Fresh Ideas Regional Conference and Exhibition. Launceston, Australia 22 - 25 Aug 2011 Sydney, Australia.
Evaluating whole field irrigation performance using statistical inference of inter-furrow infiltration variation
Gillies, M. H., Smith, R. J. and Raine, S. R.. 2011. "Evaluating whole field irrigation performance using statistical inference of inter-furrow infiltration variation." Biosystems Engineering. 110 (2), pp. 134-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2011.07.008
Design of an automatic furrow irrigation system utilising adaptive real-time control
Koech, R. K., Smith, R. J. and Gillies, M. H.. 2011. "Design of an automatic furrow irrigation system utilising adaptive real-time control." Banhazi, T., Saunders, C. and hegarty, R. (ed.) SEAg 2011: Diverse Challenges, Innovative Solutions. Gold Coast, Australia 29 - 30 Sep 2011 Canberra, Australia.
Relating flock activity levels to odour variations in tunnel ventilated broiler sheds - preliminary results
Atzeni, Michael, Sohn, Jae-Ho, Hancock, Nigel and Banhazi, Thomas. 2011. "Relating flock activity levels to odour variations in tunnel ventilated broiler sheds - preliminary results." Banhazi, T., Saunders, C. and Hegarty, R. (ed.) SEAg 2011: Diverse Challenges, Innovative Solutions. Gold Coast, Australia 29 - 30 Sep 2011 Canberra, Australia.
Development of a smart monolayer application system for reducing evaporation from farm dams: introductory paper
Brink, G. N., Symes, T. W. and Hancock, N. H.. 2011. "Development of a smart monolayer application system for reducing evaporation from farm dams: introductory paper." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering. 8 (2), pp. 121-130.
Assessment of the performance of evaporation suppressant films: analysis and limitations of simple trialling methods
Hancock, N. H., Pittaway, P. A. and Symes, T. W.. 2011. "Assessment of the performance of evaporation suppressant films: analysis and limitations of simple trialling methods." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering. 8 (2), pp. 157-168.
The economics of sprinkler irrigation uniformity for lettuce production with in-season rainfall
Hussain, A., Raine, S. R. and Smith, R. J.. 2009. "The economics of sprinkler irrigation uniformity for lettuce production with in-season rainfall." Banhazi, T. M. and Saunders, C. (ed.) SEAg 2009: Agricultural Technologies In a Changing Climate. Brisbane, Australia 13 - 16 Sep 2009 Brisbane, Queensland.
Evaluation of sap flow sensors to measure the transpiration rate of plants during sprinkler irrigation
Uddin, J., Smith, R. J., Hancock, N. H. and Foley, J.. 2011. "Evaluation of sap flow sensors to measure the transpiration rate of plants during sprinkler irrigation." Banhazi, T., Saunders, C. and Hegarty, R. (ed.) SEAg 2011: Diverse Challenges, Innovative Solutions. Gold Coast, Australia 29 - 30 Sep 2011 Canberra, Australia.
Eddy covariance measurements of the total evaporation during sprinkler irrigation - preliminary results
Uddin, J., Smith, R. J., Hancock, N. H. and Foley, J.. 2011. "Eddy covariance measurements of the total evaporation during sprinkler irrigation - preliminary results." Banhazi, T., Saunders, C. and Hegarty, R. (ed.) SEAg 2011: Diverse Challenges, Innovative Solutions. Gold Coast, Australia 29 - 30 Sep 2011 Canberra, Australia.
Real-time data requirements for model-based adaptive control of irrigation scheduling in cotton
McCarthy, A. C., Hancock, N. H. and Raine, S. R.. 2011. "Real-time data requirements for model-based adaptive control of irrigation scheduling in cotton." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering. 8 (2), pp. 189-206.
Measurements of evaporation during sprinkler irrigation
Uddin, Md. Jasim. 2012. Measurements of evaporation during sprinkler irrigation. PhD Thesis Doctor of Philosophy. University of Southern Queensland.
HCL. Trade Mark No.1044991 (as a series in Class 9, Scientific Apparatus, Measuring Apparatus) registered from 07 March 2005 (for ten years)
Hancock, Nigel and Maxwell, Andrew. 2005. HCL. Trade Mark No.1044991 (as a series in Class 9, Scientific Apparatus, Measuring Apparatus) registered from 07 March 2005 (for ten years). 1044991
HCL [Trademark]
Hancock, Nigel and Maxwell, Andrew. 2006. HCL [Trademark].
Method and apparatus for measuring electrical conductivity
Hancock, Nigel Harold, Maxwell, Andrew Douglas and Ah Fock, Antonio Louis. 2005. Method and apparatus for measuring electrical conductivity. 2005205611
Revisiting artificial monolayers as a strategy to reduce evaporative loss from large open water storages
Pittaway, P., Hancock, N., Brink, G., Symes, T. and Schmidt, E.. 2009. "Revisiting artificial monolayers as a strategy to reduce evaporative loss from large open water storages ." Kenway, S. J. and Begbie, D. K. (ed.) 1st Urban Water Security Research Alliance Science Forum (UWSRA 2009). Brisbane, Australia 17 - 18 Aug 2009 Brisbane, Australia.
Method and apparatus for measuring electrical conductivity
Hancock, Nigel H., Maxwell, Andrew D. and Ahfock, Tony L.. 2008. Method and apparatus for measuring electrical conductivity. AG01N2702FI
Automated internode length measurement of cotton plants under field conditions
McCarthy, C. L., Hancock, N. H. and Raine, S. R.. 2009. "Automated internode length measurement of cotton plants under field conditions." Transactions of the ASABE. 52 (6), pp. 2093-2103.
On-the-go machine vision sensing of cotton plant geometric parameters: first results
McCarthy, Cheryl, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven. 2008. "On-the-go machine vision sensing of cotton plant geometric parameters: first results." Billingsley, John and Bradbeer, Robin (ed.) 13th Annual Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice. (M2VIP 2006). Toowoomba, Australia 05 - 07 Dec 2006 Germany. pp. 305-312 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74027-8_26
Estimating the furrow infiltration characteristic from a single advance point
Langat, P. K., Smith, R. J. and Raine, S. R.. 2008. "Estimating the furrow infiltration characteristic from a single advance point." Irrigation Science. 26 (5), pp. 367-374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-008-0102-7
A decision support model for travelling gun irrigation machines
Smith, Rod, Gillies, Malcolm H., Newell, Geoffrey and Foley, Joseph P.. 2008. "A decision support model for travelling gun irrigation machines." Biosystems Engineering. 100 (1), pp. 126-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2008.01.004
Accounting for temporal inflow variation in the inverse solution for infiltration in surface irrigation
Gillies, Malcolm H., Smith, R. J. and Raine, Steven R.. 2007. "Accounting for temporal inflow variation in the inverse solution for infiltration in surface irrigation ." Irrigation Science. 25 (2), pp. 87-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-006-0037-9
Simulation of performance for a simple real time control system of furrow irrigation
Khatri, K. L. and Smith, R. J.. 2006. "Simulation of performance for a simple real time control system of furrow irrigation." Lorenzini, G. (ed.) 1st International Conference on Sustainable Irrigation Management, Technologies and Policies. Bologna, Italy 05 - 07 Sep 2006 England. WIT Press. https://doi.org/10.2495/SI060021
Real-time prediction of soil infiltration characteristics for the management of furrow irrigation
Khatri, Kanya L. and Smith, R. J.. 2006. "Real-time prediction of soil infiltration characteristics for the management of furrow irrigation." Irrigation Science. 25 (1), pp. 33-43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-006-0032-1
Effect of water quality on soil structure and infiltration under furrow irrigation
Emdad, Mohammad R., Raine, Steven R., Smith, Rod J. and Fardad, Hossein. 2004. "Effect of water quality on soil structure and infiltration under furrow irrigation." Irrigation Science. 23 (2), pp. 55-60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-004-0093-y
Irrigation application efficiency and deep drainage potential under surface irrigated cotton
Smith, R. J., Raine, Steven R. and Minkevich, John. 2005. "Irrigation application efficiency and deep drainage potential under surface irrigated cotton." Agricultural Water Management. 71 (2), pp. 117-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2004.07.008
Gas sampling efficiencies and aerodynamic characteristics of a laboratory wind tunnel for odour measurement
Sohn, J. H., Smith, R. J., Hudson, N. A. and Choi, H. L.. 2005. "Gas sampling efficiencies and aerodynamic characteristics of a laboratory wind tunnel for odour measurement." Biosystems Engineering. 92 (1), pp. 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2005.05.010
Infiltration parameters from surface irrigation advance and run-off data
Gillies, Malcolm H. and Smith, R. J.. 2005. "Infiltration parameters from surface irrigation advance and run-off data." Irrigation Science. 24 (1), pp. 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-005-0004-x
Automation and control in surface irrigation systems: current status and expected future trends
Koech, Richard, Smith, Rod and Gillies, Malcolm. 2010. "Automation and control in surface irrigation systems: current status and expected future trends." Goh, Steven C. and Wang, Hao (ed.) 2010 Southern Region Engineering Conference (SREC 2010). Toowoomba, Australia 11 - 12 Nov 2010 Toowoomba, Australia.
Simulation modelling in surface irrigation systems
Koech, Richard, Gillies, Malcolm and Smith, Rod. 2010. "Simulation modelling in surface irrigation systems." Goh, Steven C. and Wang, Hao (ed.) 2010 Southern Region Engineering Conference (SREC 2010). Toowoomba, Australia 11 - 12 Nov 2010 Toowoomba, Australia.
Applied machine vision of plants: a review with implications for field deployment in automated farming operations
McCarthy, C. L., Hancock, N. H. and Raine, S. R.. 2010. "Applied machine vision of plants: a review with implications for field deployment in automated farming operations." Intelligent Service Robotics. 3 (4), pp. 209-217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11370-010-0075-2
Defining precision irrigation: a new approach to irrigation management
Smith, Rod and Baillie, Justine. 2009. "Defining precision irrigation: a new approach to irrigation management." Irrigation Australia 2009: Irrigation Australia Irrigation and Drainage Conference: Irrigation Today - Meeting the Challenge. Swan Hill, Australia 18 - 21 Oct 2009 Sydney, Australia.
VARIwise: a general-purpose adaptive control simulation framework for spatially and temporally varied irrigation at sub-field scale
McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2010. "VARIwise: a general-purpose adaptive control simulation framework for spatially and temporally varied irrigation at sub-field scale." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 70 (1), pp. 117-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2009.09.011
Apparatus and infield evaluations of a prototype machine vision system for cotton plant internode length measurement
McCarthy, Cheryl, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2010. "Apparatus and infield evaluations of a prototype machine vision system for cotton plant internode length measurement." Journal of Cotton Science. 14 (4), pp. 221-232.
Head ditch hydraulics and the variability of inflows to irrigation furrows
Smith, R. J. and Gillies, M. H.. 2010. "Head ditch hydraulics and the variability of inflows to irrigation furrows." Irrigation and Drainage. 59 (4), pp. 442-452. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.495
Droplet evaporation losses during sprinkler irrigation: an overview
Uddin, Jasim, Smith, Rod, Hancock, Nigel and Foley, Joseph P.. 2010. "Droplet evaporation losses during sprinkler irrigation: an overview." Montagu, Kelvin (ed.) Australian Irrigation Conference and Exibition 2010: One Water Many Futures. Sydney, Australia 08 - 10 Jun 2010 Sydney, Australia.
Reliable, modest-cost seepage and evaporation measurement for farm dams using 'EvapCalc'
Symes, Troy, Hancock, Nigel and Schmidt, Erik. 2010. "Reliable, modest-cost seepage and evaporation measurement for farm dams using 'EvapCalc'." Montagu, Kelvin (ed.) Australian Irrigation Conference and Exibition 2010: One Water Many Futures. Sydney, Australia 08 - 10 Jun 2010 Sydney,Australia.
Simulation of adaptive site-specific irrigation control performance with spatially variable rainfall
McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2010. "Simulation of adaptive site-specific irrigation control performance with spatially variable rainfall." Montagu, Kelvin (ed.) Australian Irrigation Conference and Exibition 2010: One Water Many Futures. Sydney, Australia 08 - 10 Jun 2010 Sydney, Australia.
Simulation of site-specific irrigation control strategies with sparse input data
McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2010. "Simulation of site-specific irrigation control strategies with sparse input data." 17th World Congress of the International Commission of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (CIGR 2010): Sustainable Biosystems Through Engineering. Quebec City, Canada 13 - 17 Jun 2010 Quebec, Canada.
Hydraulic characteristics of large diameter gated flexible fluming
Koech, R. K., Smith, R. J. and Gillies, Malcolm H.. 2010. "Hydraulic characteristics of large diameter gated flexible fluming ." Montagu, Kelvin (ed.) Australian Irrigation Conference and Exibition 2010: One Water Many Futures. Sydney, Australia 08 - 10 Jun 2010 Sydney, Australia.
Furrow irrigation in the Australian cotton industry: alternative water delivery systems and their potential for automation
Koech, R. K., Smith, R. J. and Gillies, Malcolm H.. 2010. Furrow irrigation in the Australian cotton industry: alternative water delivery systems and their potential for automation. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
Determining operational requirements to optimise monolayer performance on a farm dam via a 'Universal Design Framework'
Brink, Gavin, Wandel, Andrew P., Pittaway, Pam, Hancock, Nigel and Pather, Selvan. 2010. "Determining operational requirements to optimise monolayer performance on a farm dam via a 'Universal Design Framework'." Montagu, Kelvin (ed.) Australian Irrigation Conference and Exibition 2010: One Water Many Futures. Sydney, Australia 08 - 10 Jun 2010 Sydney, Australia.
A ‘universal design framework’ for installation planning and operational management of evaporation-suppressing films on agricultural reservoirs
Brink, Gavin, Wandel, Andrew P., Pittaway, Pam, Hancock, Nigel and Pather, Selvan. 2010. "A ‘universal design framework’ for installation planning and operational management of evaporation-suppressing films on agricultural reservoirs." Genet, Roger (ed.) International Conference on Agricultural Engineering: Towards Environmental Technologies (2010). Clermont-Ferrand, France 06 - 08 Sep 2010
Holistic control system design for large mobile irrigation machines
McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven. 2010. "Holistic control system design for large mobile irrigation machines." 16th Annual Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice (M2VIP 2010). Darussalam, Brunei 22 - 24 Jun 2010 Toowoomba, Australia.
EvapCalc – a modest-cost technique for real-time measurement of evaporation (and seepage) from farm dams
Hancock, Nigel and Symes, Troy. 2009. "EvapCalc – a modest-cost technique for real-time measurement of evaporation (and seepage) from farm dams." IWER 2009: International Workshop on Evaporation from Reservoirs. Gold Coast, Australia 09 - 11 Dec 2009 Gold Coast, Australia.
Improving performance of bay irrigation through higher flow rates
Gillies, Malcolm, Smith, Rod, Williamson, Bill and Shanahan, Matthew. 2010. "Improving performance of bay irrigation through higher flow rates." Montagu, Kelvin (ed.) Australian Irrigation Conference and Exibition 2010: One Water Many Futures. Sydney, Australia 08 - 10 Jun 2010 Sydney, Australia.
The combined use of shade-cloth covers and monolayers to prevent evaporation in irrigation reservoirs
Gallego-Elvira, B., Martinez Alvarez, V., Pittaway, Pam, Symes, Troy and Hancock, Nigel. 2010. "The combined use of shade-cloth covers and monolayers to prevent evaporation in irrigation reservoirs." International Conference on Agricultural Engineering: Towards Environmental Technologies (2010). Clermont-Ferrand, France 06 - 08 Sep 2010
The validation of a simple Gaussian dispersion model for determining odour emission rates from area sources
Galvin, Geordie, Lowe, Scott and Smith, Rod. 2004. "The validation of a simple Gaussian dispersion model for determining odour emission rates from area sources." Developments in Chemical Engineering and Mineral Processing. 12 (5/6), pp. 545-558. https://doi.org/10.1002/apj.5500120509
Quantification of odours from piggery effluent ponds using an electronic nose and an artificial neural network
Sohn, Jae Ho, Smith, Rod, Yoong, Ernest, Leis, John W. and Galvin, Geordie. 2003. "Quantification of odours from piggery effluent ponds using an electronic nose and an artificial neural network." Biosystems Engineering. 86 (4), pp. 399-410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2003.09.003
Towards a biophysical understanding of observed performance of evaporation suppressant films applied to agricultural water storages - first analyses
Hancock, Nigel, Pittaway, Pam and Symes, Troy. 2009. "Towards a biophysical understanding of observed performance of evaporation suppressant films applied to agricultural water storages - first analyses ." Banhazi, T. M. and Saunders, C. (ed.) SEAg 2009: Agricultural Technologies In a Changing Climate. Brisbane, Australia 13 - 16 Sep 2009 Brisbane, Australia.
Smart monolayer application and management to reduce evaporation on farm dams - formulation of a universal design framework
Brink, Gavin, Symes, Troy, Pittaway, Pam, Hancock, Nigel, Pather, Selvan and Schmidt, Erik. 2009. "Smart monolayer application and management to reduce evaporation on farm dams - formulation of a universal design framework." Venkatraman, K. (ed.) 2009 Environmental Research Event. Noosa, Australia 10 - 13 May 2009
Towards adaptive operational requirements for optimal application of evaporation-suppressing monolayer to reservoirs via a 'universal design framework'
Brink, Gavin, Wandel, Andrew P., Hancock, Nigel and Pather, Selvan. 2009. "Towards adaptive operational requirements for optimal application of evaporation-suppressing monolayer to reservoirs via a 'universal design framework'." IWER 2009: International Workshop on Evaporation from Reservoirs. Gold Coast, Australia 09 - 11 Dec 2009 Gold Coast, Australia.
An evaluation of a novel wind tunnel design applied to the measurement of the kinetics of odour emissions from piggery effluent
Sohn, Jae Ho, Smith, Rod, Yoong, Ernest, Hudson, Neale A. and Kim, Tae I.. 2004. "An evaluation of a novel wind tunnel design applied to the measurement of the kinetics of odour emissions from piggery effluent." Water Science and Technology. 50 (4), pp. 49-55.
Planning for successful centre pivot and lateral move purchase
Wigginton, David and Foley, Joseph P.. 2005. "Planning for successful centre pivot and lateral move purchase." Irrigation Australia 2005: Irrigation Association of Australia National Conference and Exhibition: Restoring the Balance. Townsville, Australia 17 - 19 May 2005 Hornsby, NSW, Australia.
A preliminary field evaluation of an automated vision-based plant geometry measurement system
McCarthy, Cheryl, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2007. "A preliminary field evaluation of an automated vision-based plant geometry measurement system." Prusinkiewicz, Przemyslaw, Hanan, Jim S. and Lane, Brendan (ed.) 5th International Workshop on Functional Structural Plant Models (FSPM07). Napier, New Zealand 04 - 09 Nov 2007
Improving the performance of chemical monolayers in reducing farm dam evaporation
Craig, Ian, Schmidt, Erik, Hancock, Nigel, Barnes, Geoff, Turnbull, David J., Pittaway, Pam and Morrison, Pippa. 2006. "Improving the performance of chemical monolayers in reducing farm dam evaporation." 3rd CRC-IF Annual Research Forum. Narrabri, Australia 05 - 06 Dec 2006 Toowoomba, Queensland.
Development of a 'smart' monolayer application system for reducing evaporation from farm dams: introductory paper
Brink, Gavin, Symes, Troy and Hancock, Nigel. 2009. "Development of a 'smart' monolayer application system for reducing evaporation from farm dams: introductory paper." Banhazi, T. M. and Saunders, C. (ed.) SEAg 2009: Agricultural Technologies In a Changing Climate. Brisbane, Australia 13 - 16 Sep 2009 Brisbane, Australia.
EvapCalc software for the determination of dam evaporation and seepage
Craig, Ian, Schmidt, Erik and Hancock, Nigel. 2007. "EvapCalc software for the determination of dam evaporation and seepage." Banhazi, T. M. and Saunders, C. (ed.) SEAg 2007: Agriculture and Engineering - Challenge Today, Technology Tomorrow. Adelaide, Australia 24 - 26 Sep 2007 Adelaide, Australia.
Automated machine vision sensing of plant structural parameters
McCarthy, C. L., Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2007. "Automated machine vision sensing of plant structural parameters." Biological Sensorics 2007: Critical Technologies for Future Biosystems. Minneapolis, Australia 15 - 17 Jun 2007 St. Joseph, MI, United States.
Development of a simulation framework for variable-rate irrigation of cotton
McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2008. "Development of a simulation framework for variable-rate irrigation of cotton." 14th Australian Cotton Conference: New Beginnings – Cotton in a Climate of Change. Gold Coast, Australia 12 - 14 Aug 2008 Narrabri, NSW, Australia.
Managing spatial and temporal variability in irrigated agriculture through adaptive control
Smith, R. J., Raine, Steven R., McCarthy, Alison and Hancock, Nigel. 2009. "Managing spatial and temporal variability in irrigated agriculture through adaptive control." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering. 7 (1), pp. 79-90.
Evaluating the performance of bay irrigation in the GMID
Smith, R. J., Gillies, Malcolm H., Shanahan, Matthew, Campbell, B. and Williamson, Bill. 2009. "Evaluating the performance of bay irrigation in the GMID." Irrigation Australia 2009: Irrigation Australia Irrigation and Drainage Conference: Irrigation Today - Meeting the Challenge. Swan Hill, Australia 18 - 21 Oct 2009 Sydney, New South Wales.
Bankless channel irrigation systems: irrigation performance assessment
Grabham, Michael, Hornbuckle, John, Raine, Steven R. and Smith, Rod. 2009. "Bankless channel irrigation systems: irrigation performance assessment." Irrigation Australia 2009: Irrigation Australia Irrigation and Drainage Conference: Irrigation Today - Meeting the Challenge. Swan Hill, Australia 18 - 21 Oct 2009 Sydney, Australia.
Exploration of data requirements for adaptive control of irrigation scheduling
McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2009. "Exploration of data requirements for adaptive control of irrigation scheduling." Banhazi, T. M. and Saunders, C. (ed.) SEAg 2009: Agricultural Technologies In a Changing Climate. Brisbane, Australia 13 - 16 Sep 2009 Brisbane, Australia.
Characterisation of the micro-tube emitters used in a novel micro-sprinkler
de Almeida, Ceres Duarte Guedes Cabral, Botrel, Tarlei Arriel and Smith, Rod J.. 2009. "Characterisation of the micro-tube emitters used in a novel micro-sprinkler." Irrigation Science. 27 (3), pp. 209-214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-008-0135-y
Empirical functions for dependent variables in cutback furrow irrigation
Navabian, M., Liaghat, A. M., Smith, R. J. and Abbasi, F.. 2009. "Empirical functions for dependent variables in cutback furrow irrigation." Irrigation Science. 27 (3), pp. 215-222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-008-0138-8
Sensors in, for and by mechatronics: a symbiosis [Introduction]
Hancock, Nigel H.. 2000. "Sensors in, for and by mechatronics: a symbiosis [Introduction]." Billingsley, John (ed.) Mechatronics and machine vision. Baldock, United Kingdom. Research Studies Press. pp. 101-103
Automated carbon dioxide measurement via miniaturised chemical reaction chambers under mechatronic control
Maxwell, Andrew, Hancock, Nigel and Tran-Cong, Thanh. 2000. "Automated carbon dioxide measurement via miniaturised chemical reaction chambers under mechatronic control." Billingsley, John (ed.) Mechatronics and machine vision. Baldock, United Kingdom. Research Studies Press. pp. 135-142
Towards evaluation of adaptive control systems for improved site-specific irrigation of cotton
McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2008. "Towards evaluation of adaptive control systems for improved site-specific irrigation of cotton." Irrigation Australia 2008: Irrigation Association of Australia National Conference and Exhibition: Share the Water, Share the Benefits. Melbourne, Australia 20 - 22 May 2008 Hornsby, NSW, Australia.
Measurement and management of furrow irrigation at the field scale
Gillies, Malcolm H., Smith, R. J. and Raine, Steven R.. 2008. "Measurement and management of furrow irrigation at the field scale." Irrigation Australia 2008: Irrigation Association of Australia National Conference and Exhibition: Share the Water, Share the Benefits. Melbourne, Australia 20 - 22 May 2008
Toward a simple real-time control system for efficient management of furrow irrigation
Khatri, Kanya L. and Smith, R. J.. 2007. "Toward a simple real-time control system for efficient management of furrow irrigation." Irrigation and Drainage. 56 (4), pp. 463-475. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.319
Managing spatial and temporal variability in irrigated agriculture through adaptive control
Smith, R. J., Raine, Steven R., McCarthy, Alison and Hancock, Nigel. 2007. "Managing spatial and temporal variability in irrigated agriculture through adaptive control." Banhazi, T. M. and Saunders, C. (ed.) SEAg 2007: Agriculture and Engineering - Challenge Today, Technology Tomorrow. Adelaide, Australia 24 - 26 Sep 2007 Australia.
Errors in predicting furrow irrigation performance using single measures of infiltration
Langat, Philip K., Raine, Steven R. and Smith, R. J.. 2007. "Errors in predicting furrow irrigation performance using single measures of infiltration." Irrigation Science. 25 (4), pp. 339-349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00271-006-0049-5
Evaporation, seepage and water quality management in storage dams: a review of research methods
Craig, Ian, Aravinthan, Vasantha, Baillie, Craig Peter, Beswick, Alan, Barnes, Geoff, Bradbury, Ron, Connell, Luke, Cooper, Paul, Fellows, Christopher, Fitzmaurice, Li, Foley, Joseph P., Hancock, Nigel, Lamb, David, Morrison, Pippa, Mossad, Ruth, Misra, R. K., Pittaway, Pam, Prime, Emma, Rees, Steve, ..., Turnbull, David. 2007. "Evaporation, seepage and water quality management in storage dams: a review of research methods." Environmental Health. 7 (3), pp. 84-97.
Farming practices under centre pivots and lateral move machines
Wigginton, David and Foley, Joseph. 2006. "Farming practices under centre pivots and lateral move machines." The Australian Cottongrower. 27 (3), pp. 47-48.
Centre pivot and lateral move machines
Foley, Joseph P.. 2008. "Centre pivot and lateral move machines." Smith, Peter and Madden, Elizabeth (ed.) WATERpak: a guide for irrigation management in cotton. Narrabri, Australia. Cotton Research and Development Corporation. pp. 195-220
Non-contact extrudate profilometer: introductory paper
Taylor, Reginald, Hancock, Nigel and Tran-Cong, Thanh. 1997. "Non-contact extrudate profilometer: introductory paper." Werner, B. (ed.) 4th Annual Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice (MViP 1997). Toowoomba, Australia 23 - 25 Sep 1997 USA. https://doi.org/10.1109/MMVIP.1997.625315
Carbon dioxide sensing - a mechatronic approach
Maxwell, Andrew, Hancock, Nigel and Billingsley, John. 1997. "Carbon dioxide sensing - a mechatronic approach." Werner, B. (ed.) 4th Annual Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice (MViP 1997). Toowoomba, Australia 23 - 25 Sep 1997 Los Alamitos, CA. United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/MMVIP.1997.625292
A decision support model for travelling gun irrigation machines
Smith, Rod, Gillies, Malcolm H., Newell, Geoffrey and Foley, Joseph P.. 2007. "A decision support model for travelling gun irrigation machines." CIGR 2006: Agricultural Engineering for a Better World. Bonn, Germany 03 - 07 Sep 2006
Optimizing overhead irrigation systems
Foley, Joseph P., Wigginton, David and Eberhard, Jochen. 2006. "Optimizing overhead irrigation systems." 13th Australian Cotton Conference: Product, Production, Profit - Progressing our National Advantage (2006). Gold Coast, Australia 08 - 10 Aug 2006 Narrabri, NSW.
Centre pivot and lateral move machines, 1st ed.
Foley, Joseph P.. 2004. "Centre pivot and lateral move machines, 1st ed." Dugdale, Helen, Harris, Graham, Neilsen, James, Richards, Dirk, Roth, Guy and Williams, David (ed.) WATERpak - A guide for irrigation management in cotton. Narrabri, NSW, Australia. Cotton Research and Development Corporation. pp. 195-220
Methods for assessing dam evaporation - an introductory paper
Craig, Ian and Hancock, Nigel. 2004. "Methods for assessing dam evaporation - an introductory paper." Burnett, Jolyon (ed.) Irrigation Australia 2004: Irrigation Association of Australia National Conference and Exhibition. Adelaide, Australia 11 - 13 May 2004 Hornsby, NSW, Australia.
On-the-go machine vision sensing of cotton plant geometric parameters: first results
McCarthy, Cheryl, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2006. "On-the-go machine vision sensing of cotton plant geometric parameters: first results." Billingsley, John (ed.) 13th Annual Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice. (M2VIP 2006). Toowoomba, Australia 05 - 07 Dec 2006 Berlin, Heidelberg.
A preliminary evaluation of machine vision sensing of cotton nodes for automated irrigation control
McCarthy, Cheryl, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2006. "A preliminary evaluation of machine vision sensing of cotton nodes for automated irrigation control." Irrigation Australia 2006: Irrigation Association of Australia National Conference and Exhibition. Brisbane, Australia 09 - 11 May 2006 Brisbane.
Real time control of surface irrigation: managing infiltration variations and enhancing furrow irrigation performance
Khatri, K. L., Smith, R. J. and Raine, Steven R.. 2006. "Real time control of surface irrigation: managing infiltration variations and enhancing furrow irrigation performance." Irrigation Australia 2006: Irrigation Association of Australia National Conference and Exhibition. Brisbane, Australia 09 - 11 May 2006 Brisbane.
Is it possible to extract infiltration rates for variable inflow furrow irrigation?
Gillies, Malcolm H., Smith, R. J. and Raine, Steven R.. 2006. "Is it possible to extract infiltration rates for variable inflow furrow irrigation?" Irrigation Australia 2006: Irrigation Association of Australia National Conference and Exhibition. Brisbane, Australia 09 - 11 May 2006 Hornsby, NSW, Australia.
Development of a CFD based dam evaporation model
Craig, I. P., Mossad, R. and Hancock, N.. 2006. "Development of a CFD based dam evaporation model." 11th International Health Summer School. Brisbane, Australia 21 - 22 Nov 2006 Brisbane, Queensland.
Universal acidity - conductivity relations in commercial bulk starter production
Hancock, N. H., McKinnon, I. and Maxwell, A. D.. 2006. "Universal acidity - conductivity relations in commercial bulk starter production." Australian Journal of Dairy Technology. 61 (2), pp. 189-192.
Process studies of odour emissions from effluent ponds using machine-based odour measurement
Sohn, Jae Ho, Smith, R. J. and Yoong, Ernest. 2006. "Process studies of odour emissions from effluent ponds using machine-based odour measurement." Atmospheric Environment. 40 (7), pp. 1230-1241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.035
A scoping study on measuring and monitoring tools and technology for precision irrigation
Misra, R. K., Raine, Steven R., Pezzaniti, David, Charlesworth, Philip and Hancock, Nigel. 2005. A scoping study on measuring and monitoring tools and technology for precision irrigation . Toowoomba, Australia. CRC for Irrigation Futures.
Evaluation of methods for determining infiltration parameters from irrigation advance data
Khatri, K. L. and Smith, R. J.. 2005. "Evaluation of methods for determining infiltration parameters from irrigation advance data." Irrigation and Drainage. 54 (4), pp. 467-482. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.198