Assessment of the performance of evaporation suppressant films: analysis and limitations of simple trialling methods

Article

Hancock, N. H., Pittaway, P. A. and Symes, T. W.. 2011. "Assessment of the performance of evaporation suppressant films: analysis and limitations of simple trialling methods." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering. 8 (2), pp. 157-168.

Article Title	Assessment of the performance of evaporation suppressant films: analysis and limitations of simple trialling methods
ERA Journal ID	3449
Article Category	Article
Authors	Hancock, N. H. (Author), Pittaway, P. A. (Author) and Symes, T. W. (Author)
Editors	Banhazi, Thomas
Journal Title	Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering
Journal Citation	8 (2), pp. 157-168
Number of Pages	12
Year	2011
Publisher	Taylor & Francis
Place of Publication	Sydney, Australia
ISSN	0812-3314
	1441-6611
	1448-8388
Web Address (URL)	http://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/library
Abstract	The potential utility of monomolecular layers ('monolayers') and other surface film materials for the reduction of open water evaporation has long been argued. However, outside the laboratory, trials to quantify the effectiveness of artificial surface films have produced highly variable results after application to water surfaces, whether natural water bodies or managed farm storages. This paper briefly reviews the physical mechanisms involved in evaporation suppression and the biophysical literature on aquatic surface microlayers. The wide-ranging results from sixteen months of outdoor trough-scale and (simultaneous) replicated bucket-scale evaporation reduction trials are interpreted using biophysical measurements made on microlayer and immediate subsurface water samples taken from the experimental troughs. When the prevailing environmental conditions and other ancillary measurements are taken into account, plausible hypotheses arise to account for at least some of the observed trial-to-trial differences in evaporation reduction and surface film performance. Results for the commercial monolayer product are inconclusive, as the concentration of the active ingredient in its formulation lacked the uniformity required for the accuracy at which these trials were conducted. Results for the temperature differential between open (unprotected) water and film-covered water, and the influence of windspeed on evaporative loss, indicate that the mechanism of evaporation suppression for mono-molecular (monolayer) organic films differs from that for thicker silicone oil films. These results have implications for both small-scale trialling of evaporation suppressants and the deployment and management of artificial surface film materials on agricultural water storages. In addition, it concluded that despite the attractiveness of simple side-by-side comparisons of performance, meaningful interpretation of results must consider prevailing meteorological conditions, and a timescale of hours rather than days.
Keywords	evaporation; suppressant films; monlayers; microlayers; aquatic surfaces
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020	340603. Colloid and surface chemistry
	300201. Agricultural hydrology
	409901. Agricultural engineering
Public Notes	Files associated with this item cannot be displayed due to copyright restrictions.
Byline Affiliations	National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture
Institution of Origin	University of Southern Queensland

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McCarthy, C. L., Hancock, N. H. and Raine, S. R.. 2009. "Automated internode length measurement of cotton plants under field conditions." Transactions of the ASABE. 52 (6), pp. 2093-2103.

On-the-go machine vision sensing of cotton plant geometric parameters: first results

McCarthy, Cheryl, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven. 2008. "On-the-go machine vision sensing of cotton plant geometric parameters: first results." Billingsley, John and Bradbeer, Robin (ed.) 13th Annual Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice. (M2VIP 2006). Toowoomba, Australia 05 - 07 Dec 2006 Germany. pp. 305-312 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74027-8_26

Energy uses for cotton ginning in Australia

Ismail, Siti A., Chen, Guangnan, Baillie, Craig and Symes, Troy. 2011. "Energy uses for cotton ginning in Australia." Biosystems Engineering. 109 (2), pp. 140-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2011.02.010

Applied machine vision of plants: a review with implications for field deployment in automated farming operations

McCarthy, C. L., Hancock, N. H. and Raine, S. R.. 2010. "Applied machine vision of plants: a review with implications for field deployment in automated farming operations." Intelligent Service Robotics. 3 (4), pp. 209-217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11370-010-0075-2

Effects of a suspended shade cloth cover on water quality of an agricultural reservoir for irrigation

Maestre-Valero, J. F., Martinez-Alvarez, V., Gallego-Elvira, B. and Pittaway, P.. 2011. "Effects of a suspended shade cloth cover on water quality of an agricultural reservoir for irrigation." Agricultural Water Management. 100 (1), pp. 70-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2011.08.020

Microbial and environmental implications for use of monolayers to reduce evaporative loss from water storages

Pittaway, Pam and van den Ancker, Tania. 2010. Microbial and environmental implications for use of monolayers to reduce evaporative loss from water storages. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.

Energy usage for cotton ginning in Australia

Ismail, S. A., Chen, G., Baillie, C. and Symes, T.. 2010. "Energy usage for cotton ginning in Australia." 17th World Congress of the International Commission of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (CIGR 2010): Sustainable Biosystems Through Engineering. Quebec City, Canada 13 - 17 Jun 2010 Quebec City, Canada.

VARIwise: a general-purpose adaptive control simulation framework for spatially and temporally varied irrigation at sub-field scale

McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2010. "VARIwise: a general-purpose adaptive control simulation framework for spatially and temporally varied irrigation at sub-field scale." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 70 (1), pp. 117-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2009.09.011

Apparatus and infield evaluations of a prototype machine vision system for cotton plant internode length measurement

McCarthy, Cheryl, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2010. "Apparatus and infield evaluations of a prototype machine vision system for cotton plant internode length measurement." Journal of Cotton Science. 14 (4), pp. 221-232.

Photodegradation of Australian freshwater microlayers

Stuckey, Nick, Pittaway, Pam and Larsen, Kim. 2010. "Photodegradation of Australian freshwater microlayers." Ghiggino, Kenneth P. and Smith, Gerald (ed.) 6th Asian Photochemistry Conference 2010. Wellington, New Zealand 14 - 18 Nov 2010

Droplet evaporation losses during sprinkler irrigation: an overview

Uddin, Jasim, Smith, Rod, Hancock, Nigel and Foley, Joseph P.. 2010. "Droplet evaporation losses during sprinkler irrigation: an overview." Montagu, Kelvin (ed.) Australian Irrigation Conference and Exibition 2010: One Water Many Futures. Sydney, Australia 08 - 10 Jun 2010 Sydney, Australia.

Photodegradation of Australian freshwater microlayers and the implications for potable water management

Stuckey, Nicholas, Pittaway, Pam and Larsen, Kim. 2010. "Photodegradation of Australian freshwater microlayers and the implications for potable water management." Begbie, D. K. and Wakem, S. L. (ed.) 2nd Urban Water Security Research Alliance Science Forum and Stakeholder Engagement. Brisbane, Australia 28 - 29 Sep 2010 Brisbane, Australia.

A scalable distribution system for the optimal application of evaporation-suppressant film to farm dams

Symes, Troy and Brink, Gavin. 2010. "A scalable distribution system for the optimal application of evaporation-suppressant film to farm dams." Montagu, Kelvin (ed.) Australian Irrigation Conference and Exibition 2010: One Water Many Futures. Sydney, Australia 08 - 10 Jun 2010 Sydney, Australia.

Reliable, modest-cost seepage and evaporation measurement for farm dams using 'EvapCalc'

Symes, Troy, Hancock, Nigel and Schmidt, Erik. 2010. "Reliable, modest-cost seepage and evaporation measurement for farm dams using 'EvapCalc'." Montagu, Kelvin (ed.) Australian Irrigation Conference and Exibition 2010: One Water Many Futures. Sydney, Australia 08 - 10 Jun 2010 Sydney,Australia.

Simulation of adaptive site-specific irrigation control performance with spatially variable rainfall

McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2010. "Simulation of adaptive site-specific irrigation control performance with spatially variable rainfall." Montagu, Kelvin (ed.) Australian Irrigation Conference and Exibition 2010: One Water Many Futures. Sydney, Australia 08 - 10 Jun 2010 Sydney, Australia.

Simulation of site-specific irrigation control strategies with sparse input data

McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2010. "Simulation of site-specific irrigation control strategies with sparse input data." 17th World Congress of the International Commission of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (CIGR 2010): Sustainable Biosystems Through Engineering. Quebec City, Canada 13 - 17 Jun 2010 Quebec, Canada.

Microalgae as alternative fuel for compression ignition (CI) Engines

Allwayzy, S. H., Yusaf, T., McCabe, B., Pittaway, P. and Aravinthan, V.. 2010. "Microalgae as alternative fuel for compression ignition (CI) Engines." Goh, Steven C. and Wang, Hao (ed.) 2010 Southern Region Engineering Conference (SREC 2010). Toowoomba, Australia 11 - 12 Nov 2010 Toowoomba, Australia.

Evaluation of energy usage for cotton ginning processes

Ismail, Siti Amni, Chen, Guangnan, Baillie, Craig and Symes, Troy. 2009. "Evaluation of energy usage for cotton ginning processes." Banhazi, T. M. and Saunders, C. (ed.) SEAg 2009: Agricultural Technologies In a Changing Climate. Brisbane, Australia 13 - 16 Sep 2009 Brisbane, Queensland.

Water quality performance criteria for monolayer product specifications: selecting the right product for the job

Pittaway, Pam. 2010. "Water quality performance criteria for monolayer product specifications: selecting the right product for the job ." Australian Irrigation Conference and Exibition 2010: One Water Many Futures. Sydney, Australia 08 - 10 Jun 2010 Sydney, Australia.

The impact of water quality on monolayer performance in reducing evaporative loss from water storages

Pittaway, Pam and van den Ancker, Tania. 2010. "The impact of water quality on monolayer performance in reducing evaporative loss from water storages." Australian Irrigation Conference and Exibition 2010: One Water Many Futures. Sydney, Australia 08 - 10 Jun 2010 Sydney, Australia.

Determining operational requirements to optimise monolayer performance on a farm dam via a 'Universal Design Framework'

Brink, Gavin, Wandel, Andrew P., Pittaway, Pam, Hancock, Nigel and Pather, Selvan. 2010. "Determining operational requirements to optimise monolayer performance on a farm dam via a 'Universal Design Framework'." Montagu, Kelvin (ed.) Australian Irrigation Conference and Exibition 2010: One Water Many Futures. Sydney, Australia 08 - 10 Jun 2010 Sydney, Australia.

Will artificial monolayers adversely affect water quality? Insights from twelve months of monitoring with no monolayer

Pittaway, Pam. 2010. "Will artificial monolayers adversely affect water quality? Insights from twelve months of monitoring with no monolayer ." Begbie, D. K. and Wakem, S. L. (ed.) 2nd Urban Water Security Research Alliance Science Forum and Stakeholder Engagement. Brisbane, Australia 28 - 29 Sep 2010 Brisbane, Australia.

Properties of natural microlayers on Australian freshwater storages and their potential to interact with artificial monolayers

Pittaway, Pam and van den Ancker, Tania. 2010. "Properties of natural microlayers on Australian freshwater storages and their potential to interact with artificial monolayers." Marine and Freshwater Research. 61 (10), pp. 1083-1091. https://doi.org/10.1071/MF09159

A ‘universal design framework’ for installation planning and operational management of evaporation-suppressing films on agricultural reservoirs

Brink, Gavin, Wandel, Andrew P., Pittaway, Pam, Hancock, Nigel and Pather, Selvan. 2010. "A ‘universal design framework’ for installation planning and operational management of evaporation-suppressing films on agricultural reservoirs." Genet, Roger (ed.) International Conference on Agricultural Engineering: Towards Environmental Technologies (2010). Clermont-Ferrand, France 06 - 08 Sep 2010

Holistic control system design for large mobile irrigation machines

McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven. 2010. "Holistic control system design for large mobile irrigation machines." 16th Annual Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice (M2VIP 2010). Darussalam, Brunei 22 - 24 Jun 2010 Toowoomba, Australia.

EvapCalc – a modest-cost technique for real-time measurement of evaporation (and seepage) from farm dams

Hancock, Nigel and Symes, Troy. 2009. "EvapCalc – a modest-cost technique for real-time measurement of evaporation (and seepage) from farm dams." IWER 2009: International Workshop on Evaporation from Reservoirs. Gold Coast, Australia 09 - 11 Dec 2009 Gold Coast, Australia.

The combined use of shade-cloth covers and monolayers to prevent evaporation in irrigation reservoirs

Gallego-Elvira, B., Martinez Alvarez, V., Pittaway, Pam, Symes, Troy and Hancock, Nigel. 2010. "The combined use of shade-cloth covers and monolayers to prevent evaporation in irrigation reservoirs." International Conference on Agricultural Engineering: Towards Environmental Technologies (2010). Clermont-Ferrand, France 06 - 08 Sep 2010

Towards a biophysical understanding of observed performance of evaporation suppressant films applied to agricultural water storages - first analyses

Hancock, Nigel, Pittaway, Pam and Symes, Troy. 2009. "Towards a biophysical understanding of observed performance of evaporation suppressant films applied to agricultural water storages - first analyses ." Banhazi, T. M. and Saunders, C. (ed.) SEAg 2009: Agricultural Technologies In a Changing Climate. Brisbane, Australia 13 - 16 Sep 2009 Brisbane, Australia.

Smart monolayer application and management to reduce evaporation on farm dams - formulation of a universal design framework

Brink, Gavin, Symes, Troy, Pittaway, Pam, Hancock, Nigel, Pather, Selvan and Schmidt, Erik. 2009. "Smart monolayer application and management to reduce evaporation on farm dams - formulation of a universal design framework." Venkatraman, K. (ed.) 2009 Environmental Research Event. Noosa, Australia 10 - 13 May 2009

Towards adaptive operational requirements for optimal application of evaporation-suppressing monolayer to reservoirs via a 'universal design framework'

Brink, Gavin, Wandel, Andrew P., Hancock, Nigel and Pather, Selvan. 2009. "Towards adaptive operational requirements for optimal application of evaporation-suppressing monolayer to reservoirs via a 'universal design framework'." IWER 2009: International Workshop on Evaporation from Reservoirs. Gold Coast, Australia 09 - 11 Dec 2009 Gold Coast, Australia.

A preliminary field evaluation of an automated vision-based plant geometry measurement system

McCarthy, Cheryl, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2007. "A preliminary field evaluation of an automated vision-based plant geometry measurement system." Prusinkiewicz, Przemyslaw, Hanan, Jim S. and Lane, Brendan (ed.) 5th International Workshop on Functional Structural Plant Models (FSPM07). Napier, New Zealand 04 - 09 Nov 2007

Improving the performance of chemical monolayers in reducing farm dam evaporation

Craig, Ian, Schmidt, Erik, Hancock, Nigel, Barnes, Geoff, Turnbull, David J., Pittaway, Pam and Morrison, Pippa. 2006. "Improving the performance of chemical monolayers in reducing farm dam evaporation." 3rd CRC-IF Annual Research Forum. Narrabri, Australia 05 - 06 Dec 2006 Toowoomba, Queensland.

Development of a 'smart' monolayer application system for reducing evaporation from farm dams: introductory paper

Brink, Gavin, Symes, Troy and Hancock, Nigel. 2009. "Development of a 'smart' monolayer application system for reducing evaporation from farm dams: introductory paper." Banhazi, T. M. and Saunders, C. (ed.) SEAg 2009: Agricultural Technologies In a Changing Climate. Brisbane, Australia 13 - 16 Sep 2009 Brisbane, Australia.

EvapCalc software for the determination of dam evaporation and seepage

Craig, Ian, Schmidt, Erik and Hancock, Nigel. 2007. "EvapCalc software for the determination of dam evaporation and seepage." Banhazi, T. M. and Saunders, C. (ed.) SEAg 2007: Agriculture and Engineering - Challenge Today, Technology Tomorrow. Adelaide, Australia 24 - 26 Sep 2007 Adelaide, Australia.

Automated machine vision sensing of plant structural parameters

McCarthy, C. L., Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2007. "Automated machine vision sensing of plant structural parameters." Biological Sensorics 2007: Critical Technologies for Future Biosystems. Minneapolis, Australia 15 - 17 Jun 2007 St. Joseph, MI, United States.

Development of a simulation framework for variable-rate irrigation of cotton

McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2008. "Development of a simulation framework for variable-rate irrigation of cotton." 14th Australian Cotton Conference: New Beginnings – Cotton in a Climate of Change. Gold Coast, Australia 12 - 14 Aug 2008 Narrabri, NSW, Australia.

Managing spatial and temporal variability in irrigated agriculture through adaptive control

Smith, R. J., Raine, Steven R., McCarthy, Alison and Hancock, Nigel. 2009. "Managing spatial and temporal variability in irrigated agriculture through adaptive control." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering. 7 (1), pp. 79-90.

Exploration of data requirements for adaptive control of irrigation scheduling

McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2009. "Exploration of data requirements for adaptive control of irrigation scheduling." Banhazi, T. M. and Saunders, C. (ed.) SEAg 2009: Agricultural Technologies In a Changing Climate. Brisbane, Australia 13 - 16 Sep 2009 Brisbane, Australia.

Sensors in, for and by mechatronics: a symbiosis [Introduction]

Hancock, Nigel H.. 2000. "Sensors in, for and by mechatronics: a symbiosis [Introduction]." Billingsley, John (ed.) Mechatronics and machine vision. Baldock, United Kingdom. Research Studies Press. pp. 101-103

Automated carbon dioxide measurement via miniaturised chemical reaction chambers under mechatronic control

Maxwell, Andrew, Hancock, Nigel and Tran-Cong, Thanh. 2000. "Automated carbon dioxide measurement via miniaturised chemical reaction chambers under mechatronic control." Billingsley, John (ed.) Mechatronics and machine vision. Baldock, United Kingdom. Research Studies Press. pp. 135-142

Towards evaluation of adaptive control systems for improved site-specific irrigation of cotton

McCarthy, Alison, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2008. "Towards evaluation of adaptive control systems for improved site-specific irrigation of cotton." Irrigation Australia 2008: Irrigation Association of Australia National Conference and Exhibition: Share the Water, Share the Benefits. Melbourne, Australia 20 - 22 May 2008 Hornsby, NSW, Australia.

Managing spatial and temporal variability in irrigated agriculture through adaptive control

Smith, R. J., Raine, Steven R., McCarthy, Alison and Hancock, Nigel. 2007. "Managing spatial and temporal variability in irrigated agriculture through adaptive control." Banhazi, T. M. and Saunders, C. (ed.) SEAg 2007: Agriculture and Engineering - Challenge Today, Technology Tomorrow. Adelaide, Australia 24 - 26 Sep 2007 Australia.

Evaporation, seepage and water quality management in storage dams: a review of research methods

Craig, Ian, Aravinthan, Vasantha, Baillie, Craig Peter, Beswick, Alan, Barnes, Geoff, Bradbury, Ron, Connell, Luke, Cooper, Paul, Fellows, Christopher, Fitzmaurice, Li, Foley, Joseph P., Hancock, Nigel, Lamb, David, Morrison, Pippa, Mossad, Ruth, Misra, R. K., Pittaway, Pam, Prime, Emma, Rees, Steve, ..., Turnbull, David. 2007. "Evaporation, seepage and water quality management in storage dams: a review of research methods." Environmental Health. 7 (3), pp. 84-97.

Non-contact extrudate profilometer: introductory paper

Taylor, Reginald, Hancock, Nigel and Tran-Cong, Thanh. 1997. "Non-contact extrudate profilometer: introductory paper." Werner, B. (ed.) 4th Annual Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice (MViP 1997). Toowoomba, Australia 23 - 25 Sep 1997 USA. https://doi.org/10.1109/MMVIP.1997.625315

Carbon dioxide sensing - a mechatronic approach

Maxwell, Andrew, Hancock, Nigel and Billingsley, John. 1997. "Carbon dioxide sensing - a mechatronic approach." Werner, B. (ed.) 4th Annual Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice (MViP 1997). Toowoomba, Australia 23 - 25 Sep 1997 Los Alamitos, CA. United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/MMVIP.1997.625292

Methods for assessing dam evaporation - an introductory paper

Craig, Ian and Hancock, Nigel. 2004. "Methods for assessing dam evaporation - an introductory paper." Burnett, Jolyon (ed.) Irrigation Australia 2004: Irrigation Association of Australia National Conference and Exhibition. Adelaide, Australia 11 - 13 May 2004 Hornsby, NSW, Australia.

On-the-go machine vision sensing of cotton plant geometric parameters: first results

McCarthy, Cheryl, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2006. "On-the-go machine vision sensing of cotton plant geometric parameters: first results." Billingsley, John (ed.) 13th Annual Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice. (M2VIP 2006). Toowoomba, Australia 05 - 07 Dec 2006 Berlin, Heidelberg.

A preliminary evaluation of machine vision sensing of cotton nodes for automated irrigation control

McCarthy, Cheryl, Hancock, Nigel and Raine, Steven R.. 2006. "A preliminary evaluation of machine vision sensing of cotton nodes for automated irrigation control." Irrigation Australia 2006: Irrigation Association of Australia National Conference and Exhibition. Brisbane, Australia 09 - 11 May 2006 Brisbane.

Assessment of the performance of evaporation suppressant films: analysis and limitations of simple trialling methods

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