Utilizing Recycled Waste Organic Muck and Phosphogypsum in Controlled Low-Strength Materials: An Experimental Study on Engineering Properties and Environmental Safety

Article

Gui, Yue, Zi, Zhibin, Shiau, Jim, Yuan, Shisong, Hua, Lun, Sun, Ling, Tian, Yi and Liu, Manlin. 2025. "Utilizing Recycled Waste Organic Muck and Phosphogypsum in Controlled Low-Strength Materials: An Experimental Study on Engineering Properties and Environmental Safety." Case Studies in Construction Materials. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e05485
Article Title

Utilizing Recycled Waste Organic Muck and Phosphogypsum in Controlled Low-Strength Materials: An Experimental Study on Engineering Properties and Environmental Safety

ERA Journal ID212014
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsGui, Yue, Zi, Zhibin, Shiau, Jim, Yuan, Shisong, Hua, Lun, Sun, Ling, Tian, Yi and Liu, Manlin
Journal TitleCase Studies in Construction Materials
Article Numbere05485
Number of Pages19
Year2025
PublisherElsevier
Place of PublicationNetherlands
ISSN2214-5095
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e05485
Web Address (URL)https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214509525012835
Abstract

This study develops a novel organic muck (OM)-phosphogypsum (PG)-based Controlled Low-Strength Material (OP-CLSM) to enable large-scale reuse of these two wastes. It also systematically evaluates the feasibility of using OM-PG mixtures as fine aggregates for CLSM preparation. In this formulation, OM and PG are combined with Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), fly ash (FA), and various admixtures, including polycarboxylate superplasticizer (PCE), calcium chloride (CaCl₂), and triethanolamine (TEA). A total of 18 groups of specimens are prepared with varying mix proportions to investigate the effects of the OM: PG mass mixing ratio (MOM: MPG), the organic matter content (wu) of OM, the OPC: FA mixing ratio (aOPC: aFA), and the incorporation of different admixtures. Systematic laboratory experiments are conducted to evaluate the fresh-state properties, including flowability, bleeding rate, and setting time, as well as the hardened-state property of unconfined compressive strength (UCS). The mineral composition and microstructural characteristics of OP-CLSM are analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, the environmental safety of OP-CLSM is assessed by measuring its pH and examining the Leachability of potentially hazardous substances. Results indicate that, with appropriate mix proportions, OP-CLSM achieves high flowability (>150 mm), an acceptable bleeding rate (0.7–7.0 %), a short setting time (<24 h), and a moderate UCS (0.3–1.8 MPa). The pH ranges from 10 to 12, and the leached concentrations of potentially hazardous substances comply with regulatory standards. Among the tested admixtures, PCE demonstrates superior performance in enhancing flowability, reducing bleeding rate and setting time, and improving UCS. With an optimized mix design, OP-CLSM exhibits promising mechanical and environmental performance, providing a sustainable solution for the reuse of waste materials.

KeywordsControlled low-strength material; Organic muck; Phosphogypsum; Fine aggregate; Environmental safety; Engineering properties
Contains Sensitive ContentDoes not contain sensitive content
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020400502. Civil geotechnical engineering
Byline AffiliationsKunming University of Science and Technology, China
School of Engineering
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Duong, Nhat Tan, Shiau, Jim, Keawsawasvong, Suraparb and Lai, Van Qui. 2024. "Three-dimensional undrained stability analysis of circular tunnel heading in anisotropic and heterogeneous clay: FELA, ANN, MARS, and XGBoost ." Modeling Earth Systems and Environment. 10 (4), pp. 5503-5527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-024-02076-2
Rectangular tunnel heading stability in three dimensions and its predictive machine learning models
Shiau, Jim, Keawsawasvong, Suraparb, Lai, Van Qui, Promwichai, Thanachon, Kamchoom, Viroon and Banyong, Rungkhun. 2024. "Rectangular tunnel heading stability in three dimensions and its predictive machine learning models." Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. 16 (11), pp. 4683-4696. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2023.12.035
Optimizing load-displacement prediction for bored piles with the 3mSOS algorithm and neural networks
Nguyen, Tan, Ly, Duy-Khuong, Shiau, Jim and Nguyen-Dinh, Phi. 2024. "Optimizing load-displacement prediction for bored piles with the 3mSOS algorithm and neural networks." Ocean Engineering. 304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117758
Innovative numerical modeling for predicting soil relaxation in the design of twin circular culverts
Shiau, Jim, Nguyen, Tan, Sams, Mathew and Bhattacharya, Paramita. 2024. "Innovative numerical modeling for predicting soil relaxation in the design of twin circular culverts ." Scientific Reports. 14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-58507-8
Numerical study on bearing capacity of geocell‑reinforced strip footings resting on slopes
Vahedi, Mohammad Hossein, Arvin, Mohammad Reza and Shiau, Jim. 2024. "Numerical study on bearing capacity of geocell‑reinforced strip footings resting on slopes." Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 17 (5). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-024-11958-9
Passive earth pressure in sand on inclined walls with negative wall friction based on a statically admissible stress field
Nguyen, Tan and Shiau, Jim. 2024. "Passive earth pressure in sand on inclined walls with negative wall friction based on a statically admissible stress field." Acta Geotechnica. 19, pp. 5685-5709. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-024-02278-z
Undrained sinkhole stability of circular cavity: a comprehensive approach based on isogeometric analysis coupled with machine learning
Nguyen-Minh, Toan, Bui-Ngoc, Tram, Shiau, Jim, Nguyen, Tan and Nguyen-Thoi, Trung. 2024. "Undrained sinkhole stability of circular cavity: a comprehensive approach based on isogeometric analysis coupled with machine learning ." Acta Geotechnica. 19 (8), pp. 5561-5583. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-024-02266-3
Unraveling seismic uplift behavior of plate anchors in frictional-cohesive soils: A comprehensive analysis through stability factors and machine learning
Shiau, Jim, Nguyen, Tan and Ly, Duy-Khuong. 2024. "Unraveling seismic uplift behavior of plate anchors in frictional-cohesive soils: A comprehensive analysis through stability factors and machine learning." Ocean Engineering. 297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.116987
Enhanced earth pressure determination with negative wall-soil friction using soft computing
Nguyen, Tan, Shiau, Jim and Ly, Duy-Khuong. 2024. "Enhanced earth pressure determination with negative wall-soil friction using soft computing ." Computers and Geotechnics. 167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2024.106086
Progressive failure mechanisms of geosynthetic-reinforced column-supported embankments over soft soil: Numerical analyses considering the cracks-induced softening
Wang, Heng, Chen, Feng, Shiau, Jim, Dias, Daniel, Lai, Fengwen and Huang, Jianhua. 2024. "Progressive failure mechanisms of geosynthetic-reinforced column-supported embankments over soft soil: Numerical analyses considering the cracks-induced softening ." Engineering Structures. 302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.117425
Limit load and failure mechanisms of a vertical Hoek-Brown rock slope
Shiau, Jim, Dokduea, Warayut, Keawsawasvong, Suraparb and Jamsawang, Pitthaya. 2024. "Limit load and failure mechanisms of a vertical Hoek-Brown rock slope." Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. 16 (3), pp. 1106-1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2023.05.018
Coupling FEA with XGBoost Model for Estimating Uplift Resistance of Circular Anchor in NGI-ADP Soils
Lai, Van Qui, Nguyen, Trung Kien, Shiau, Jim, Keawsawasvong, Suraparb, Bui, Truong Son and Tran, Minh Nhat. 2024. "Coupling FEA with XGBoost Model for Estimating Uplift Resistance of Circular Anchor in NGI-ADP Soils." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering: an international journal. 42 (1), pp. 767-781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-023-02556-9
Use of Terzaghi’s Superposition Approach for Estimating Critical Supporting Pressures in Circular Tunnels
Shiau, Jim, Keawsawasvong, Suraparb and Al-Asadi, Fadhil. 2024. "Use of Terzaghi’s Superposition Approach for Estimating Critical Supporting Pressures in Circular Tunnels." Transportation Infrastructure Geotechnology. 11, pp. 283-302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40515-023-00282-6
Ground stability of ellipsoidal cavity due to pipeline defects
Shiau, Jim, Leung, Pak Cheong, Keawsawasvong, Suraparb, Seehavong, Sorawit and Sugawara, Jun. 2023. "Ground stability of ellipsoidal cavity due to pipeline defects." Applications in Engineering Science. 16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apples.2023.100163
Underground Storage Tank Blowout Analysis: Stability Prediction Using an Artificial Neural Network
Duong, Nhat Tan, Lai, Van Qui, Shiau, Jim, Banyong, Rungkhun and Keawsawasvong, Suraparb. 2023. "Underground Storage Tank Blowout Analysis: Stability Prediction Using an Artificial Neural Network." Journal of Safety Science and Resilience. 4 (4), pp. 366-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnlssr.2023.09.002
Terzaghi’s Three Stability Factors for Pipeline Burst-Related Ground Stability
Shiau, Jim, Keawsawasvong, Suraparb and Banyong, Rungkhun. 2023. "Terzaghi’s Three Stability Factors for Pipeline Burst-Related Ground Stability." Journal of Pipeline Science and Engineering. 3 (4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpse.2023.100128
Bidirectional load test in HoChiMinh City: a case history and lessons learned
Nguyen, Tan and Shiau, Jim. 2023. "Bidirectional load test in HoChiMinh City: a case history and lessons learned ." 4th International Conference on Transportation Infrastructure and Sustainable Development (TISDIC 2023). Danang, Vietnam 26 - 28 Aug 2023 United Kingdom . IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1289/1/012091
Trapdoor Stability of Drained Cohesive-Frictional Soils Using Terzaghi’s Superposition Method
Shiau, Jim, Banyong, Rungkhun, Keawsawasvong, Suraparb and Kamchoom, Viroon. 2023. "Trapdoor Stability of Drained Cohesive-Frictional Soils Using Terzaghi’s Superposition Method." Engineered Science. 22. https://doi.org/10.30919/es8d821
Probabilistic Stability Design Charts for Shallow Passive Trapdoors in Spatially Variable Clays
Shiau, Jim and Keawsawasvong, Suraparb. 2023. "Probabilistic Stability Design Charts for Shallow Passive Trapdoors in Spatially Variable Clays." International Journal of Geomechanics. 23 (6). https://doi.org/10.1061/IJGNAI.GMENG-7902
Data-driven Modeling for Stability Evaluation of Cylindrical Boreholes with Slurry in Anisotropic and Non-Homogeneous Clays
Kounlavong, Khamnoy, Shiau, Jim, Lai, Van Qui, Chauhan, Vinay Bhushan, Jamsawang, Pitthaya and Keawsawasvong, Suraparb. 2023. "Data-driven Modeling for Stability Evaluation of Cylindrical Boreholes with Slurry in Anisotropic and Non-Homogeneous Clays." Engineered Science. 24. https://doi.org/10.30919/es921
Unlined Length Effect on the Tunnel Face Stability and Collapse Mechanisms in c-ϕ Soils: A Numerical Study with Advanced Mesh Adaptive Strategies
Zheng, Xiangcou, Yang, Feng, Shiau, Jim, Lai, Fengwen and Dias, Daniel. 2023. "Unlined Length Effect on the Tunnel Face Stability and Collapse Mechanisms in c-ϕ Soils: A Numerical Study with Advanced Mesh Adaptive Strategies." Computers and Geotechnics. 161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105576
Uplift resistance of caisson foundation in NGI-ADP soil using FEA and ANN
Lai, Van Qui, Tran, Minh Nhat, Shiau, Jim, Keawsawasvong, Suraparb, Le, Ba Vinh, Nguyen, Trung Kien and Le, Duc Quy. 2023. "Uplift resistance of caisson foundation in NGI-ADP soil using FEA and ANN." Advances in Engineering Software. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advengsoft.2023.103513
Coupling isogeometric analysis with deep learning for stability evaluation of rectangular tunnels
Nguyen-Minh, Toan, Bui-Ngoc, Tram, Shiau, Jim, Nguyen, Tan and Nguyen-Thoi, Trung. 2023. "Coupling isogeometric analysis with deep learning for stability evaluation of rectangular tunnels." Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2023.105330
Revisiting Active and Passive Earth Pressure Problems using Three Stability Factors
Nguyen, Tan and Shiau, Jim. 2023. "Revisiting Active and Passive Earth Pressure Problems using Three Stability Factors." Computers and Geotechnics. 163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2023.105759
Automating the Process for Estimating Tunneling Induced Ground Stability and Settlement
Shiau, Jim, Sams, Mathew, Arvin, Mohammad Reza and Jongpradist, Pornkasem. 2023. "Automating the Process for Estimating Tunneling Induced Ground Stability and Settlement." Geosciences. 13 (3), pp. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences13030081
Determination of Efficiency Factors for Closely Spaced Strip Footings on Cohesive-Frictional Soils
Noo-Iad, Dulpinit, Shiau, Jim, Chim-Oye, Weeraya, Jamsawang, Pitthaya and Keawsawasvong, Suraparb. 2023. "Determination of Efficiency Factors for Closely Spaced Strip Footings on Cohesive-Frictional Soils." Sustainability. 15 (3), pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032585
Effect of Depth-Dependent Shear Wave Velocity Profiles on Site Amplification
Eskandarinejad, Alireza, Shiau, Jim and Keawsawasvong, Suraparb. 2023. "Effect of Depth-Dependent Shear Wave Velocity Profiles on Site Amplification." Transportation Infrastructure Geotechnology. 10 (6), pp. 1255-1283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40515-022-00267-x
Modelling soil stability in wide tunnels using FELA and multivariate adaptive regression splines analysis
Lai, Van Qui, Shiau, Jim, Promwichai, Thanachon, Limkatanyu, Suchart, Banyong, Rungkhun and Keawsawasvong, Suraparb. 2023. "Modelling soil stability in wide tunnels using FELA and multivariate adaptive regression splines analysis." Modeling Earth Systems and Environment. 9 (2), pp. 2993-3008. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-022-01595-0
A Semi-empirical Method for Studying Load-Settlement Behavior of Geocell-Reinforced Footings
Arvin, Mohammad Reza, Shiau Jim and Irannezhad Parizi, Maryam. 2023. "A Semi-empirical Method for Studying Load-Settlement Behavior of Geocell-Reinforced Footings." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering: an international journal. 41 (2), p. 1115–1135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-022-02326-z
Determination of Support Pressure for the Design of Square Box Culverts
Shiau Jim, Keawsawasvong, Suraparb and Yodsomjai, Wittawat. 2023. "Determination of Support Pressure for the Design of Square Box Culverts." International Journal of Geomechanics. 23 (1), pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0002620
Bearing capacity of conical footing on anisotropic and heterogeneous clays using FEA and ANN
Lai, Van Qui, Shiau Jim, Van, Chung Nguyen, Tran, Huynh Duc and Keawsawasvong, Suraparb. 2023. "Bearing capacity of conical footing on anisotropic and heterogeneous clays using FEA and ANN ." Marine Georesources and Geotechnology. 41 (9), pp. 1053-1070. https://doi.org/10.1080/1064119X.2022.2113485
Passive Earth Pressure in Narrow Cohesive-Frictional Backfills
Li, Chutian, Lai, Fengwen, Shiau, Jim, Keawsawasvong, Suraparb and Huang, Hanhui. 2023. "Passive Earth Pressure in Narrow Cohesive-Frictional Backfills." International Journal of Geomechanics. 23 (1), pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0002639
Physics-based and data-driven modeling for stability evaluation of buried structures in natural clays
Lai, Fengwen, Shiau, Jim, Keawsawasvong, Suraparb, Chen, Fuquan, Banyong, Rungkhun and Seehavong, Sorawit. 2023. "Physics-based and data-driven modeling for stability evaluation of buried structures in natural clays." Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. 15 (5), pp. 1248-1262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2022.07.006
Undrained stability of pit-in-pit braced excavations under hydraulic uplift
Lai, Fengwen, Chen, Fuquan, Liu, Songyu, Keawsawasvong, Suraparb and Shiau, Jim. 2022. "Undrained stability of pit-in-pit braced excavations under hydraulic uplift." Underground Space. 7 (6), pp. 1139-1155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.undsp.2022.04.003
Multivariate adaptive regression splines analysis for 3D slope stability in anisotropic and heterogenous clay
Shiau, Jim, Lai, Van Qui and Keawsawasvong, Suraparb. 2023. "Multivariate adaptive regression splines analysis for 3D slope stability in anisotropic and heterogenous clay." Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. 15 (4), pp. 1052-1064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2022.05.016
Stability of Spherical Cavity in Hoek–Brown Rock Mass
Keawsawasvong, Suraparb and Shiau, Jim. 2022. "Stability of Spherical Cavity in Hoek–Brown Rock Mass." Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-022-02899-4
Lower Bound Finite Element Limit Analysis of Geo-Structures with Non-Associated Flow Rule
Payan, Meghdad, Fathipour, Hessam, Hosseini, Maryam, Chenari, Reza Jamshidi and Shiau, Jim S.. 2022. "Lower Bound Finite Element Limit Analysis of Geo-Structures with Non-Associated Flow Rule." Computers and Geotechnics. 147, pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2022.104803
Pipeline Burst–Related Soil Stability in Collapse Condition
Shiau, Jim, Mahalingasivam, Kiritharan, Chudal, Bishal and Keawsawasvong, Suraparb. 2022. "Pipeline Burst–Related Soil Stability in Collapse Condition." Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice. 13 (3), pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000657
Producing Undrained Stability Factors for Various Tunnel Shapes
Shiau, Jim and Keawsawasvong, Suraparb. 2022. "Producing Undrained Stability Factors for Various Tunnel Shapes." International Journal of Geomechanics. 22 (8), pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0002487
Determining Seismic Bearing Capacity of Footings Embedded in Cohesive Soil Slopes Using Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines
Lai, Van Qui, Lai, Fengwen, Yang, Dayu, Shiau, Jim, Yodsomjai, Wittawat and Keawsawasvong, Suraparb. 2022. "Determining Seismic Bearing Capacity of Footings Embedded in Cohesive Soil Slopes Using Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines." International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering. 8, pp. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-022-00390-2
Stability of Unlined Elliptical Tunnels in Rock Masses
Shiau, Jim, Keawsawasvong, Suraparb and Seehavong, Sorawit. 2022. "Stability of Unlined Elliptical Tunnels in Rock Masses." Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. 55 (11), p. 7307–7330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-022-02996-4
Bearing Capacity of Cylindrical Caissons in Cohesive‑Frictional Soils Using Axisymmetric Finite Element Limit Analysis
Keawsawasvong, Suraparb, Shiau, Jim and Yoonirundorn, Kittiphan. 2022. "Bearing Capacity of Cylindrical Caissons in Cohesive‑Frictional Soils Using Axisymmetric Finite Element Limit Analysis." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering: an international journal. 40, pp. 3929-3941. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-022-02129-2
Bearing Capacity of Ring Foundations on Anisotropic and Heterogenous Clays: FEA, NGI‑ADP, and MARS
Lai, Van Qui, Shiau, Jim, Keawsawasvong, Suraparb and Tran, Duy Tan. 2022. "Bearing Capacity of Ring Foundations on Anisotropic and Heterogenous Clays: FEA, NGI‑ADP, and MARS." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering: an international journal. 40 (7), pp. 3913-3928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-022-02117-6
Effect of loading eccentricity on the ultimate lateral resistance of twin-piles in clay
Zhao, Zihao, Zhang, Hao, Ke, Lijun, Zhao, Guoqing, Meng, Suyun, Wu, Fengyuan and Shiau, Jim. 2022. "Effect of loading eccentricity on the ultimate lateral resistance of twin-piles in clay." Soils and Foundations. 62 (2), pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2022.101126
Three-dimensional sinkhole stability of spherical cavity
Shiau, Jim, Chudal, Bishal and Keawsawasvong, Suraparb. 2022. "Three-dimensional sinkhole stability of spherical cavity." Acta Geotechnica. 17, pp. 3947-3958. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-022-01522-8
Stability factors Fc, Fs, and Fγ for twin tunnels in three dimensions
Shiau, Jim and Al-Asadi, Fadhil. 2022. "Stability factors Fc, Fs, and Fγ for twin tunnels in three dimensions." International Journal of Geomechanics. 22 (3), pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0002264
On the use of both diaphragm and secant pile walls for a basement upgrade project in Vietnam
Huynh, Quoc Thien, Lai, Van Qui, Shiau, Jim, Keawsawasvong, Suraparb, Mase, Lindung Zalbuin and Tra, Huu Thoi. 2022. "On the use of both diaphragm and secant pile walls for a basement upgrade project in Vietnam." Innovative Infrastructure Solutions. 7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00625-7
Stability Charts for Closely Spaced Strip Footings on Hoek–Brown Rock Mass
Keawsawasvong, Suraparb, Shiau, Jim, Limpanawannakul, Khemmapa and Panomchaivath, Suttikarn. 2022. "Stability Charts for Closely Spaced Strip Footings on Hoek–Brown Rock Mass." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering: an international journal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-022-02077-x
Three-Dimensional Stability Investigation of Trapdoors in Collapse and Blowout Conditions
Shiau, Jim, Keawsawasvong, Suraparb and Lee, Ji-Sung. 2022. "Three-Dimensional Stability Investigation of Trapdoors in Collapse and Blowout Conditions." International Journal of Geomechanics. 22 (4), pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0002339
Analysis of Shaft‑Grouted Piles Using Load‑Transfer Method
Lai, Van Qui, Keawsawasvong, Suraparb and Shiau, Jim. 2022. "Analysis of Shaft‑Grouted Piles Using Load‑Transfer Method." International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering. 8 (1), pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-022-00351-9
Undrained Stability of Unsupported Rectangular Excavations: Anisotropy and Non-Homogeneity in 3D
Lai, Van Qui, Shiau Jim, Keawsawasvong, Suraparb, Seehavong, Sorawit and Cabangon, Lowell Tan. 2022. "Undrained Stability of Unsupported Rectangular Excavations: Anisotropy and Non-Homogeneity in 3D." Buildings. 12 (9), pp. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091425
Design Equations for Predicting Stability of Unlined Horseshoe Tunnels in Rock Masses
Lawongkerd, Jintara, Shiau Jim, Keawsawasvong, Suraparb, Seehavong, Sorawit and Jamsawang, Pitthaya. 2022. "Design Equations for Predicting Stability of Unlined Horseshoe Tunnels in Rock Masses ." Buildings. 12 (11), pp. 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111800
Predicting Lateral Resistance of Piles in Cohesive Soils
Chaonoi, Wiphu, Shiau Jim, Ngamkhanong, Chayut, Thongchom, Chanachai, Jamsawang, Pitthaya and Keawsawasvong, Suraparb. 2022. "Predicting Lateral Resistance of Piles in Cohesive Soils." Sustainability. 14 (19). https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912940
Numerical investigation of 2D trapdoor stability
Shiau, Jim and Mirza Hassan, Mohammad. 2017. "Numerical investigation of 2D trapdoor stability." Hossain, Zakaria and Shiau, Jim (ed.) Third International Conference on Science, Engineering and Environment (SEE-2017). Springfield, Australia 13 - 16 Nov 2017 Tsu City, Mie, Japan.
The effect of model domain size for unsupported plain strain tunnel headings in undrained clay
Shiau, Jim and Al-Asadi, Fadhil. 2017. "The effect of model domain size for unsupported plain strain tunnel headings in undrained clay." Hossain, Zakaria and Shiau, Jim (ed.) Third International Conference on Science, Engineering and Environment (SEE-2017). Springfield, Australia 13 - 16 Nov 2017 Tsu City, Mie, Japan.
Undrained Stability of Ring Foundations: Axisymmetry, Anisotropy, and Nonhomogeneity
Keawsawasvong, Suraparb, Shiau, Jim, Ngamkhanong, Chayut, Lai, Van Qui and Thongchom, Chanachai. 2022. "Undrained Stability of Ring Foundations: Axisymmetry, Anisotropy, and Nonhomogeneity." International Journal of Geomechanics. 22 (1), pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0002229
Improvement of bearing capacity of footings using reinforced granular trench
Bhattacharya, Paramita, Shiau, Jim and Barole, Sudarshan. 2021. "Improvement of bearing capacity of footings using reinforced granular trench." International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering. 7, pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-021-00324-4
Instability of boreholes with slurry
Keawsawasvong, Suraparb and Shiau, Jim. 2021. "Instability of boreholes with slurry." International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering. 7, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-021-00326-2
Sinkhole stability in elliptical cavity under collapse and blowout conditions
Shiau, Jim, Keawsawasvong, Suraparb, Chudal, Bishal, Mahalingasivam, Kiritharan and Seehavong, Sorawit. 2021. "Sinkhole stability in elliptical cavity under collapse and blowout conditions." Geosciences. 11, pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11100421
Revisiting Circular Tunnel Stability Using Broms and Bennermarks’ Original Stability Number
Shiau, Jim and Al-Asadi, Fadhil. 2021. "Revisiting Circular Tunnel Stability Using Broms and Bennermarks’ Original Stability Number." International Journal of Geomechanics. 21 (5), pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001996
Stability of active trapdoors in axisymmetry
Keawsawasvong, Suraparb and Shiau, Jim. 2022. "Stability of active trapdoors in axisymmetry." Underground Space. 7 (1), pp. 50-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.undsp.2021.05.001
Stability chart for unsupported square tunnels in homogeneous undrained clay
Shiau, Jim, Mirza Hassan, Mohammad and Hossain, Zakaria. 2018. "Stability chart for unsupported square tunnels in homogeneous undrained clay." International Journal of GEOMATE. 15 (48), pp. 195-201. https://doi.org/10.21660/2018.48.74149
Pipeline burst-related ground stability in blowout condition
Shiau, Jim, Chudal, Bishal, Mahalingasivam, Kiritharan and Keawsawasvong, Suraparb. 2021. "Pipeline burst-related ground stability in blowout condition." Transportation Geotechnics. 29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2021.100587
Three-Dimensional Circular Trapdoor Stability
Shiau, Jim, Keawsawasvong, Suraparb, Lee, Ji-Sung and Mirza Hassan, Mohammad. 2022. "Three-Dimensional Circular Trapdoor Stability." Transportation Infrastructure Geotechnology. 9 (2), pp. 173-184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40515-021-00166-7
Numerical modelling of three-dimensional sinkhole stability using finite different method
Shiau, Jim and Mirza Hassan, Mohammad. 2021. "Numerical modelling of three-dimensional sinkhole stability using finite different method." Innovative Infrastructure Solutions. 6 (4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00559-0
Numerical Investigation of Undrained Trapdoors in Three Dimensions
Shiau, Jim and Mirza Hassan, Mohammad. 2021. "Numerical Investigation of Undrained Trapdoors in Three Dimensions." International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering. 7 (2), pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-021-00283-w
Three-dimensional stability analysis of active and passive trapdoors
Shiau, Jim, Lee, Ji-Sung and Al-Asadi, Fadhil. 2021. "Three-dimensional stability analysis of active and passive trapdoors." Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 107, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2020.103635
Stability analysis of twin circular tunnels using shear strength reduction method
Shiau, J. and Al-Asadi, F.. 2020. "Stability analysis of twin circular tunnels using shear strength reduction method." Geotechnique Letters. 10 (2), pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgele.19.00003
Shear strength of soil by using clam shell waste as recycle aggregate
Rachmawati, Siti Hanggita, Hossain, Zakaria and Shiau, Jim. 2020. "Shear strength of soil by using clam shell waste as recycle aggregate." Journal of Agricultural Engineering . 51 (3), pp. 155-160. https://doi.org/10.4081/jae.2020.1043
Twin Tunnels Stability Factors Fc, Fs and Fγ
Shiau, Jim and Al-Asadi, Fadhil. 2021. "Twin Tunnels Stability Factors Fc, Fs and Fγ." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering: an international journal. 39 (1), pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-020-01495-z
Three-dimensional analysis of circular tunnel headings using Broms and Bennermarks’ original stability number
Shiau, Jim and Al-Asadi, Fadhil. 2020. "Three-dimensional analysis of circular tunnel headings using Broms and Bennermarks’ original stability number." International Journal of Geomechanics. 20 (7). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001734
Two-dimensional tunnel heading stability factors Fc, Fs and Fγ
Shiau, Jim and Al-Asadi, Fadhil. 2020. "Two-dimensional tunnel heading stability factors Fc, Fs and Fγ." Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2020.103293
Three-dimensional heading stability of twin circular tunnels
Shiau, Jim and Al-Asadi, Fadhil. 2020. "Three-dimensional heading stability of twin circular tunnels." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering: an international journal. 38 (3), pp. 2973-2988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-020-01201-z
Determination of critical tunnel heading pressures using stability factors
Shiau, Jim and Al-Asadi, Fadhil. 2020. "Determination of critical tunnel heading pressures using stability factors." Computers and Geotechnics. 119, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103345
Undrained stability of active and passive trapdoors
Shiau, Jim and Mirza Hassan, Mohammad. 2020. "Undrained stability of active and passive trapdoors." Geotechnical Research. 7 (1), pp. 40-48. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgere.19.00033
Pull-out resistance of single piles and parametric study using the Finite Difference Method (FDM)
Owino, Alex Otieno, Hossain, Zakaria and Shiau, Jim. 2018. "Pull-out resistance of single piles and parametric study using the Finite Difference Method (FDM)." American Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture. 6 (5), pp. 193-198. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajcea-6-5-4
Ground improvement using waste shell for farm roads and embankments
Rachmawati, Siti Hanggita, Hossain, Zakaria and Shiau, Jim. 2018. "Ground improvement using waste shell for farm roads and embankments." Journal of Agricultural Engineering . 49 (1), pp. 29-33. https://doi.org/10.4081/jae.2018.731
Agriculture land development using shell husk as recycle aggregate
Rachmawati, Siti Hanggita, Hossain, Zakaria and Shiau, Jim. 2018. "Agriculture land development using shell husk as recycle aggregate." Agricultural Engineering International: Cigr Journal. 20 (3), pp. 45-51.
Parametric study on the response of composite single piles to lateral load by numerical simulation (FDM)
Owino, Alex Otieno, Hossain, Zakaria and Shiau, Jim. 2018. "Parametric study on the response of composite single piles to lateral load by numerical simulation (FDM)." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science. 3 (10), pp. 16-20. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2018.3.10.899
Streamlining information transfer between construction and structural engineering
Shiau, Jim. 2018. "Streamlining information transfer between construction and structural engineering." Shiau, Jim, Vimonsatit, Vanissorn, Yazdani, Siamak and Singh, Amarjit (ed.) 4th Australasia and South-East Asia Structural Engineering and Construction Conference. Brisbane, Australia 03 - 05 Dec 2018 United States.
Revisiting Broms and Bennermarks’ original stability number for tunnel headings
Shiau, Jim and Al-Asadi, Fadhil. 2018. "Revisiting Broms and Bennermarks’ original stability number for tunnel headings." Geotechnique Letters. 8 (4), pp. 310-315. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgele.18.00145
Relating volume loss and greenfield settlement
Shiau, Jim and Sams, Mathew. 2019. "Relating volume loss and greenfield settlement." Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 83, pp. 145-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.09.041
A revisit to Nicoll Highway excavation in Singapore
Hama Salih, Samal, Mirza Hassan, Mohammad, Shiau, Jim and Hossain, Zakaria. 2018. "A revisit to Nicoll Highway excavation in Singapore." International Journal of GEOMATE. 14 (42), pp. 90-96. https://doi.org/10.21660/2018.42.81117
Numerical simulation of staged braced excavation in sand ~ O6 MRT station
Hama Salih, Samal, Mirza Hassan, Mohammad, Shiau, Jim and Hossain, Zakaria. 2018. "Numerical simulation of staged braced excavation in sand ~ O6 MRT station." International Journal of GEOMATE. 14 (43), pp. 104-111. https://doi.org/10.21660/2018.43.291117
Stability charts for unsupported plane strain tunnel headings in homogeneous undrained clay
Shiau, Jim, Sams, Mathew, Al-Asadi, Fadhil and Mirza Hassan, Mohammad. 2018. "Stability charts for unsupported plane strain tunnel headings in homogeneous undrained clay." International Journal of GEOMATE. 14 (41), pp. 19-26. https://doi.org/10.21660/2018.41.29138
Estimation of tunneling induced ground settlement using pressure relaxation method
Shiau, Jim and Sams, Mathew. 2017. "Estimation of tunneling induced ground settlement using pressure relaxation method." International Journal of GEOMATE. 13 (39), pp. 132-139. https://doi.org/10.21660/2017.39.85076
Stability charts for unsupported circular tunnels in cohesive soils
Shiau, Jim, Lamb, Brian, Sams, Mathew and Lobwein, Jay. 2017. "Stability charts for unsupported circular tunnels in cohesive soils." International Journal of GEOMATE. 13 (39), pp. 95-102. https://doi.org/10.21660/2017.39.47674
Oil contaminated sand: an emerging and sustainable construction material
Abousnina, Rajab M., Manalo, Allan, Lokuge, Weena and Shiau, Jim. 2015. "Oil contaminated sand: an emerging and sustainable construction material." 2015 International Conference on Sustainable Design, Engineering and Construction. Chicago, United States 10 - 13 May 2015 Netherlands. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.453
Stability design charts for unsupported wide rectangular tunnels
Shiau, Jim, Sams, Mathew and Chen, Jing. 2016. "Stability design charts for unsupported wide rectangular tunnels." Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. 21 (01), pp. 139-150.
Developing a project based learning assignment for geotechnical engineering
Shiau, Jim, Buttling, Stephen and Sams, Mathew. 2015. "Developing a project based learning assignment for geotechnical engineering." Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. 20 (18), pp. 10113-10121.
Stability charts for a tall tunnel in undrained clay
Shiau, Jim, Sams, Mathew and Chen, Jing. 2016. "Stability charts for a tall tunnel in undrained clay." International Journal of GEOMATE. 10 (20), pp. 1764-1769.
The use of sinkhole models in advanced geotechnical engineering teaching
Shiau, Jim, Lamb, Brian and Sams, Mathew. 2016. "The use of sinkhole models in advanced geotechnical engineering teaching." International Journal of GEOMATE. 10 (20), pp. 1718-1724.
Introducing advanced topics in geotechnical engineering teaching - tunnel modelling
Shiau, Jim, Sams, Mathew and Lamb, Brian. 2016. "Introducing advanced topics in geotechnical engineering teaching - tunnel modelling." International Journal of GEOMATE. 10 (19), pp. 1698-1705.
Physical modelling and PIV analyses of an underground tunnel heading
Shiau, J. S., Sams, M. S. and Kemp, R. J.. 2014. "Physical modelling and PIV analyses of an underground tunnel heading." Yoo, Chungsik, Park, Seong-Wan, Kim, Bumjoo and Ban, Hoki (ed.) 8th International Symposium on Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground (TC204 ISSMGE IS-SEOUL 2014). Seoul, Korea 25 - 27 Aug 2014 Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1201/b17240-12
Settlement analyses of underground circular tunneling in soft clay
Shiau, J. S., Sams, M. S., Zhang, J. and Kemp, R. J.. 2014. "Settlement analyses of underground circular tunneling in soft clay." Yoo, Chungsik, Park, Seong-Wan, Kim, Bumjoo and Ban, Hoki (ed.) 8th International Symposium on Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground (TC204 ISSMGE IS-SEOUL 2014). Seoul, Korea 25 - 27 Aug 2014 Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1201/b17240-63
Contaminated soil/groundwater remediation using Permeable Reactive Barrier (PRB) techniques
Craig, Ian, Shiau, Jim and Erdei, Laszlo. 2012. "Contaminated soil/groundwater remediation using Permeable Reactive Barrier (PRB) techniques." 2012 Southern Regional Engineering Conference (SREC 2012). Toowoomba, Australia 01 Sep 2012 Canberra, Australia.
An overview on oil contaminated sand and its engineering applications
Abousnina, Rajab M., Manalo, Allan, Shiau, Jim and Lokuge, Weena. 2016. "An overview on oil contaminated sand and its engineering applications." International Journal of GEOMATE. 10 (19), pp. 1615-1622.
Effect of light hydrocarbons contamination on shear strength of fine sand
Abousnina, Rajab M., Shiau, Jim, Manalo, Allan and Lokuge, Weena. 2014. "Effect of light hydrocarbons contamination on shear strength of fine sand." Hossain, Zakaria and Shiau, Jim (ed.) 4th International Conference on Geotechnique, Construction Materials and Environment (GEOMATE 2014). Brisbane, Australia 19 - 21 Nov 2014 Mie, Japan.
Effects of light crude oil contamination on the physical and mechanical properties of fine sand
Abousnina, Rajab M., Manalo, Allan, Shiau, Jim and Lokuge, Weena. 2015. "Effects of light crude oil contamination on the physical and mechanical properties of fine sand." Soil and Sediment Contamination: an international journal. 24 (8), pp. 833-845. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2015.1058338
Effect of surface traction on the shakedown limits under moving surface loads
Shiau, Jim. 2007. "Effect of surface traction on the shakedown limits under moving surface loads." Choi, Chang-Koon (ed.) Computational Methods in Engineering & Science: Proceedings of Enhancement and Promotion of Computational Methods in Engineering and Science X, Aug. 21–23, 2006, Sanya, China. Springer. pp. 192-201
Shakedown analysis of layered continuum
Shiau, Jim. 2013. "Shakedown analysis of layered continuum." Vimonsatit, Vanissorn, Singh, Amarjit and Yazdani, Siamak (ed.) 1st Australasia and South East Asia Conference in Structural Engineering and Construction (ASEA-SEC-1). Perth, Australia 28 Nov - 02 Dec 2012 Singapore. https://doi.org/10.3850/978-981-08-7920-4_St-100-0307
Developing numerical models for the design of cantilever sheet pile wall
Shiau, Jim and Smith, Catherine. 2013. "Developing numerical models for the design of cantilever sheet pile wall." Vimonsatit, Vanissorn, Singh, Amarjit and Yazdani, Siamak (ed.) 1st Australasia and South East Asia Conference in Structural Engineering and Construction (ASEA-SEC-1). Perth, Australia 28 Nov - 02 Dec 2012 Singapore.
A shakedown limit under Hertz contact pressure
Shiau, Jim S.. 2011. "A shakedown limit under Hertz contact pressure." Advanced Materials Research. 291-294, pp. 1506-1510. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.291-294.1506
Undrained stability of footings on slopes
Shiau, J. S., Merifield, R. S., Lyamin, A. V. and Sloan, S. W.. 2011. "Undrained stability of footings on slopes." International Journal of Geomechanics. 11 (5), pp. 381-390. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000092
Teaching earth pressure theory using physical models: an example in civil engineering
Shiau, Jim S. and Hobson, Michael A.. 2011. "Teaching earth pressure theory using physical models: an example in civil engineering." Patil, Arun and Sid Nair, Chenicheri (ed.) 1st International Engineering and Technology Education Conference (IETEC 2011): Enhancing 21st Century Skills for Global Engineers and Technology Professionals. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 16 - 19 Jan 2011 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
A study on the failure mechanisms of horizontal plate anchors in clay
Shiau, Jim and Al Abri, Mohammed. 2011. "A study on the failure mechanisms of horizontal plate anchors in clay." Shahin, M. and Nikraz, H. (ed.) ICAGE 2011: International Conference on Advances in Geotechnical Engineering. Perth, Australia 07 - 09 Nov 2011 Perth, Australia.
Modeling uplift of plate anchor
Shiau, J. S. and Hobson, M. A.. 2011. "Modeling uplift of plate anchor." Sainsbury, David, Hart, Roger, Detournay, Christine and Nelson, Michele (ed.) Continuum and Distinct Element Numerical Modeling in Geomechanics (2011). Melbourne, Australia 14 - 16 Feb 2011 Minneapolis, MN. USA.
Calculation of lateral earth pressures with layered backfill
Shiau, J. S. and Smith, C. A.. 2011. "Calculation of lateral earth pressures with layered backfill." Sainsbury, David, Hart, Roger, Detournay, Christine and Nelson, Michele (ed.) Continuum and Distinct Element Numerical Modeling in Geomechanics (2011). Melbourne, Australia 14 - 16 Feb 2011 Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Finite element limit analysis of passive earth resistance in cohesionless soils
Shiau, Jim S., Augarde, Charles E., Lyamin, Andrei V. and Sloan, Scott W.. 2008. "Finite element limit analysis of passive earth resistance in cohesionless soils." Soils and Foundations. 48 (6), pp. 843-850.
3D bearing capacity of shallow foundations located near deep excavation sites
Shiau, J. S. and Watson, J. F.. 2008. "3D bearing capacity of shallow foundations located near deep excavation sites." Ng, Kee Nam (ed.) 2008 International Conference on Deep Excavation: Challenges Risk Management of Underground Construction (ICDE 2008). Singapore 10 - 12 Nov 2008 Singapore.
Foundation located near slope: a FLAC study
Shiau, Jim S., Watson, Joshua F. and Smith, C. A.. 2008. "Foundation located near slope: a FLAC study." Detournay, Christine and Hart, Roger (ed.) 1st International FLAC/DEM Symposium on Numerical Modeling. Minneapolis, United States of America 25 - 27 Aug 2008 Minneapolis, USA.
A FLAC model for classical earth pressure problems
Shiau, Jim S., Thomas, Caroline J. and Smith, Catherine A.. 2008. "A FLAC model for classical earth pressure problems." Detournay, Christine, Hart, Roger and Cundall, Peter (ed.) 1st International FLAC/DEM Symposium on Numerical Modeling. Minneapolis, United States of America 25 - 27 Aug 2008 Minneapolis. USA..
Numerical study of a shallow foundation located near 45 degree slopes
Shiau, Jim S., Watson, Joshua Francis and Arnold, Matthew David. 2008. "Numerical study of a shallow foundation located near 45 degree slopes." Choi, Chang-Koon (ed.) ASEM 2008: 4th International Conference on Advances in Structural Engineering and Mechanics. Jeju, Korea 26 - 28 May 2008 Jeju, Korea.
Modelling the arching effect in active earth pressure problems
Thomas, Caroline and Shiau, Jim S.. 2007. "Modelling the arching effect in active earth pressure problems." Ameratunga, Jay, Taylor, Brett C. and Patten, Matthew (ed.) 10th Australia New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics. Brisbane, Australia 21 - 24 Oct 2007 Brisbane, Australia.
Bearing capacity of footings near slopes
Smith, Catherine and Shiau, Jim S.. 2007. "Bearing capacity of footings near slopes." Ameratunga, Jay, Taylor, Brett C. and Patten, Matthew (ed.) 10th Australia New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics. Brisbane, Australia 21 - 24 Oct 2007 Brisbane, Australia.
Numerical investigation of shakedown residual stresses under moving surface loads
Shiau, Jim S.. 2006. "Numerical investigation of shakedown residual stresses under moving surface loads." Soares, Carlos Mota (ed.) 3rd European Conference on Computational Mechanics (ECCM 2006). Lisbon, Portugal 05 - 08 Jun 2006 Netherlands.
Application of pseudo-static limit analysis in geotechnical earthquake design
Shiau, Jim S., Lyamin, Andrei V. and Sloan, Scott W.. 2006. "Application of pseudo-static limit analysis in geotechnical earthquake design." Schweiger, Helmut F. (ed.) 6th European Conference on Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering. Graz, Austria 06 - 08 Sep 2006 London, United Kingdom.
Numerical analysis of passive earth pressures with interfaces
Shiau, Jim and Smith, Catherine. 2006. "Numerical analysis of passive earth pressures with interfaces." Soares, Carlos Mota (ed.) 3rd European Conference on Computational Mechanics (ECCM 2006). Lisbon, Portugal 05 - 08 Jun 2006 Netherlands.
Developing a track model for testing the road pavement under repeated moving surface loads
Shiau, Jim S., Perumal, Tagarajan, Benjamin, Michael, Pather, Selvan and Ayers, Ron. 2006. "Developing a track model for testing the road pavement under repeated moving surface loads." 22nd ARRB Conference: Research Into Practice. Canberra, Australia 29 Oct - 02 Nov 2006 Canberra, Australia.
Developing physical models for geotechnical teaching and research
Shiau, Jim S., Pather, Selvan and Ayers, Ron. 2006. "Developing physical models for geotechnical teaching and research." Ng, C. W. W., Zhang, L. M. and Wang, Y. H. (ed.) 6th International Conference on Physical Modelling in Geotechnics. Hong Kong, China 04 - 06 Aug 2006 Hong Kong.
Bearing capacity of a sand layer on clay by finite element limit analysis
Shiau, J. S., Lyamin, A. V. and Sloan, S. W.. 2003. "Bearing capacity of a sand layer on clay by finite element limit analysis." Canadian Geotechnical Journal. 40 (5), pp. 900-915. https://doi.org/10.1139/t03-042