Probabilistic assessment of passive earth pressures considering spatial variability of soil parameters and design factors

Article

Shiau, Jim, Nguyen, Tan, Pham-Tran-Hung, Thinh and Sugawara, Jun. 2025. "Probabilistic assessment of passive earth pressures considering spatial variability of soil parameters and design factors ." Scientific Reports. 15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87989-3
Article Title

Probabilistic assessment of passive earth pressures considering spatial variability of soil parameters and design factors

ERA Journal ID201487
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsShiau, Jim, Nguyen, Tan, Pham-Tran-Hung, Thinh and Sugawara, Jun
Journal TitleScientific Reports
Journal Citation15
Article Number4752
Number of Pages23
Year2025
PublisherNature Publishing Group
Place of PublicationUnited Kingdom
ISSN2045-2322
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87989-3
Web Address (URL)https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-87989-3
Abstract

The stability design of soil structures, such as retaining walls, has traditionally relied on deterministic analyses that use averaged soil parameters. However, modern computational advances, particularly Monte Carlo simulations (MCs), have highlighted the limitations of this approach. Engineers are now increasingly focused on understanding the probability of failure (PF) associated with specific safety factors. This study explores the impact of spatial variability in soil properties, specifically the friction angle and unit weight, on PF. By applying log-normal distributions and spatial correlation lengths, extensive MC simulations were combined with finite element limit analysis to establish relationships between safety factors and PF. This research makes several contributions to geotechnical engineering. It integrates MC simulations with finite element limit analysis to provide a statistically robust framework for evaluating PF in soil structures. The use of adaptive finite element meshes introduces new insights into failure mechanisms, addressing gaps in existing studies. Additionally, the study presents a set of parametric design charts that enable practitioners to estimate PF for specific safety factors effectively. These findings provide practical tools for design engineers, supporting better decision-making and increasing confidence in design outcomes.

KeywordsRandom field; Probabilistic analysis; Limit analysis; Earth pressures; Design charts
Contains Sensitive ContentContains sensitive content
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020400502. Civil geotechnical engineering
Byline AffiliationsSchool of Engineering
Ton Duc Thang University, Vietnam
Department of Transport and Main Roads, Queensland
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Shiau, Jim, Lai, Van Qui and Keawsawasvong, Suraparb. 2023. "Multivariate adaptive regression splines analysis for 3D slope stability in anisotropic and heterogenous clay." Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. 15 (4), pp. 1052-1064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2022.05.016
Stability of Spherical Cavity in Hoek–Brown Rock Mass
Keawsawasvong, Suraparb and Shiau, Jim. 2022. "Stability of Spherical Cavity in Hoek–Brown Rock Mass." Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-022-02899-4
Lower Bound Finite Element Limit Analysis of Geo-Structures with Non-Associated Flow Rule
Payan, Meghdad, Fathipour, Hessam, Hosseini, Maryam, Chenari, Reza Jamshidi and Shiau, Jim S.. 2022. "Lower Bound Finite Element Limit Analysis of Geo-Structures with Non-Associated Flow Rule." Computers and Geotechnics. 147, pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2022.104803
Pipeline Burst–Related Soil Stability in Collapse Condition
Shiau, Jim, Mahalingasivam, Kiritharan, Chudal, Bishal and Keawsawasvong, Suraparb. 2022. "Pipeline Burst–Related Soil Stability in Collapse Condition." Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice. 13 (3), pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000657
Producing Undrained Stability Factors for Various Tunnel Shapes
Shiau, Jim and Keawsawasvong, Suraparb. 2022. "Producing Undrained Stability Factors for Various Tunnel Shapes." International Journal of Geomechanics. 22 (8), pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0002487
Determining Seismic Bearing Capacity of Footings Embedded in Cohesive Soil Slopes Using Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines
Lai, Van Qui, Lai, Fengwen, Yang, Dayu, Shiau, Jim, Yodsomjai, Wittawat and Keawsawasvong, Suraparb. 2022. "Determining Seismic Bearing Capacity of Footings Embedded in Cohesive Soil Slopes Using Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines." International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering. 8, pp. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-022-00390-2
Stability of Unlined Elliptical Tunnels in Rock Masses
Shiau, Jim, Keawsawasvong, Suraparb and Seehavong, Sorawit. 2022. "Stability of Unlined Elliptical Tunnels in Rock Masses." Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. 55 (11), p. 7307–7330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-022-02996-4
Bearing Capacity of Cylindrical Caissons in Cohesive‑Frictional Soils Using Axisymmetric Finite Element Limit Analysis
Keawsawasvong, Suraparb, Shiau, Jim and Yoonirundorn, Kittiphan. 2022. "Bearing Capacity of Cylindrical Caissons in Cohesive‑Frictional Soils Using Axisymmetric Finite Element Limit Analysis." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering: an international journal. 40, pp. 3929-3941. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-022-02129-2
Bearing Capacity of Ring Foundations on Anisotropic and Heterogenous Clays: FEA, NGI‑ADP, and MARS
Lai, Van Qui, Shiau, Jim, Keawsawasvong, Suraparb and Tran, Duy Tan. 2022. "Bearing Capacity of Ring Foundations on Anisotropic and Heterogenous Clays: FEA, NGI‑ADP, and MARS." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering: an international journal. 40 (7), pp. 3913-3928. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-022-02117-6
Effect of loading eccentricity on the ultimate lateral resistance of twin-piles in clay
Zhao, Zihao, Zhang, Hao, Ke, Lijun, Zhao, Guoqing, Meng, Suyun, Wu, Fengyuan and Shiau, Jim. 2022. "Effect of loading eccentricity on the ultimate lateral resistance of twin-piles in clay." Soils and Foundations. 62 (2), pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2022.101126
Three-dimensional sinkhole stability of spherical cavity
Shiau, Jim, Chudal, Bishal and Keawsawasvong, Suraparb. 2022. "Three-dimensional sinkhole stability of spherical cavity." Acta Geotechnica. 17, pp. 3947-3958. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-022-01522-8
Stability factors Fc, Fs, and Fγ for twin tunnels in three dimensions
Shiau, Jim and Al-Asadi, Fadhil. 2022. "Stability factors Fc, Fs, and Fγ for twin tunnels in three dimensions." International Journal of Geomechanics. 22 (3), pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0002264
On the use of both diaphragm and secant pile walls for a basement upgrade project in Vietnam
Huynh, Quoc Thien, Lai, Van Qui, Shiau, Jim, Keawsawasvong, Suraparb, Mase, Lindung Zalbuin and Tra, Huu Thoi. 2022. "On the use of both diaphragm and secant pile walls for a basement upgrade project in Vietnam." Innovative Infrastructure Solutions. 7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00625-7
Assessment of landslides in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia: A Geoscientists Without Borders project
Suto, Koya, Komatina, Snezana, Sugawara, Jun and Aizawa, Takao. 2022. "Assessment of landslides in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia: A Geoscientists Without Borders project." Geophysics. 87 (1), pp. WA65-WA75. https://doi.org/10.1190/geo2021-0115.1
Stability Charts for Closely Spaced Strip Footings on Hoek–Brown Rock Mass
Keawsawasvong, Suraparb, Shiau, Jim, Limpanawannakul, Khemmapa and Panomchaivath, Suttikarn. 2022. "Stability Charts for Closely Spaced Strip Footings on Hoek–Brown Rock Mass." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering: an international journal. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-022-02077-x
Three-Dimensional Stability Investigation of Trapdoors in Collapse and Blowout Conditions
Shiau, Jim, Keawsawasvong, Suraparb and Lee, Ji-Sung. 2022. "Three-Dimensional Stability Investigation of Trapdoors in Collapse and Blowout Conditions." International Journal of Geomechanics. 22 (4), pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0002339
Analysis of Shaft‑Grouted Piles Using Load‑Transfer Method
Lai, Van Qui, Keawsawasvong, Suraparb and Shiau, Jim. 2022. "Analysis of Shaft‑Grouted Piles Using Load‑Transfer Method." International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering. 8 (1), pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-022-00351-9
Geophysical Project Evaluation to The Un Sdgs – Gwb Project in Serbia and Bosnia & Herzegovina
Komatina, S., Aizawa, T., Suto, K. and Sugawara, J.. 2022. "Geophysical Project Evaluation to The Un Sdgs – Gwb Project in Serbia and Bosnia & Herzegovina ." NSG2022 28th European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. Belgrade, Serbia 18 - 22 Sep 2022 https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202220103
Use of geophysical survey in geotechnical engineering practice – From one of geotechnical engineers’ perspective
Sugawara, Jun. 2022. "Use of geophysical survey in geotechnical engineering practice – From one of geotechnical engineers’ perspective." Near Surface Geoscience Conference & Exhibition 2022 Workshop Programme. Belgrade, Serbia 18 - 20 Sep 2022 Serbia. https://doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202220204
Undrained Stability of Unsupported Rectangular Excavations: Anisotropy and Non-Homogeneity in 3D
Lai, Van Qui, Shiau Jim, Keawsawasvong, Suraparb, Seehavong, Sorawit and Cabangon, Lowell Tan. 2022. "Undrained Stability of Unsupported Rectangular Excavations: Anisotropy and Non-Homogeneity in 3D." Buildings. 12 (9), pp. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091425
Design Equations for Predicting Stability of Unlined Horseshoe Tunnels in Rock Masses
Lawongkerd, Jintara, Shiau Jim, Keawsawasvong, Suraparb, Seehavong, Sorawit and Jamsawang, Pitthaya. 2022. "Design Equations for Predicting Stability of Unlined Horseshoe Tunnels in Rock Masses ." Buildings. 12 (11), pp. 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111800
Predicting Lateral Resistance of Piles in Cohesive Soils
Chaonoi, Wiphu, Shiau Jim, Ngamkhanong, Chayut, Thongchom, Chanachai, Jamsawang, Pitthaya and Keawsawasvong, Suraparb. 2022. "Predicting Lateral Resistance of Piles in Cohesive Soils." Sustainability. 14 (19), pp. 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912940
Numerical investigation of 2D trapdoor stability
Shiau, Jim and Mirza Hassan, Mohammad. 2017. "Numerical investigation of 2D trapdoor stability." Hossain, Zakaria and Shiau, Jim (ed.) Third International Conference on Science, Engineering and Environment (SEE-2017). Springfield, Australia 13 - 16 Nov 2017 Tsu City, Mie, Japan.
The effect of model domain size for unsupported plain strain tunnel headings in undrained clay
Shiau, Jim and Al-Asadi, Fadhil. 2017. "The effect of model domain size for unsupported plain strain tunnel headings in undrained clay." Hossain, Zakaria and Shiau, Jim (ed.) Third International Conference on Science, Engineering and Environment (SEE-2017). Springfield, Australia 13 - 16 Nov 2017 Tsu City, Mie, Japan.
Undrained Stability of Ring Foundations: Axisymmetry, Anisotropy, and Nonhomogeneity
Keawsawasvong, Suraparb, Shiau, Jim, Ngamkhanong, Chayut, Lai, Van Qui and Thongchom, Chanachai. 2022. "Undrained Stability of Ring Foundations: Axisymmetry, Anisotropy, and Nonhomogeneity." International Journal of Geomechanics. 22 (1), pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0002229
Improvement of bearing capacity of footings using reinforced granular trench
Bhattacharya, Paramita, Shiau, Jim and Barole, Sudarshan. 2021. "Improvement of bearing capacity of footings using reinforced granular trench." International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering. 7, pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-021-00324-4
Instability of boreholes with slurry
Keawsawasvong, Suraparb and Shiau, Jim. 2021. "Instability of boreholes with slurry." International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering. 7, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-021-00326-2
Sinkhole stability in elliptical cavity under collapse and blowout conditions
Shiau, Jim, Keawsawasvong, Suraparb, Chudal, Bishal, Mahalingasivam, Kiritharan and Seehavong, Sorawit. 2021. "Sinkhole stability in elliptical cavity under collapse and blowout conditions." Geosciences. 11, pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11100421
Revisiting Circular Tunnel Stability Using Broms and Bennermarks’ Original Stability Number
Shiau, Jim and Al-Asadi, Fadhil. 2021. "Revisiting Circular Tunnel Stability Using Broms and Bennermarks’ Original Stability Number." International Journal of Geomechanics. 21 (5), pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001996
Stability of active trapdoors in axisymmetry
Keawsawasvong, Suraparb and Shiau, Jim. 2022. "Stability of active trapdoors in axisymmetry." Underground Space. 7 (1), pp. 50-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.undsp.2021.05.001
Stability chart for unsupported square tunnels in homogeneous undrained clay
Shiau, Jim, Mirza Hassan, Mohammad and Hossain, Zakaria. 2018. "Stability chart for unsupported square tunnels in homogeneous undrained clay." International Journal of GEOMATE. 15 (48), pp. 195-201. https://doi.org/10.21660/2018.48.74149
Pipeline burst-related ground stability in blowout condition
Shiau, Jim, Chudal, Bishal, Mahalingasivam, Kiritharan and Keawsawasvong, Suraparb. 2021. "Pipeline burst-related ground stability in blowout condition." Transportation Geotechnics. 29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2021.100587
Three-Dimensional Circular Trapdoor Stability
Shiau, Jim, Keawsawasvong, Suraparb, Lee, Ji-Sung and Mirza Hassan, Mohammad. 2022. "Three-Dimensional Circular Trapdoor Stability." Transportation Infrastructure Geotechnology. 9 (2), pp. 173-184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40515-021-00166-7
Numerical modelling of three-dimensional sinkhole stability using finite different method
Shiau, Jim and Mirza Hassan, Mohammad. 2021. "Numerical modelling of three-dimensional sinkhole stability using finite different method." Innovative Infrastructure Solutions. 6 (4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00559-0
Numerical Investigation of Undrained Trapdoors in Three Dimensions
Shiau, Jim and Mirza Hassan, Mohammad. 2021. "Numerical Investigation of Undrained Trapdoors in Three Dimensions." International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering. 7 (2), pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-021-00283-w
Three-dimensional stability analysis of active and passive trapdoors
Shiau, Jim, Lee, Ji-Sung and Al-Asadi, Fadhil. 2021. "Three-dimensional stability analysis of active and passive trapdoors." Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 107, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2020.103635
Stability analysis of twin circular tunnels using shear strength reduction method
Shiau, J. and Al-Asadi, F.. 2020. "Stability analysis of twin circular tunnels using shear strength reduction method." Geotechnique Letters. 10 (2), pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgele.19.00003
Shear strength of soil by using clam shell waste as recycle aggregate
Rachmawati, Siti Hanggita, Hossain, Zakaria and Shiau, Jim. 2020. "Shear strength of soil by using clam shell waste as recycle aggregate." Journal of Agricultural Engineering . 51 (3), pp. 155-160. https://doi.org/10.4081/jae.2020.1043
Twin Tunnels Stability Factors Fc, Fs and Fγ
Shiau, Jim and Al-Asadi, Fadhil. 2021. "Twin Tunnels Stability Factors Fc, Fs and Fγ." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering: an international journal. 39 (1), pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-020-01495-z
Three-dimensional analysis of circular tunnel headings using Broms and Bennermarks’ original stability number
Shiau, Jim and Al-Asadi, Fadhil. 2020. "Three-dimensional analysis of circular tunnel headings using Broms and Bennermarks’ original stability number." International Journal of Geomechanics. 20 (7). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001734
Two-dimensional tunnel heading stability factors Fc, Fs and Fγ
Shiau, Jim and Al-Asadi, Fadhil. 2020. "Two-dimensional tunnel heading stability factors Fc, Fs and Fγ." Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2020.103293
Three-dimensional heading stability of twin circular tunnels
Shiau, Jim and Al-Asadi, Fadhil. 2020. "Three-dimensional heading stability of twin circular tunnels." Geotechnical and Geological Engineering: an international journal. 38 (3), pp. 2973-2988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-020-01201-z
Determination of critical tunnel heading pressures using stability factors
Shiau, Jim and Al-Asadi, Fadhil. 2020. "Determination of critical tunnel heading pressures using stability factors." Computers and Geotechnics. 119, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103345
Undrained stability of active and passive trapdoors
Shiau, Jim and Mirza Hassan, Mohammad. 2020. "Undrained stability of active and passive trapdoors." Geotechnical Research. 7 (1), pp. 40-48. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgere.19.00033
Pull-out resistance of single piles and parametric study using the Finite Difference Method (FDM)
Owino, Alex Otieno, Hossain, Zakaria and Shiau, Jim. 2018. "Pull-out resistance of single piles and parametric study using the Finite Difference Method (FDM)." American Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture. 6 (5), pp. 193-198. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajcea-6-5-4
Ground improvement using waste shell for farm roads and embankments
Rachmawati, Siti Hanggita, Hossain, Zakaria and Shiau, Jim. 2018. "Ground improvement using waste shell for farm roads and embankments." Journal of Agricultural Engineering . 49 (1), pp. 29-33. https://doi.org/10.4081/jae.2018.731
Agriculture land development using shell husk as recycle aggregate
Rachmawati, Siti Hanggita, Hossain, Zakaria and Shiau, Jim. 2018. "Agriculture land development using shell husk as recycle aggregate." Agricultural Engineering International: Cigr Journal. 20 (3), pp. 45-51.
Parametric study on the response of composite single piles to lateral load by numerical simulation (FDM)
Owino, Alex Otieno, Hossain, Zakaria and Shiau, Jim. 2018. "Parametric study on the response of composite single piles to lateral load by numerical simulation (FDM)." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science. 3 (10), pp. 16-20. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2018.3.10.899
Streamlining information transfer between construction and structural engineering
Shiau, Jim. 2018. "Streamlining information transfer between construction and structural engineering." Shiau, Jim, Vimonsatit, Vanissorn, Yazdani, Siamak and Singh, Amarjit (ed.) 4th Australasia and South-East Asia Structural Engineering and Construction Conference. Brisbane, Australia 03 - 05 Dec 2018 United States.
Revisiting Broms and Bennermarks’ original stability number for tunnel headings
Shiau, Jim and Al-Asadi, Fadhil. 2018. "Revisiting Broms and Bennermarks’ original stability number for tunnel headings." Geotechnique Letters. 8 (4), pp. 310-315. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgele.18.00145
Relating volume loss and greenfield settlement
Shiau, Jim and Sams, Mathew. 2019. "Relating volume loss and greenfield settlement." Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. 83, pp. 145-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2018.09.041
A revisit to Nicoll Highway excavation in Singapore
Hama Salih, Samal, Mirza Hassan, Mohammad, Shiau, Jim and Hossain, Zakaria. 2018. "A revisit to Nicoll Highway excavation in Singapore." International Journal of GEOMATE. 14 (42), pp. 90-96. https://doi.org/10.21660/2018.42.81117
Numerical simulation of staged braced excavation in sand ~ O6 MRT station
Hama Salih, Samal, Mirza Hassan, Mohammad, Shiau, Jim and Hossain, Zakaria. 2018. "Numerical simulation of staged braced excavation in sand ~ O6 MRT station." International Journal of GEOMATE. 14 (43), pp. 104-111. https://doi.org/10.21660/2018.43.291117
Stability charts for unsupported plane strain tunnel headings in homogeneous undrained clay
Shiau, Jim, Sams, Mathew, Al-Asadi, Fadhil and Mirza Hassan, Mohammad. 2018. "Stability charts for unsupported plane strain tunnel headings in homogeneous undrained clay." International Journal of GEOMATE. 14 (41), pp. 19-26. https://doi.org/10.21660/2018.41.29138
Estimation of tunneling induced ground settlement using pressure relaxation method
Shiau, Jim and Sams, Mathew. 2017. "Estimation of tunneling induced ground settlement using pressure relaxation method." International Journal of GEOMATE. 13 (39), pp. 132-139. https://doi.org/10.21660/2017.39.85076
Stability charts for unsupported circular tunnels in cohesive soils
Shiau, Jim, Lamb, Brian, Sams, Mathew and Lobwein, Jay. 2017. "Stability charts for unsupported circular tunnels in cohesive soils." International Journal of GEOMATE. 13 (39), pp. 95-102. https://doi.org/10.21660/2017.39.47674
Oil contaminated sand: an emerging and sustainable construction material
Abousnina, Rajab M., Manalo, Allan, Lokuge, Weena and Shiau, Jim. 2015. "Oil contaminated sand: an emerging and sustainable construction material." 2015 International Conference on Sustainable Design, Engineering and Construction. Chicago, United States 10 - 13 May 2015 Netherlands. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.453
Stability design charts for unsupported wide rectangular tunnels
Shiau, Jim, Sams, Mathew and Chen, Jing. 2016. "Stability design charts for unsupported wide rectangular tunnels." Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. 21 (01), pp. 139-150.
Developing a project based learning assignment for geotechnical engineering
Shiau, Jim, Buttling, Stephen and Sams, Mathew. 2015. "Developing a project based learning assignment for geotechnical engineering." Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. 20 (18), pp. 10113-10121.
Stability charts for a tall tunnel in undrained clay
Shiau, Jim, Sams, Mathew and Chen, Jing. 2016. "Stability charts for a tall tunnel in undrained clay." International Journal of GEOMATE. 10 (20), pp. 1764-1769.
The use of sinkhole models in advanced geotechnical engineering teaching
Shiau, Jim, Lamb, Brian and Sams, Mathew. 2016. "The use of sinkhole models in advanced geotechnical engineering teaching." International Journal of GEOMATE. 10 (20), pp. 1718-1724.
Introducing advanced topics in geotechnical engineering teaching - tunnel modelling
Shiau, Jim, Sams, Mathew and Lamb, Brian. 2016. "Introducing advanced topics in geotechnical engineering teaching - tunnel modelling." International Journal of GEOMATE. 10 (19), pp. 1698-1705.
Physical modelling and PIV analyses of an underground tunnel heading
Shiau, J. S., Sams, M. S. and Kemp, R. J.. 2014. "Physical modelling and PIV analyses of an underground tunnel heading." Yoo, Chungsik, Park, Seong-Wan, Kim, Bumjoo and Ban, Hoki (ed.) 8th International Symposium on Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground (TC204 ISSMGE IS-SEOUL 2014). Seoul, Korea 25 - 27 Aug 2014 Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1201/b17240-12
Settlement analyses of underground circular tunneling in soft clay
Shiau, J. S., Sams, M. S., Zhang, J. and Kemp, R. J.. 2014. "Settlement analyses of underground circular tunneling in soft clay." Yoo, Chungsik, Park, Seong-Wan, Kim, Bumjoo and Ban, Hoki (ed.) 8th International Symposium on Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground (TC204 ISSMGE IS-SEOUL 2014). Seoul, Korea 25 - 27 Aug 2014 Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1201/b17240-63
Contaminated soil/groundwater remediation using Permeable Reactive Barrier (PRB) techniques
Craig, Ian, Shiau, Jim and Erdei, Laszlo. 2012. "Contaminated soil/groundwater remediation using Permeable Reactive Barrier (PRB) techniques." 2012 Southern Regional Engineering Conference (SREC 2012). Toowoomba, Australia 01 Sep 2012 Canberra, Australia.
An overview on oil contaminated sand and its engineering applications
Abousnina, Rajab M., Manalo, Allan, Shiau, Jim and Lokuge, Weena. 2016. "An overview on oil contaminated sand and its engineering applications." International Journal of GEOMATE. 10 (19), pp. 1615-1622.
Effect of light hydrocarbons contamination on shear strength of fine sand
Abousnina, Rajab M., Shiau, Jim, Manalo, Allan and Lokuge, Weena. 2014. "Effect of light hydrocarbons contamination on shear strength of fine sand." Hossain, Zakaria and Shiau, Jim (ed.) 4th International Conference on Geotechnique, Construction Materials and Environment (GEOMATE 2014). Brisbane, Australia 19 - 21 Nov 2014 Mie, Japan.
Effects of light crude oil contamination on the physical and mechanical properties of fine sand
Abousnina, Rajab M., Manalo, Allan, Shiau, Jim and Lokuge, Weena. 2015. "Effects of light crude oil contamination on the physical and mechanical properties of fine sand." Soil and Sediment Contamination: an international journal. 24 (8), pp. 833-845. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2015.1058338
Effect of surface traction on the shakedown limits under moving surface loads
Shiau, Jim. 2007. "Effect of surface traction on the shakedown limits under moving surface loads." Choi, Chang-Koon (ed.) Computational Methods in Engineering & Science: Proceedings of Enhancement and Promotion of Computational Methods in Engineering and Science X, Aug. 21–23, 2006, Sanya, China. Springer. pp. 192-201
Shakedown analysis of layered continuum
Shiau, Jim. 2013. "Shakedown analysis of layered continuum." Vimonsatit, Vanissorn, Singh, Amarjit and Yazdani, Siamak (ed.) 1st Australasia and South East Asia Conference in Structural Engineering and Construction (ASEA-SEC-1). Perth, Australia 28 Nov - 02 Dec 2012 Singapore. https://doi.org/10.3850/978-981-08-7920-4_St-100-0307
Developing numerical models for the design of cantilever sheet pile wall
Shiau, Jim and Smith, Catherine. 2013. "Developing numerical models for the design of cantilever sheet pile wall." Vimonsatit, Vanissorn, Singh, Amarjit and Yazdani, Siamak (ed.) 1st Australasia and South East Asia Conference in Structural Engineering and Construction (ASEA-SEC-1). Perth, Australia 28 Nov - 02 Dec 2012 Singapore.
A shakedown limit under Hertz contact pressure
Shiau, Jim S.. 2011. "A shakedown limit under Hertz contact pressure." Advanced Materials Research. 291-294, pp. 1506-1510. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.291-294.1506
Undrained stability of footings on slopes
Shiau, J. S., Merifield, R. S., Lyamin, A. V. and Sloan, S. W.. 2011. "Undrained stability of footings on slopes." International Journal of Geomechanics. 11 (5), pp. 381-390. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000092
Teaching earth pressure theory using physical models: an example in civil engineering
Shiau, Jim S. and Hobson, Michael A.. 2011. "Teaching earth pressure theory using physical models: an example in civil engineering." Patil, Arun and Sid Nair, Chenicheri (ed.) 1st International Engineering and Technology Education Conference (IETEC 2011): Enhancing 21st Century Skills for Global Engineers and Technology Professionals. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 16 - 19 Jan 2011 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
A study on the failure mechanisms of horizontal plate anchors in clay
Shiau, Jim and Al Abri, Mohammed. 2011. "A study on the failure mechanisms of horizontal plate anchors in clay." Shahin, M. and Nikraz, H. (ed.) ICAGE 2011: International Conference on Advances in Geotechnical Engineering. Perth, Australia 07 - 09 Nov 2011 Perth, Australia.
Modeling uplift of plate anchor
Shiau, J. S. and Hobson, M. A.. 2011. "Modeling uplift of plate anchor." Sainsbury, David, Hart, Roger, Detournay, Christine and Nelson, Michele (ed.) Continuum and Distinct Element Numerical Modeling in Geomechanics (2011). Melbourne, Australia 14 - 16 Feb 2011 Minneapolis, MN. USA.
Calculation of lateral earth pressures with layered backfill
Shiau, J. S. and Smith, C. A.. 2011. "Calculation of lateral earth pressures with layered backfill." Sainsbury, David, Hart, Roger, Detournay, Christine and Nelson, Michele (ed.) Continuum and Distinct Element Numerical Modeling in Geomechanics (2011). Melbourne, Australia 14 - 16 Feb 2011 Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Finite element limit analysis of passive earth resistance in cohesionless soils
Shiau, Jim S., Augarde, Charles E., Lyamin, Andrei V. and Sloan, Scott W.. 2008. "Finite element limit analysis of passive earth resistance in cohesionless soils." Soils and Foundations. 48 (6), pp. 843-850.
3D bearing capacity of shallow foundations located near deep excavation sites
Shiau, J. S. and Watson, J. F.. 2008. "3D bearing capacity of shallow foundations located near deep excavation sites." Ng, Kee Nam (ed.) 2008 International Conference on Deep Excavation: Challenges Risk Management of Underground Construction (ICDE 2008). Singapore 10 - 12 Nov 2008 Singapore.
Foundation located near slope: a FLAC study
Shiau, Jim S., Watson, Joshua F. and Smith, C. A.. 2008. "Foundation located near slope: a FLAC study." Detournay, Christine and Hart, Roger (ed.) 1st International FLAC/DEM Symposium on Numerical Modeling. Minneapolis, United States of America 25 - 27 Aug 2008 Minneapolis, USA.
A FLAC model for classical earth pressure problems
Shiau, Jim S., Thomas, Caroline J. and Smith, Catherine A.. 2008. "A FLAC model for classical earth pressure problems." Detournay, Christine, Hart, Roger and Cundall, Peter (ed.) 1st International FLAC/DEM Symposium on Numerical Modeling. Minneapolis, United States of America 25 - 27 Aug 2008 Minneapolis. USA..
Numerical study of a shallow foundation located near 45 degree slopes
Shiau, Jim S., Watson, Joshua Francis and Arnold, Matthew David. 2008. "Numerical study of a shallow foundation located near 45 degree slopes." Choi, Chang-Koon (ed.) ASEM 2008: 4th International Conference on Advances in Structural Engineering and Mechanics. Jeju, Korea 26 - 28 May 2008 Jeju, Korea.
Modelling the arching effect in active earth pressure problems
Thomas, Caroline and Shiau, Jim S.. 2007. "Modelling the arching effect in active earth pressure problems." Ameratunga, Jay, Taylor, Brett C. and Patten, Matthew (ed.) 10th Australia New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics. Brisbane, Australia 21 - 24 Oct 2007 Brisbane, Australia.
Bearing capacity of footings near slopes
Smith, Catherine and Shiau, Jim S.. 2007. "Bearing capacity of footings near slopes." Ameratunga, Jay, Taylor, Brett C. and Patten, Matthew (ed.) 10th Australia New Zealand Conference on Geomechanics. Brisbane, Australia 21 - 24 Oct 2007 Brisbane, Australia.
Numerical investigation of shakedown residual stresses under moving surface loads
Shiau, Jim S.. 2006. "Numerical investigation of shakedown residual stresses under moving surface loads." Soares, Carlos Mota (ed.) 3rd European Conference on Computational Mechanics (ECCM 2006). Lisbon, Portugal 05 - 08 Jun 2006 Netherlands.
Application of pseudo-static limit analysis in geotechnical earthquake design
Shiau, Jim S., Lyamin, Andrei V. and Sloan, Scott W.. 2006. "Application of pseudo-static limit analysis in geotechnical earthquake design." Schweiger, Helmut F. (ed.) 6th European Conference on Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering. Graz, Austria 06 - 08 Sep 2006 London, United Kingdom.
Numerical analysis of passive earth pressures with interfaces
Shiau, Jim and Smith, Catherine. 2006. "Numerical analysis of passive earth pressures with interfaces." Soares, Carlos Mota (ed.) 3rd European Conference on Computational Mechanics (ECCM 2006). Lisbon, Portugal 05 - 08 Jun 2006 Netherlands.
Developing a track model for testing the road pavement under repeated moving surface loads
Shiau, Jim S., Perumal, Tagarajan, Benjamin, Michael, Pather, Selvan and Ayers, Ron. 2006. "Developing a track model for testing the road pavement under repeated moving surface loads." 22nd ARRB Conference: Research Into Practice. Canberra, Australia 29 Oct - 02 Nov 2006 Canberra, Australia.
Developing physical models for geotechnical teaching and research
Shiau, Jim S., Pather, Selvan and Ayers, Ron. 2006. "Developing physical models for geotechnical teaching and research." Ng, C. W. W., Zhang, L. M. and Wang, Y. H. (ed.) 6th International Conference on Physical Modelling in Geotechnics. Hong Kong, China 04 - 06 Aug 2006 Hong Kong.
Bearing capacity of a sand layer on clay by finite element limit analysis
Shiau, J. S., Lyamin, A. V. and Sloan, S. W.. 2003. "Bearing capacity of a sand layer on clay by finite element limit analysis." Canadian Geotechnical Journal. 40 (5), pp. 900-915. https://doi.org/10.1139/t03-042