Assessment of the impact of chloride on the formation of chlorinated by products in the presence and absence of electrochemically activated sulfate

Article

Farhat, Ali, Keller, Jurg, Tait, Stephan and Radjenovic, Jelena. 2017. "Assessment of the impact of chloride on the formation of chlorinated by products in the presence and absence of electrochemically activated sulfate." Chemical Engineering Journal. 330, pp. 1265-1271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.08.033
Article Title

Assessment of the impact of chloride on the formation of chlorinated by products in the presence and absence of electrochemically activated sulfate

ERA Journal ID3854
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsFarhat, Ali (Author), Keller, Jurg (Author), Tait, Stephan (Author) and Radjenovic, Jelena (Author)
Journal TitleChemical Engineering Journal
Journal Citation330, pp. 1265-1271
Number of Pages7
Year2017
PublisherElsevier
Place of PublicationSwitzerland
ISSN1385-8947
1873-3212
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.08.033
Web Address (URL)https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S138589471731375X
Abstract

Boron-doped diamond anodes are widely used for electrochemical oxidation of contaminants, due to their excellent capability to form hydroxyl radicals as well as inorganic radicals such as chloride, phosphate, and sulphate radicals, electrogenerated when their corresponding anions are present in the influent water. Addition of sulphate increases the electrooxidation rates of organic pollutants at boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode. However, the effect of chloride on the electrooxidation is considered to be less straightforward. The anodic oxidation of chloride yields chlorine and hypochlorous acid/hypochlorite, besides chloride radicals, and may form toxic chlorine oxyanions at higher applied potentials. The present study investigates such implications of chloride ions to the electro oxidation of a natural organic matter surrogate, resorcinol, in the presence of sulfate. The presence of sulfate yielded up to eightfold enhancement in the removal of resorcinol and total organic carbon (TOC) at both acidic and neutral pH. Chloride addition to Na2SO4 inhibited the resorcinol oxidation and mineralization, whereas it enhanced resorcinol oxidation in NaNO3. However, sulfate inhibited the electrogeneration of chlorinated organics by ∼2–4 folds compared to nitrate at low chloride concentrations i.e., [SO4 1−]:[Cl−] > 1). Although increasing the pH from pH 2 to pH 7 yielded a two times lower amount of chlorinated organics, electrolysis in Na2SO4 anolyte enhanced the generation of undesired chlorate and perchlorate at both acidic and neutral pH.

Keywordssulfate radical, electrochemical oxidation, BDD anode, chlorinated byproducts, oxychlorine species
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020401102. Environmentally sustainable engineering
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Byline AffiliationsUniversity of Queensland
Institution of OriginUniversity of Southern Queensland
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