Family childcare types and conduct problem behaviors in young children: The mediation role of caregiver-child interaction

Article


Liu, Li, Fan, Lijun, Hou, Xiang-Yu, Wu, Chuan-An, Yin, Xiao-Na, Wen, Guo-Min, Sun, Dengli, Xian, Dan-Xia, Jiang, Hui, Jing, Jin, Jin, Yu and Chen, Wei-Qing. 2018. "Family childcare types and conduct problem behaviors in young children: The mediation role of caregiver-child interaction." Frontiers in Pediatrics. 6, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2018.00217
Article Title

Family childcare types and conduct problem behaviors in young children: The mediation role of caregiver-child interaction

ERA Journal ID200522
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsLiu, Li (Author), Fan, Lijun (Author), Hou, Xiang-Yu (Author), Wu, Chuan-An (Author), Yin, Xiao-Na (Author), Wen, Guo-Min (Author), Sun, Dengli (Author), Xian, Dan-Xia (Author), Jiang, Hui (Author), Jing, Jin (Author), Jin, Yu (Author) and Chen, Wei-Qing (Author)
Journal TitleFrontiers in Pediatrics
Journal Citation6, pp. 1-11
Article Number217
Number of Pages11
Year2018
Place of PublicationSwitzerland
ISSN2296-2360
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2018.00217
Web Address (URL)https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fped.2018.00217/full
Abstract

Background: Previous studies have demonstrated the impacts of genetic, family, and community factors on child conduct problems (CPs). However, little is understood regarding the association between family childcare types and child conduct problem behaviors, as well as whether and to what extent caregiver-child interaction mediates the above association.

Methods: 9,289 children first entering kindergartens in the Longhua New District of Shenzhen, China were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Primary caregivers were invited to fulfill a self-administered structured questionnaire containing data regarding socio-demographics, family childcare types, caregiver-child interaction, and child conduct problem behaviors (measured by the Conners' Conduct Problem Subscale). A series of multiple logistic and linear regression models were employed to assess the associations among family childcare, caregiver-child interaction, and child conduct problem behaviors.

Results: Family childcare types other than by parents together (i.e., mother alone, mother with others, grandparents, or changing caregivers) were all significantly associated with higher risks of conduct problem behaviors in young children (adjusted ORs ranged from 2.18 to 2.55, and adjusted βs ranged from 0.043 to 0.073; all p < 0.05), after adjusting for confounders including child age, gender, parental education level, parental age at pregnancy, marital status, and family income. The following family childcare types (mother alone, or grandparents, or changing caregivers) vs. the childcare by parents together showed significant relative indirect effects on conduct problem behaviors through caregiver-child interaction, indicating the significant mediation effect of caregiver-child interaction on the above associations. Mediation of caregiver-child interaction on the effect of being cared by mother with others relative to care by parents together on child conduct problem behaviors was yet non-significant.

Conclusions: Family childcare types other than by parents together are associated with increased risks for conduct problem behaviors in young children. Caregiver-child interaction may function as a potential mediator for the above association.

KeywordsCaregiver-child interaction; Conduct problem behaviors; Family childcare types; Mediation; Young children
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020420201. Behavioural epidemiology
420210. Social epidemiology
Byline AffiliationsSun Yat-sen University, China
Queensland University of Technology
Women’s and Children’s Hospital of Longhua New District of Shenzhen, China
Institution of OriginUniversity of Southern Queensland
Permalink -

https://research.usq.edu.au/item/q664v/family-childcare-types-and-conduct-problem-behaviors-in-young-children-the-mediation-role-of-caregiver-child-interaction

  • 91
    total views
  • 7
    total downloads
  • 0
    views this month
  • 0
    downloads this month

Export as

Related outputs

The impact of workplace factors, workload and culture on the medication safety practices of paramedics
Walker, Dennis, Hou, Janet, Long, David, SueSee, Brendan and Moloney, Clint. 2024. "The impact of workplace factors, workload and culture on the medication safety practices of paramedics." Australasian College of Paramedicine International Conference 2023. Melbourne, Australia 14 - 15 Sep 2023 United Kingdom .
Parent-child interactions in early life mediating association between prenatal maternal stress and autistic-like behaviors among preschoolers
Chen, Ying-Jie, Strodl, Esben, Hou, Xiang-Yu, Wu, Chuan-an, Chen, Jing-Yi, Huang, Li-Hua, Yin, Xiao-Na, Wen, Guo-Min, Sun, Deng-Li, Xian, Dan-Xia, Yang, Gui-You and Chen, Wei-Qing. 2023. "Parent-child interactions in early life mediating association between prenatal maternal stress and autistic-like behaviors among preschoolers." Psychology, Health and Medicine. 28 (8), pp. 2156-2168. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2022.2070226
Factors Influencing Medication Errors in the Prehospital Paramedic Environment: A Mixed Method Systematic Review
Walker, Dennis, Moloney, Clint, SueSee, Brendan, Sharples, Renee, Blackman, Rosanna, Long, David and Hou, Xiang-Yu. 2023. "Factors Influencing Medication Errors in the Prehospital Paramedic Environment: A Mixed Method Systematic Review." Prehospital Emergency Care. 27 (5), pp. 669-686. https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2022.2068089
Maternal exposure to cooking oil fumes during pregnancy and autistic?like behaviors in Chinese preschoolers
Yang, Jian-Hui, Strodl, Esben, Wu, Chuan-An, Hou, Xiang-Yu, Yin, Xiao-Na, Wen, Guo-Min, Sun, Deng-Li, Xian, Dan-Xia, Chen, Jing-Yi, Chen, Ying-Jie Chen, Chen, Jing and Chen, Wei-Qing. 2022. "Maternal exposure to cooking oil fumes during pregnancy and autistic?like behaviors in Chinese preschoolers." Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 29 (49), pp. 74688-74698. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21113-0
Catastrophic health expenditure associated with frailty in community-dwelling Chinese older adults: a prospective cohort analysis
Fan, Lijun, Hou, Xiang-Yu, Liu, Yingyan, Chen, Sunan, Wang, Qian and Du, Wei. 2021. "Catastrophic health expenditure associated with frailty in community-dwelling Chinese older adults: a prospective cohort analysis." Frontiers in Public Health. 9, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.718910
Flood fatalities in contemporary Australia (1997-2008): disaster medicine
Fitzgerald, Gerry, Du, Weiwei, Jamal, Aziz, Clark, Michele and Hou, Xiang-Yu. 2010. "Flood fatalities in contemporary Australia (1997-2008): disaster medicine." Emergency Medicine Australasia. 22 (2), pp. 180-186. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-6723.2010.01284.x
Spousal Concordance in the Development of Functional Limitations Among Married Adults in China
Wang, Jingwen, Wang, Qian, Hou, Xiang-Yu, Chen, Sunan, Guo, Zhen, Du, Wei and Fan, Lijun. 2021. "Spousal Concordance in the Development of Functional Limitations Among Married Adults in China." JAMA Network Open. 4 (9), pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.25577
Educational stress scale for adolescents: development, validity, and reliability with Chinese students
Sun, Jiandong, Dunne, Michael P., Hou, Xiang-Yu and Xu, Ai-qiang. 2011. "Educational stress scale for adolescents: development, validity, and reliability with Chinese students." Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment. 29 (6), pp. 534-546. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282910394976
Progress and challenges of disaster health management in China: a scoping review
Zhong, Shuang, Clark, Michele, Hou, Xiang-Yu, Zang, Yuli and FitzGerald, Gerard. 2014. "Progress and challenges of disaster health management in China: a scoping review." Global Health Action. 7, pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v7.24986
Validation of a framework for measuring hospital disaster resilience using factor analysis
Zhong, Shuang, Clark, Michele, Hou, Xiang-Yu, Zang, Yuli and FitzGerald, Gerard. 2014. "Validation of a framework for measuring hospital disaster resilience using factor analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 11 (6), pp. 6335-6353. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110606335
Factors affecting antihypertensive medications adherence among hypertensive patients in Saudi Arabia
Alsolami, Fatmah, Correa-Velez, Ignacio and Hou, Xiang-Yu. 2015. "Factors affecting antihypertensive medications adherence among hypertensive patients in Saudi Arabia." American Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences. 5 (4), pp. 181-189. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ajmms.20150504.07
Interventions targeting the elderly population to reduce emergency department utilisation: a literature review
Fan, Lijun, Lukin, William, Zhao, Jingzhou, Sun, Jiandong and Hou, Xiang-Yu. 2015. "Interventions targeting the elderly population to reduce emergency department utilisation: a literature review." Emergency Medicine Journal. 32 (9), pp. 738-743. https://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2014-203770
The Australian emergency medical system
FitzGerald, Gerard, Hou, Xiang-Yu and Hang, H.. 2008. "The Australian emergency medical system." Chinese Journal of Emergency Medicine. 17 (7), pp. 774-778.
Towards understanding self-development coaching programs
Aboalshamat, Khalid, Hou, Xiang-Yu and Strodl, Esben. 2014. "Towards understanding self-development coaching programs." International Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Science. 4 (4), pp. 136-145. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijpbs.20140404.04
Health impacts of floods: a comprehensive review
Du, Weiwei, FitzGerald, Gerard, Clark, Michele and Hou, Xiang-Yu. 2010. "Health impacts of floods: a comprehensive review." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 25 (3), pp. 265-272. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X00008141
A qualitative study of the determinants of dieting and non-dieting approaches in overweight/obese Australian adults
Leske, Stuart, Strodl, Esben and Hou, Xiang-Yu. 2012. "A qualitative study of the determinants of dieting and non-dieting approaches in overweight/obese Australian adults." BMC Public Health. 12 (1), pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-1086
Doctor's knowledge and practices of traumatic brain injury management in Chinese prehospital settings
Kou, Kou, Hou, Xiang-Yu, Sun, Jian-Dong and Chu, Kevin. 2015. "Doctor's knowledge and practices of traumatic brain injury management in Chinese prehospital settings." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 30 (6), pp. 560-568. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x15005257
Acuity and severity of patients attending 28 Queensland hospitals emergency departments in 2008-09 [Conference Abstract]
Hou, Xiang-Yu, Toloo, Sam and FitzGerald, Gerard. 2011. "Acuity and severity of patients attending 28 Queensland hospitals emergency departments in 2008-09 [Conference Abstract]." Australasian Epidemiologist. 18 (2), p. 89.
What health problems overcrowd hospital emergency departments in Queensland and has this changed over time? A case study of two hospitals in Queensland 2001 - 2009
Hou, Xiang-Yu, Toloo, Sam and FitzGerald, Gerard. 2011. "What health problems overcrowd hospital emergency departments in Queensland and has this changed over time? A case study of two hospitals in Queensland 2001 - 2009." Australasian Epidemiologist. 18 (1), pp. 10-14.
Is language a barrier for quality care in hospitals? A case series from an Emergency Department of a teaching hospital in Brisbane
Mahmoud, Ibrahim, Hou, Xiang-Yu, Chu, Kevin and Clark, Michele. 2011. "Is language a barrier for quality care in hospitals? A case series from an Emergency Department of a teaching hospital in Brisbane." Australasian Epidemiologist. 18 (1), pp. 6-9.
Weight bias on psychological and physical health
Leske, Stuart, Strodl, Esben and Hou, Xiang-Yu. 2012. "Weight bias on psychological and physical health." Australasian Epidemiologist. 19 (1), pp. 18-20.
Immigrants and the utilization of hospital emergency departments
Mahmoud, Ibrahim and Hou, Xiang-Yu. 2012. "Immigrants and the utilization of hospital emergency departments." World Journal of Emergency Medicine. 3 (4), pp. 245-250. https://doi.org/10.5847/wjem.j.issn.1920-8642.2012.04.001
The potential contributions of traditional Chinese medicine to emergency medicine
He, Jun and Hou, Xiang-Yu. 2013. "The potential contributions of traditional Chinese medicine to emergency medicine." World Journal of Emergency Medicine. 4 (2), pp. 92-97.
Introduction of emergency medicine in China
Hou, Xiang-Yu and FitzGerald, Gerard. 2008. "Introduction of emergency medicine in China." Emergency Medicine Australasia. 20 (4), pp. 363-369. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-6723.2008.01108.x
Impact of a government triple zero awareness campaign on emergency department patient characteristics
Hou, Xiang-Yu, Zhao, Jingzhou and Chu, Kevin. 2012. "Impact of a government triple zero awareness campaign on emergency department patient characteristics." Emergency Medicine Australasia. 24 (4), pp. 393-400. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-6723.2012.01560.x
Language and utilisation of emergency care in Queensland
Mahmoud, Ibrahim, Hou, Xiang-Yu, Chu, Kevin and Clark, Michele. 2013. "Language and utilisation of emergency care in Queensland." Emergency Medicine Australasia. 25 (1), pp. 40-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/1742-6723.12017
2010-2011 Queensland floods: using Haddon's Matrix to define and categorise public safety strategies
Zhong, Shuang, Clark, Michele, Hou, Xiang-Yu, Zang, Yu-Li and FitzGerald, Gerry. 2013. "2010-2011 Queensland floods: using Haddon's Matrix to define and categorise public safety strategies." Emergency Medicine Australasia. 25 (4), pp. 345-352. https://doi.org/10.1111/1742-6723.12097
Satisfaction with emergency department service among non-English-speaking background patients
Mahmoud, Ibrahim, Hou, Xiang-Yu, Chu, Kevin, Clark, Michele and Eley, Robert. 2014. "Satisfaction with emergency department service among non-English-speaking background patients." Emergency Medicine Australasia. 26 (3), pp. 256-261. https://doi.org/10.1111/1742-6723.12214
Paramedic education opportunities and challenges in Australia
Hou, Xiang-Yu, Rego, Joanna and Service, Melinda. 2013. "Paramedic education opportunities and challenges in Australia." Emergency Medicine Australasia. 25 (2), pp. 114-119. https://doi.org/10.1111/1742-6723.12034
The impact of globalisation on health
Hou, Xiang-Yu. 2008. "The impact of globalisation on health." Fleming, Mary Louise and Parker, Elizabeth (ed.) Introduction to public health. Chatswood, NSW, Australia. Elsevier. pp. 307-331
Emergency department in hospitals, a window of the world: a preliminary comparison between Australia and China
Hou, Xiang-Yu and Chu, Kevin. 2010. "Emergency department in hospitals, a window of the world: a preliminary comparison between Australia and China." World Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1 (3), pp. 180-184.
The impact of globalisation on health
Hou, Xiang-Yu. 2011. "The impact of globalisation on health." Fleming, Mary Louise and Parker, Elizabeth (ed.) Introduction to public health. Chatswood, NSW, Australia. Elsevier. pp. 326-349
Factors affecting antihypertensive treatment adherence: a Saudi Arabian perspective
Alsolami, Fatmah, Hou, Xiang-Yu and Correa-Velez, Ignacio. 2012. "Factors affecting antihypertensive treatment adherence: a Saudi Arabian perspective." Clinical Medicine and Diagnostics. 2 (4), pp. 27-32. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.cmd.20120204.02
Assessing the overuse of antibiotics in children with URTIs in Saudi Arabia: development of the parental perception on antibiotics scale (PAPA scale)
Alumran, Arwa, Hou, Xiang-Yu and Hurst, Cameron. 2013. "Assessing the overuse of antibiotics in children with URTIs in Saudi Arabia: development of the parental perception on antibiotics scale (PAPA scale)." Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health. 3 (1), pp. 3-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jegh.2012.11.005
The current workforce status of prehospital care in china
Hou, Xiang-Yu and Lu, Chuan-Zhu. 2005. "The current workforce status of prehospital care in china." Journal of Emergency Primary Health Care. 3 (3), pp. 1-11.
Psychological health of medical and dental students in Saudi Arabia: a longitudinal study
Aboalshamat, Khalid, Hou, Xiang-Yu and Strodl, Esben. 2014. "Psychological health of medical and dental students in Saudi Arabia: a longitudinal study." Public Health Research. 4 (5), pp. 179-184. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.phr.20140405.05
Predictors of dieting and non-dieting approaches among adults living in Australia
Leske, Stuart, Strodl, Esben and Hou, Xiang-Yu. 2017. "Predictors of dieting and non-dieting approaches among adults living in Australia." BMC Public Health. 17, pp. Article number: 214 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4131-0
Modification of the effects of air pollutants on mortality by temperature: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Li, Jing, Woodward, Alistair, Hou, Xiang-Yu, Zhu, Tong, Zhang, Jinliang, Brown, Helen, Yang, Jun, Qin, Rennie, Gao, Jinghong, Gu, Shaohua, Li, Jing, Xu, Lei, Liu, Xiaobo and Liu, Qiyong. 2017. "Modification of the effects of air pollutants on mortality by temperature: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Science of the Total Environment. 575, pp. 1556-1570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.070
Sugar-sweetened beverages and school students' hypertension in urban areas of Nanjing, China
Qin, Zhenzhen, Xu, Fei, Ye, Qing, Zhou, Hairong, Li, Chao, He, Jing, Wang, Zhiyong, Hong, Xin and Hou, Xiang-Yu. 2018. "Sugar-sweetened beverages and school students' hypertension in urban areas of Nanjing, China." Journal of Human Hypertension. 32, pp. 392-396. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41371-018-0030-9
Interpersonal conflict, school connectedness and depressive symptoms in Chinese adolescents: Moderation effect of gender and grade level
He, Guan-Hao, Strodl, Esben, Chen, Wei-Qing, Liu, Fan, Hayixibayi, Alimila and Hou, Xiang-Yu. 2019. "Interpersonal conflict, school connectedness and depressive symptoms in Chinese adolescents: Moderation effect of gender and grade level." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16 (12), pp. 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122182
How much can our universities do in the development of cultural intelligence? A cross-sectional study among health care students
Wang, Chen, Shakespeare-Finch, Jane, Dunne, Michael P., Hou, Xiang-Yu and Khawaja, Nigar G.. 2021. "How much can our universities do in the development of cultural intelligence? A cross-sectional study among health care students." Nurse Education Today. 103, pp. 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2021.104956
Director of nursing experiences of a hospital in the nursing home program in South East Queensland
Barnard, Alan, Hou, Xiang-Yu and Lukin, Bill. 2016. "Director of nursing experiences of a hospital in the nursing home program in South East Queensland." Collegian: The Australian Journal of Nursing Practice, Scholarship and Research. 23 (4), pp. 341-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colegn.2016.03.001
Hospital in the Nursing Home program reduces emergency department presentations and hospital admissions from residential aged care facilities in Queensland, Australia: a quasi-experimental study
Fan, Lijun, Hou, Xiang-Yu, Zhao, Jingzhou, Sun, Jiandong, Dingle, Kaeleen, Purtill, Rhonda, Tapp, Sam and Lukin, Bill. 2016. "Hospital in the Nursing Home program reduces emergency department presentations and hospital admissions from residential aged care facilities in Queensland, Australia: a quasi-experimental study." BMC Health Services Research. 16, pp. 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1275-z
Qualitative study of patients' choice between public and private hospital emergency departments
He, Jun, Toloo, Ghasem-Sam, Hou, Xiang-Yu and FitzGerald, Gerry. 2016. "Qualitative study of patients' choice between public and private hospital emergency departments." Emergency Medicine Australasia. 28 (2), pp. 159-163. https://doi.org/10.1111/1742-6723.12530
Teaching epidemiology to undergraduate paramedics [Round table]
Lim, David, Hou, Xiang-Yu and Tippett, Vivienne. 2016. "Teaching epidemiology to undergraduate paramedics [Round table]." Australasian Epidemiologist. 23 (1), pp. 24-26.
Emergency department use among patients from residential aged care facilities under a Hospital in the Nursing Home scheme in public hospitals in Queensland Australia
Lukin, Bill, Fan, Li-jun, Zhao, Jing-zhou, Sun, Jian-dong, Dingle, Kaeleen, Purtill, Rhonda, Tapp, Sam and Hou, Xiang-Yu. 2016. "Emergency department use among patients from residential aged care facilities under a Hospital in the Nursing Home scheme in public hospitals in Queensland Australia." World Journal of Emergency Medicine. 7 (3), pp. 183-190. https://doi.org/10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2016.03.004
Patients' choice between public and private hospital emergency departments: a cross-sectional survey
He, Jun, Hou, Xiang-Yu, Toloo, Ghasem (Sam) and FitzGerald, Gerry. 2017. "Patients' choice between public and private hospital emergency departments: a cross-sectional survey." Emergency Medicine Australasia. 29 (6), pp. 635-642. https://doi.org/10.1111/1742-6723.12841
Prenatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and hyperactivity behavior in Chinese young children
Lin, Qingmei, Hou, Xiang-Yu, Yin, Xiao-Na, Wen, Guo-Min, Sun, Dengli, Xian, Dan-Xia, Fan, Lijun, Jiang, Hui, Jing, Jin, Jin, Yu, Wu, Chuan-An and Chen, Wei-Qing. 2017. "Prenatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and hyperactivity behavior in Chinese young children." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 14 (10), pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101132
Biomarkers of the health outcomes associated with ambient particulate matter exposure
Yang, Lixin, Hou, Xiang-Yu, Wei, Yongjie, Thai, Phong and Chai, Fahe. 2017. "Biomarkers of the health outcomes associated with ambient particulate matter exposure." Science of the Total Environment. 579, pp. 1446-1459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.146
Incidence and outcome of subarachnoid haemorrhage in the general and emergency department populations in Queensland from 2010 to 2014
Chu, Kevin H., Mahmoud, Ibrahim, Hou, Xiang-Yu, Winter, Craig D., Jeffree, Rosalind L., Brown, Nathan J. and Brown, Anthony F. T.. 2018. "Incidence and outcome of subarachnoid haemorrhage in the general and emergency department populations in Queensland from 2010 to 2014." Emergency Medicine Australasia. 30 (4), pp. 503-510. https://doi.org/10.1111/1742-6723.12936
Cost analysis of improving emergency care for aged care residents under a Hospital in the Nursing Home program in Australia
Fan, Lijun, Lukin, Bill, Zhao, Jingzhou, Sun, Jiandong, Dingle, Kaeleen, Purtill, Rhonda, Tapp, Sam and Hou, Xiang-Yu. 2018. "Cost analysis of improving emergency care for aged care residents under a Hospital in the Nursing Home program in Australia." PLoS One. 13 (7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199879
Disaster resilience in tertiary hospitals: a cross-sectional survey in Shandong Province, China
Zhong, Shuang, Hou, Xiang-Yu, Clark, Michele, Zang, Yuli, Wang, Lu, Xu, Ling-Zong and FitzGerald, Gerard. 2014. "Disaster resilience in tertiary hospitals: a cross-sectional survey in Shandong Province, China." BMC Health Services Research. 14, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-14-135
Emergency medicine in China
Hou, Xiang-Yu. 2012. "Emergency medicine in China." Blaivas, Michael (ed.) Emergency medicine: an international perspective. Croatia. In-Tech. pp. 73-94