Relaxation characteristics and state evolution of water during the early-age reaction of alkali-activated slag as monitored by low field nuclear magnetic resonance

Article

Cao, Ruilin, Zhang, Zuhua, Zhang, Yamei and Banthia, Nemkumar. 2022. "Relaxation characteristics and state evolution of water during the early-age reaction of alkali-activated slag as monitored by low field nuclear magnetic resonance." Composites Part B: Engineering. Banthia, Nemkumar, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.110025
Article Title

Relaxation characteristics and state evolution of water during the early-age reaction of alkali-activated slag as monitored by low field nuclear magnetic resonance

ERA Journal ID4883
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsCao, Ruilin, Zhang, Zuhua, Zhang, Yamei and Banthia, Nemkumar
EditorsZhang, Yamei
Journal TitleComposites Part B: Engineering
Journal CitationBanthia, Nemkumar, pp. 1-10
Article Number110025
Number of Pages10
Year2022
PublisherElsevier
Place of PublicationUnited Kingdom
ISSN1359-8368
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.110025
Web Address (URL)https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359836822004024
Abstract

Low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) was used to monitor the evolution characteristics of transverse relaxation time (T2) of the water in sodium hydroxide (SH) and sodium silicate (SS) activated slag pastes. According to the T2 weighted average value evolution curve, the early-age reaction process of SH-activated system could be divided into three typical stages: initial setting stage (I), acceleration stage (II) and deceleration stage (III). However, another two distinguishable stages including the second acceleration stage (Ⅳ) and the second deceleration stage (Ⅴ) could be identified in SS-activated system. The essential reactions in different reaction stages of the two types of alkali-activated pastes were discussed. The obtained relaxation signals were employed to determine the chemically bound water content in different alkali-activated slag (AAS) pastes at specific reaction stages, as well as the dynamic change of the relative contents of gel water, capillary water and free water with reaction time. The influence mechanism of the initial active SiO44− oligomer in activator solution on the early-age reaction of AAS was revealed. A distinct water release behavior was observed in the geopolymerization process at the acceleration stages of each AAS paste.

KeywordsAlkali-activated slag; Early-age reaction process; Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance; Relaxation characteristic; Water transformation
ANZSRC Field of Research 20204016. Materials engineering
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FunderNational Natural Science Foundation of China
Byline AffiliationsSoutheast University, China
Hunan University, China
University of British Columbia, Canada
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Hu, Xiang, Shi, Caijun, Zhang, Zuhua and Hu, Zhangli. 2019. "Autogenous and drying shrinkage of alkali‐activated slag mortars." Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 102 (8), pp. 4963-4975. https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.16349
Investigation of the waterproof property of alkali-activated metakaolin geopolymer added with rice husk ash
Liang, Guangwei, Zhu, Huajun, Zhang, Zuhua, Wu, Qisheng and Du, Jianzhou. 2019. "Investigation of the waterproof property of alkali-activated metakaolin geopolymer added with rice husk ash." Journal of Cleaner Production. 230, pp. 603-612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.111
A review on mixture design methods for geopolymer concrete
Li, Ning, Shi, Caijun, Zhang, Zuhua, Wang, Hao and Liu, Yiwei. 2019. "A review on mixture design methods for geopolymer concrete." Composites Part B: Engineering. 178, pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107490
Carbonation induced phase evolution in alkali-activated slag/fly ash cements: The effect of silicate modulus of activators
Zhang, Jian, Shi, Caijun and Zhang, Zuhua. 2019. "Carbonation induced phase evolution in alkali-activated slag/fly ash cements: The effect of silicate modulus of activators." Construction and Building Materials. 223, pp. 566-582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.024
Effects of calcined dolomite addition on reaction kinetics of one-part sodium carbonate-activated slag cements
Yang, Tao, Zhang, Zuhua, Zhu, Huajun, Zhang, Wei, Gao, Yanan, Zhang, Xiaocheng and Wu, Qisheng. 2019. "Effects of calcined dolomite addition on reaction kinetics of one-part sodium carbonate-activated slag cements." Construction and Building Materials. 211, pp. 329-336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.245
Re-examining the suitability of high magnesium nickel slag as precursors for alkali-activated materials
Yang, Tao, Zhang, Zuhua, Zhu, Huajun, Gao, Xuan, Dai, Chengdong and Wu, Qisheng. 2019. "Re-examining the suitability of high magnesium nickel slag as precursors for alkali-activated materials." Construction and Building Materials. 213, pp. 109-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.063
Understanding the roles of activators towards setting and hardening control of alkali-activated slag cement
Li, Ning, Shi, Caijun and Zhang, Zuhua. 2019. "Understanding the roles of activators towards setting and hardening control of alkali-activated slag cement." Composites Part B: Engineering. 171, pp. 34-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.04.024
Chloride binding of alkali-activated slag/fly ash cements
Zhang, Jian, Shi, Caijiun and Zhang, Zuhua. 2019. "Chloride binding of alkali-activated slag/fly ash cements." Construction and Building Materials. 226 (30), pp. 21-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.281
Durability of alkali-activated materials in aggressive environments: A review on recent studies
Zhang, Jian, Shi, Caijun, Zhang, Zuhua and Ou, Zhihua. 2017. "Durability of alkali-activated materials in aggressive environments: A review on recent studies ." Construction and Building Materials. 152, pp. 598-613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.027
Partial replacement of metakaolin with thermally treated rice husk ash in metakaolin-based geopolymer
Zhu, Huajun, Liang, Guangwei, Zhang, Zuhua, Wu, Qisheng and Du, Jianzhou. 2019. "Partial replacement of metakaolin with thermally treated rice husk ash in metakaolin-based geopolymer." Construction and Building Materials. 221, pp. 527-538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.112
Effect of rice husk ash addition on the compressive strength and thermal stability of metakaolin based geopolymer
Liang, Guangwei, Zhu, Huajun, Zhang, Zuhua and Wu, Qisheng. 2019. "Effect of rice husk ash addition on the compressive strength and thermal stability of metakaolin based geopolymer." Construction and Building Materials. 222, pp. 872-881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.200
Water absorption and chloride diffusivity of concrete under the coupling effect of uniaxial compressive load and freeze-thaw cycles
Wang, Yanru, Cao, Yubin, Zhang, Peng, Ma, Yuwei, Zhao, Tiejun, Wang, Hao and Zhang, Zuhua. 2019. "Water absorption and chloride diffusivity of concrete under the coupling effect of uniaxial compressive load and freeze-thaw cycles." Construction and Building Materials. 209, pp. 566-576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.091
Effect of drying procedures on pore structure and phase evolution of alkali-activated cements
Zhang, Zuhua, Zhu, Yingcan, Zhu, Huajun, Zhang, Yu, Provis, John L. and Wang, Hao. 2019. "Effect of drying procedures on pore structure and phase evolution of alkali-activated cements." Cement and Concrete Composites. 96, pp. 194-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.12.003
Comparative Study on the drying shrinkage and mechanical properties of geopolymer foam concrete incorporating different dosages of fiber, sand and foam agents
Abdollahnejad, Zahra, Zhang, Zuhua, Wang, Hao and Mastali, Mohammad. 2018. "Comparative Study on the drying shrinkage and mechanical properties of geopolymer foam concrete incorporating different dosages of fiber, sand and foam agents." Hordijk, D. A. and Lukovic, M. (ed.) 2017 fib Symposium: High Tech Concrete: Where Technology and Engineering Meet. Maastricht, The Netherlands 12 - 14 Jun 2017 Cham, Switzerland.
Efflorescence and subflorescence induced microstructural and mechanical evolution in fly ash-based geopolymers
Zhang, Zuhua, Provis, John L., Reid, Andrew and Wang, Hao. 2018. "Efflorescence and subflorescence induced microstructural and mechanical evolution in fly ash-based geopolymers." Cement and Concrete Composites. 92, pp. 165-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.06.010
Effect of calcined dolomite addition on sodium carbonate-activated slag cements with different curing methods
Zhang, Wei, Yao, Xiao, Yang, Tao and Zhang, Zuhua. 2019. "Effect of calcined dolomite addition on sodium carbonate-activated slag cements with different curing methods." Advances in Cement Research. 31 (8), pp. 370-381. https://doi.org/10.1680/jadcr.17.00204
Increasing mechanical strength and acid resistance of geopolymers by incorporating different siliceous materials
Zhang, Wei, Yao, Xiao, Yang, Tao, Liu, Cun and Zhang, Zuhua. 2018. "Increasing mechanical strength and acid resistance of geopolymers by incorporating different siliceous materials." Construction and Building Materials. 175, pp. 411-421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.195
The degradation mechanisms of alkali-activated fly ash/slag blend cements exposed to sulphuric acid
Zhang, Wei, Yao, Xiao, Yang, Tao and Zhang, Zuhua. 2018. "The degradation mechanisms of alkali-activated fly ash/slag blend cements exposed to sulphuric acid." Construction and Building Materials. 186, pp. 1177-1187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.050
A mixture proportioning method for the development of performance-based alkali-activated slag-based concrete
Li, Ning, Shi, Caijun, Zhang, Zuhua, Zhu, Deju, Hwang, Hyeon-Jong, Zhu, Yuhan and Sun, Tengjiao. 2018. "A mixture proportioning method for the development of performance-based alkali-activated slag-based concrete." Cement and Concrete Composites. 93, pp. 163-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.07.009
The development of coral concretes and their upgrading technologies: a critical review
Wang, Aiguo, Lyu, Bangcheng, Zhang, Zuhua, Liu, Kaiwei, Xu, Haiyan and Sun, Daosheng. 2018. "The development of coral concretes and their upgrading technologies: a critical review." Construction and Building Materials. 187, pp. 1004-1019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.202
Synthesis of zeolite P1 from fly ash under solvent-free conditions for ammonium removal from water
Liu, Yi, Yan, Chunjie, Zhao, Junjie, Zhang, Zuhua, Wang, Hongquan, Zhou, Sen and Wu, Linmei. 2018. "Synthesis of zeolite P1 from fly ash under solvent-free conditions for ammonium removal from water." Journal of Cleaner Production. 202, pp. 11-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.128
Properties of alkali-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag blended with ferronickel slag
Cao, Ruilin, Li, Baoliang, You, Nanqiao, Zhang, Yamei and Zhang, Zuhua. 2018. "Properties of alkali-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag blended with ferronickel slag." Construction and Building Materials. 192, pp. 123-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.10.112
Effect of welan gum on the hydration and hardening of Portland cement
Zhang, Yu, Zhang, Zuhua, Li, Xuerun, Li, Weifeng, Shen, Xiaodong and Wang, Hao. 2018. "Effect of welan gum on the hydration and hardening of Portland cement." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry: an international forum for thermal studies. 131 (2), pp. 1277-1286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-017-6589-5
Alkali-silica reaction in waterglass-activated slag mortars incorporating fly ash and metakaolin
Shi, Zhenguo, Shi, Caijun, Zhang, Jian, Zhang, Zuhua and Ou, Zhihua. 2018. "Alkali-silica reaction in waterglass-activated slag mortars incorporating fly ash and metakaolin." Cement and Concrete Research. 108, pp. 10-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.03.002
Effect of fly ash microsphere on the rheology and microstructure of alkali-activated fly ash/slag pastes
Yang, Tao, Zhu, Huajun, Zhang, Zuhua, Gao, Xuan, Zhang, Changsen and Wu, Qisheng. 2018. "Effect of fly ash microsphere on the rheology and microstructure of alkali-activated fly ash/slag pastes." Cement and Concrete Research. 109, pp. 198-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.04.008
Effects of alkali dosage and silicate modulus on alkali-silica reaction in alkali-activated slag mortars
Shi, Zhenguo, Shi, Caijun, Wan, Shu and Zhang, Zuhua. 2018. "Effects of alkali dosage and silicate modulus on alkali-silica reaction in alkali-activated slag mortars." Cement and Concrete Research. 111, pp. 104-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.06.005
Effect of alkali dosage and silicate modulus on carbonation of alkali-activated slag mortars
Shi, Zhenguo, Shi, Caijun, Wan, Shu, Li, Ning and Zhang, Zuhua. 2018. "Effect of alkali dosage and silicate modulus on carbonation of alkali-activated slag mortars." Cement and Concrete Research. 113, pp. 55-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.07.005
Assessment method
Reid, Andrew Wilfred and Zhang, Zuhua. 2019. Assessment method. US10288597B2
Multiscale modeling for high-performance concrete: a review
Wu, Linmei, Liu, Peng, Zhang, Zuhua, Zhu, DeJu and Wang, Hao. 2018. "Multiscale modeling for high-performance concrete: a review ." International Journal for Multiscale Computational Engineering. 16 (1), pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1615/IntJMultCompEng.2018022827
Effects of light crude oil contamination on the physical and mechanical properties of geopolymer cement mortar
Abousnina, Rajab, Manalo, Allan, Lokuge, Weena and Zhang, Zuhua. 2018. "Effects of light crude oil contamination on the physical and mechanical properties of geopolymer cement mortar." Cement and Concrete Composites. 90, pp. 136-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.04.001
A comparative study on fly ash, geopolymer and faujasite block for Pb removal from aqueous solution
Liu, Yi, Yan, Chunjie, Zhang, Zuhua, Wang, Hongquan, Zhou, Sen and Zhou, Wei. 2016. "A comparative study on fly ash, geopolymer and faujasite block for Pb removal from aqueous solution." Fuel: the science and technology of fuel and energy. 185, pp. 181-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.07.116
Toward an indexing approach to evaluate fly ashes for geopolymer manufacture
Zhang, Zuhua, Provis, John L., Zou, Jin, Reid, Andrew and Wang, Hao. 2016. "Toward an indexing approach to evaluate fly ashes for geopolymer manufacture." Cement and Concrete Research. 85, pp. 163-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.04.007
Preparation of natural rubber/silica nanocomposites using one- and two-dimensional dispersants by latex blending process
Luo, Yongyue, Qian, Jiangzuo, He, Dongning, Tao, Jinlong, Zhao, Pengfei, Gong, Wei, Zhang, Zuhua, Peng, Zheng, Chen, Xianfei, Wang, Hao and Dan, Yi. 2018. "Preparation of natural rubber/silica nanocomposites using one- and two-dimensional dispersants by latex blending process." Polymer Composites. 39 (5), pp. 1413-1419. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.24081
Autogenous shrinkage of high performance concrete: a review
Wu, Linmei, Farzadnia, Nima, Shi, Caijun, Zhang, Zuhua and Wang, Hao. 2017. "Autogenous shrinkage of high performance concrete: a review." Construction and Building Materials. 149, pp. 62-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.064
Edge-based smoothed extended finite element method for dynamic fracture analysis
Wu, L., Liu, P., Shi, C., Zhang, Z., Bui, Tinh Quoc and Jiao, D.. 2016. "Edge-based smoothed extended finite element method for dynamic fracture analysis." Applied Mathematical Modelling: simulation and computation for engineering and environmental systems. 40 (19-20), pp. 8564-8579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2016.05.027
Durability performances of wollastonite, tremolite and basalt fiber-reinforced metakaolin geopolymer composites under sulfate and chloride attack
Ren, Daming, Yan, Chunjie, Duan, Ping, Zhang, Zuhua, Li, Lingyao and Yan, Zhongyun. 2017. "Durability performances of wollastonite, tremolite and basalt fiber-reinforced metakaolin geopolymer composites under sulfate and chloride attack." Construction and Building Materials. 134, pp. 56-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.103
Inorganic polymer foams: transform from non-structural to structural upon fire
Zhang, Zuhua, Yang, Tao, Wang, Hao and Yao, Xiao. 2013. "Inorganic polymer foams: transform from non-structural to structural upon fire." Epaarachchi, Jayantha A., Lau, Alan Kin-tak and Leng, Jinsong (ed.) 4th International Conference on Smart Materials and Nanotechnology in Engineering (SMN 2013). Gold Coast, Australia 10 - 12 Jul 2013 Bellingham, WA. United States. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2027739
A comparative study of high- and low-Al2O3 fly ash based-geopolymers: the role of mix proportion factors and curing temperature
Zhou, Wei, Yan, Chunjie, Duan, Ping, Liu, Yi, Zhang, Zuhua, Qiu, Xiumei and Li, Dan. 2016. "A comparative study of high- and low-Al2O3 fly ash based-geopolymers: the role of mix proportion factors and curing temperature." Materials and Design. 95, pp. 63-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2016.01.084
Compressive strength development and shrinkage of alkali-activated fly ash–slag blends associated with efflorescence
Yao, Xiao, Yang, Tao and Zhang, Zuhua. 2016. "Compressive strength development and shrinkage of alkali-activated fly ash–slag blends associated with efflorescence." Materials and Structures. 49 (7), pp. 2907-2918. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0694-3
The transition of fly ash-based geopolymer gels into ordered structures and the effect on the compressive strength
Ma, Xue, Zhang, Zuhua and Wang, Aiguo. 2016. "The transition of fly ash-based geopolymer gels into ordered structures and the effect on the compressive strength." Construction and Building Materials. 104, pp. 25-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.049
Novel self-supporting zeolitic block with tunable porosity and crystallinity for water treatment
Zhang, Zuhua, Li, Liangfeng, He, Dongning, Ma, Xue, Yan, Chunjie and Wang, Hao. 2016. "Novel self-supporting zeolitic block with tunable porosity and crystallinity for water treatment." Materials Letters. 178, pp. 151-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2016.04.214
Compositional, microstructural and mechanical properties of ambient condition cured alkali-activated cement
Zhang, Zuhua, Li, Liangfeng, Ma, Xue and Wang, Hao. 2016. "Compositional, microstructural and mechanical properties of ambient condition cured alkali-activated cement." Construction and Building Materials. 113, pp. 237-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.043
The pore characteristics of geopolymer foam concrete and their impact on the compressive strength and modulus
Zhang, Zuhua and Wang, Hao. 2016. "The pore characteristics of geopolymer foam concrete and their impact on the compressive strength and modulus." Frontiers in Materials. 3, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2016.00038
Conversion of local industrial wastes into greener cement through geopolymer technology: a case study of high-magnesium nickel slag
Zhang, Zuhua, Zhu, Yingcan, Yang, Tao, Li, Liangfeng, Zhu, Huajun and Wang, Hao. 2017. "Conversion of local industrial wastes into greener cement through geopolymer technology: a case study of high-magnesium nickel slag." Journal of Cleaner Production. 141, pp. 463-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.09.147
Geopolymer from Kaolin in China: an overview
Zhang, Z. H., Zhu, H. J., Zhou, C. H. and Wang, H.. 2016. "Geopolymer from Kaolin in China: an overview." Applied Clay Science. 119 (1), pp. 31-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2015.04.023
Mechanical, thermal insulation, thermal resistance and acoustic absorption properties of geopolymer foam concrete
Zhang, Zuhua, Provis, John L., Reid, Andrew and Wang, Hao. 2015. "Mechanical, thermal insulation, thermal resistance and acoustic absorption properties of geopolymer foam concrete." Cement and Concrete Composites. 62, pp. 97-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.03.013
Effects of rare earth La on microstructure and properties of Ag-21Cu-25Sn alloy ribbon prepared by melt spinning
Ma, Xue, Li, Liangfeng, Zhang, Zuhua, Wang, Hao, Wang, Enze and Qiu, Tai. 2015. "Effects of rare earth La on microstructure and properties of Ag-21Cu-25Sn alloy ribbon prepared by melt spinning ." Materials and Design. 83, pp. 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.05.083
Alkali-activated cements for protective coating of OPC concrete
Zhang, Z. and Wang, H.. 2015. "Alkali-activated cements for protective coating of OPC concrete." Pacheco-Torgal, Fernando, Labrincha, Joao, Leonelli, C., Palomo, A. and Chindaprasirt, P. (ed.) Handbook of alkali-activated cements, mortars and concretes. Cambridge, United Kingdom. Woodhead Publishing Limited. pp. 605-626
Analysing the relation between pore structure and permeability of alkali-activated concrete binders
Zhang, Z. and Wang, H.. 2015. "Analysing the relation between pore structure and permeability of alkali-activated concrete binders." Pacheco-Torgal, Fernando, Labrincha, Joao, Leonelli, C., Palomo, A. and Chindaprasirt, P. (ed.) Handbook of alkali-activated cements, mortars and concretes. Cambridge, United Kingdom. Woodhead Publishing Limited. pp. 235-264
A fundamental approach to design and develop fly ash based geopolymers
Wang, Hao and Zhang, Zuhua. 2014. "A fundamental approach to design and develop fly ash based geopolymers." Shi, Caijun and Shen, Xiaodong (ed.) 2nd International Conference on Advances in Chemically Activated Materials (CAM 2014). Changsha, China 01 - 03 Jun 2014 Bagneux, France.
The importance of fly ash property in the manufacture of geopolymers
Zhang, Zuhua, Zhu, Yingcan, Reid, Andrew and Wang, Hao. 2014. "The importance of fly ash property in the manufacture of geopolymers." Shi, Caijun and Shen, Xiaodong (ed.) 2nd International Conference on Advances in Chemically Activated Materials (CAM 2014). Changsha, China 01 - 03 Jun 2014 Bagneux, France.
Durability of alkali-activated fly ash concrete: chloride penetration in pastes and mortars
Zhu, Huajun, Zhang, Zuhua, Zhu, Yingcan and Tian, Liang. 2014. "Durability of alkali-activated fly ash concrete: chloride penetration in pastes and mortars." Construction and Building Materials. 65, pp. 51-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.110
Effects of indium addition on properties and wettability of Sn–0.7Cu–0.2Ni lead-free solders
Li, L. F., Cheng, Y. K., Xu, G. L., Wang, E. Z., Zhang, Z. H. and Wang, H.. 2014. "Effects of indium addition on properties and wettability of Sn–0.7Cu–0.2Ni lead-free solders." Materials and Design. 64, pp. 15-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.07.035
Study on the activation of calcined kaolin
Zhu, Huajun, Yao, Xiao, Zhang, Zuhua, Hua, Sudong and Chen, Yue. 2008. "Study on the activation of calcined kaolin." Cailiao Kexue yu Gongyi (Material Science and Technology). 16 (S1), pp. 126-129.
Quantification of chloride diffusion in fly ash-slag-based geopolymers by X-ray fluorescence (XRF)
Yang, Tao, Yao, Xiao and Zhang, Zuhua. 2014. "Quantification of chloride diffusion in fly ash-slag-based geopolymers by X-ray fluorescence (XRF)." Construction and Building Materials. 69, pp. 109-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.031
Fly ash-based geopolymers: the relationship between composition, pore structure and efflorescence
Zhang, Zuhua, Provis, John L., Reid, Andrew and Wang, Hao. 2014. "Fly ash-based geopolymers: the relationship between composition, pore structure and efflorescence." Cement and Concrete Research. 64, pp. 30-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.06.004
Thermochemistry study of the effect of alkali content on the early geopolymerisation at room temperature
Zhang, Z., Yao, X. and Wang, H.. 2010. "Thermochemistry study of the effect of alkali content on the early geopolymerisation at room temperature." Shi, Caijun and Shen, Xiadong (ed.) 1st International Conference on Advances in Chemically-Activated Materials (CAM 2010). Jinan, China 09 - 12 May 2010 Bagneux, France.
Study on non-cement based alkali activated material for oil and gas well cementing at low and moderate temperature
Zhu, H. J., Yao, X. and Zhang, Z. H.. 2010. "Study on non-cement based alkali activated material for oil and gas well cementing at low and moderate temperature." Shi, Caijun and Shen, Xiadong (ed.) 1st International Conference on Advances in Chemically-Activated Materials (CAM 2010). Jinan, China 09 - 12 May 2010 Bagneux, France.
Geopolymer prepared with high-magnesium nickel slag: characterization of properties and microstructure
Yang, Tao, Yao, Xiao and Zhang, Zuhua. 2014. "Geopolymer prepared with high-magnesium nickel slag: characterization of properties and microstructure." Construction and Building Materials. 59, pp. 188-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.038
Using fly ash to partially substitute metakaolin in geopolymer synthesis
Zhang, Zuhua, Wang, Hao, Zhu, Yingcan, Reid, Andrew, Provis, John L. and Bullen, Frank. 2014. "Using fly ash to partially substitute metakaolin in geopolymer synthesis." Applied Clay Science. 88-89, pp. 194-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2013.12.025
Geopolymer foam concrete: an emerging material for sustainable construction
Zhang, Zuhua, Provis, John L., Reid, Andrew and Wang, Hao. 2014. "Geopolymer foam concrete: an emerging material for sustainable construction." Construction and Building Materials. 56, pp. 113-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.081
Preparation and mechanical properties of polypropylene fiber reinforced calcined kaolin-fly ash based geopolymer
Zhang, Zuhua, Yao, Xiao, Zhu, Huajun, Hua, Sudong and Chen, Yue. 2009. "Preparation and mechanical properties of polypropylene fiber reinforced calcined kaolin-fly ash based geopolymer." Journal of Central South University. 16 (1), pp. 49-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-009-0008-4
Role of water in the synthesis of calcined kaolin-based geopolymer
Zhang, Zuhua, Yao, Xiao, Zhu, Huajun and Chen, Yue. 2009. "Role of water in the synthesis of calcined kaolin-based geopolymer." Applied Clay Science. 43 (2), pp. 218-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2008.09.003
Geopolymerization process of alkali-metakaolinite characterized by isothermal calorimetry
Yao, Xiao, Zhang, Zuhua, Zhu, Huajun and Chen, Yue. 2009. "Geopolymerization process of alkali-metakaolinite characterized by isothermal calorimetry." Thermochimica Acta. 493 (1/2), pp. 49-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2009.04.002
Activating process of geopolymer source material: kaolinite
Zhang, Zuhua, Yao, Xiao, Zhu, Huajun, Hua, Sudong and Chen, Yue. 2009. "Activating process of geopolymer source material: kaolinite ." Journal Wuhan University of Technology, Materials Science Edition. 24 (1), pp. 132-136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-009-1132-6
Potential application of geopolymers as protection coatings for marine concrete I. Basic properties
Zhang, Zuhua, Yao, Xiao and Zhu, Huajun. 2010. "Potential application of geopolymers as protection coatings for marine concrete I. Basic properties." Applied Clay Science. 49 (1/2), pp. 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2010.01.014
Effects of modulus of sodium silicate solution on mechanical properties and microstructure of geopolymer
Zhang, Zuhua, Yao, Xiao and Zhu, Huajun. 2011. "Effects of modulus of sodium silicate solution on mechanical properties and microstructure of geopolymer ." Journal of Nanjing University of Technology. 2011 (01), pp. 52-56. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1671-7627.2011.01.011
Potential application of geopolymers as protection coatings for marine concrete II. Microstructure and anticorrosion mechanism
Zhang, Zuhua, Yao, Xiao and Zhu, Huajun. 2010. "Potential application of geopolymers as protection coatings for marine concrete II. Microstructure and anticorrosion mechanism ." Applied Clay Science. 49 (1/2), pp. 7-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2010.04.024
Effects of NaOH solution concentration and reaction time on metakaolin geopolymerization
Yang, Tao, Yao, Xiao, Zhang, Zuhua and Zhu, Huajun. 2013. "Effects of NaOH solution concentration and reaction time on metakaolin geopolymerization." Journal of Nanjing University of Technology. 35 (4), pp. 21-25. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1671-7627.2013.04.005
Efflorescence: a critical challenge for geopolymer applications?
Zhang, Zuhua, Wang, Hao, Provis, John L. and Reid, Andrew. 2013. "Efflorescence: a critical challenge for geopolymer applications?" Dao, Vinh and Dux, Peter (ed.) Concrete Institute of Australia's Biennial National Conference (Concrete 2013): Understanding Concrete. Gold Coast, Australia 16 - 18 Oct 2013 Sydney, Australia.
Durability of fly ash based-geopolymers: effect of crystallization on mechanical properties
Zhang, Zuhua, Wang, Hao, Provis, John L., Reid, Andrew and Li, Qiang. 2013. "Durability of fly ash based-geopolymers: effect of crystallization on mechanical properties." Wensheng, Zhang (ed.) 8th International Symposium on Cement and Concrete (ISCC 2013). Nanjing, China 20 - 23 Sep 2013 Beijing, China.
The effects of physical and chemical properties of fly ash on the manufacture of geopolymer foam concretes
Zhang, Zuhua. 2014. The effects of physical and chemical properties of fly ash on the manufacture of geopolymer foam concretes . PhD Thesis Doctor of Philosophy. University of Southern Queensland.
The effects of phase changes on the bonding property of geopolymer to hydrated cement
Zhu, Huajun, Zhang, Zuhua, Deng, Fenggan and Cao, Yalong. 2013. "The effects of phase changes on the bonding property of geopolymer to hydrated cement." Construction and Building Materials. 48, pp. 124-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.095
Quantitative kinetic and structural analysis of geopolymers Part 2. thermodynamics of sodium silicate activation of metakaolin
Zhang, Zuhua, Provis, John L., Wang, Hao, Bullen, Frank and Reid, Andrew. 2013. "Quantitative kinetic and structural analysis of geopolymers Part 2. thermodynamics of sodium silicate activation of metakaolin." Thermochimica Acta. 565, pp. 163-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2013.01.040
Numerical simulation of porosity on thermal properties and fire resistance of foamed concrete
Li, Qiang, Wang, Hao, Zhang, Zuhua and Reid, Andrew. 2013. "Numerical simulation of porosity on thermal properties and fire resistance of foamed concrete." Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials. 2 (1), pp. 13-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2012.755748
Mechanical property and structure of alkali-activated fly ash and slag blends
Yang, Tao, Yao, Xiao, Zhang, Zuhua and Wang, Hao. 2012. "Mechanical property and structure of alkali-activated fly ash and slag blends." Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials. 1 (4), pp. 167-178. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2012.752621
The reactivity of fly ash in geopolymer synthesis: a qualification study by FTIR
Zhang, Z., Wang, H. and Provis, J. L.. 2012. "The reactivity of fly ash in geopolymer synthesis: a qualification study by FTIR ." Jaafar, M., Azura, A. R., Leong, K. H. and Leong, A. Y. L. (ed.) 8th Asian-Australasian Conference on Composite Materials (ACCM 8): Enabling Tomorrow's Industry Today . Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 06 - 08 Nov 2012 Kowloon, Hong Kong.
Quantitative kinetic and structural analysis of geopolymers. Part 1. The activation of metakaolin with sodium hydroxide
Zhang, Zuhua, Wang, Hao, Provis, John L., Bullen, Frank, Reid, Andrew and Zhu, Yingcan. 2012. "Quantitative kinetic and structural analysis of geopolymers. Part 1. The activation of metakaolin with sodium hydroxide." Thermochimica Acta. 539, pp. 23-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2012.03.021
Effects of ground granulated blast furnace slag on the mechanical and microstructure of fly ash-based geopolymer binders
Yang, T., Yao, X., Zhang, Z. and Wang, H.. 2012. "Effects of ground granulated blast furnace slag on the mechanical and microstructure of fly ash-based geopolymer binders." 8th Asian-Australasian Conference on Composite Materials (ACCM 2012): Composites: Enabling Tomorrow's Industry Today. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 06 - 08 Nov 2012 Kowloon, Hong Kong.
Quantitative study of the reactivity of fly ash in geopolymerization by FTIR
Zhang, Zuhua, Wang, Hao and Provis, John L.. 2012. "Quantitative study of the reactivity of fly ash in geopolymerization by FTIR." Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials. 1 (4), pp. 154-166. https://doi.org/10.1080/21650373.2012.752620
Potential application of geopolymers as protection coatings for marine concrete III. Field experiment
Zhang, Zuhua, Yao, Xiao and Wang, Hao. 2012. "Potential application of geopolymers as protection coatings for marine concrete III. Field experiment ." Applied Clay Science. 67-68, pp. 57-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2012.05.008
Effects of halloysite in kaolin on the formation and properties of geopolymers
Zhang, Z., Wang, H., Yao, X. and Zhu, Y.. 2012. "Effects of halloysite in kaolin on the formation and properties of geopolymers." Cement and Concrete Composites. 34 (5), pp. 709-715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.02.003
Effects of fly ash source and curing procedure on strength development of geopolymers
Zhang, Z., Wang, H., Reid, A. and Aravinthan, T.. 2011. "Effects of fly ash source and curing procedure on strength development of geopolymers." Fragomeni, Sam, Venkatesan, Srikanth, Lam, Nelson and Setunge, Sujeeva (ed.) 21st Australasian Conference on the Mechanics of Structures and Materials (ACMSM 21). Melbourne, Australia 07 - 10 Dec 2010 London, United Kingdom.