The Simulation of Biogas Combustion in Top Open Burner
Paper
Selvam, A., Noor, M.M., Norhafana, M., Ihsan, C.K., Khalid, A., Mahmood, R.A., Harikrishnan, S. and Nayak, S.. 2024. "The Simulation of Biogas Combustion in Top Open Burner." 7th International Conference on Mechanical Engineering Research 2023 (ICMER 2023). Kuantan, Malaysia 12 - 13 Sep 2023 United Kingdom . IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2688/1/012023
| Paper/Presentation Title | The Simulation of Biogas Combustion in Top Open Burner |
|---|---|
| Presentation Type | Paper |
| Authors | Selvam, A., Noor, M.M., Norhafana, M., Ihsan, C.K., Khalid, A., Mahmood, R.A., Harikrishnan, S. and Nayak, S. |
| Journal or Proceedings Title | Journal of Physics: Conference Series |
| Journal Citation | 2688 |
| Article Number | 012023 |
| Number of Pages | 18 |
| Year | 2024 |
| Publisher | IOP Publishing |
| Place of Publication | United Kingdom |
| ISSN | 1742-6588 |
| 1742-6596 | |
| Digital Object Identifier (DOI) | https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2688/1/012023 |
| Web Address (URL) of Paper | https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2688/1/012023 |
| Web Address (URL) of Conference Proceedings | https://iopscience.iop.org/issue/1742-6596/2688/1 |
| Conference/Event | 7th International Conference on Mechanical Engineering Research 2023 (ICMER 2023) |
| Event Details | 7th International Conference on Mechanical Engineering Research 2023 (ICMER 2023) Parent International Conference on Mechanical Engineering Research (ICMER) Delivery In person Event Date 12 to end of 13 Sep 2023 Event Location Kuantan, Malaysia |
| Abstract | The top open furnace is commonly used for the heating processes. The efficiency of the top open furnace is low due to the amount of heat wasted through the top open. This study was using ANSYS Fluent, a two-dimensional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model that was used to build the top open furnace. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) was installed in the boiler in order to collect the exhaust gas and reuse it to dilute the oxygen supply. To check the combustion of low calorific gas (LCV) gas, which is biogas composed of 60% methane and 40% carbon dioxide by mass fraction, the computational study started with a standard combustion with EGR. Medium-sized mesh is used for the smoothing grid. This mesh uses inflation to enable the size of the cells and the stack element. The findings of the numerical sensitivity test show that the boundary conditions along the combustion chamber wall can affect the flame temperatures. The MILD regime was reached using biogas fuels when the right parameters were used. |
| Keywords | ANSYS; computational fluid dynamic; moderate or intense low oxygen dilution; hydrogen; biogas |
| Contains Sensitive Content | Does not contain sensitive content |
| ANZSRC Field of Research 2020 | 4017. Mechanical engineering |
| Byline Affiliations | Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Malaysia |
| Jabatan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Malaysia | |
| Koya University, Iraq | |
| School of Engineering | |
| University of Zakho, Iraq | |
| Kings Engineering College, India | |
| Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, India |
Permalink -
https://research.usq.edu.au/item/z5vqz/the-simulation-of-biogas-combustion-in-top-open-burner
Download files
Published Version
| Selvam_2024_J._Phys.__Conf._Ser._2688_012023.pdf | ||
| License: CC BY 3.0 | ||
| File access level: Anyone | ||
1
total views3
total downloads1
views this month3
downloads this month
Export as
Related outputs
The application of a single slope solar still in a refinery wastewater treatment: An experimental study
Al-Manea, Ahmed, Hammoody, Idrees, Alturki, Salwan Fadhil, Al-Shamani, Ali Najah, Wadday, Ahmed, Mahmood, Raid A. and Naeem, Haider Tawfiq. 2023. "The application of a single slope solar still in a refinery wastewater treatment: An experimental study." 1st International Conference on Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Istanbul, Turkey 06 202 - 07 Jun 2022 United States. AIP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0135973Impact of Surface Temperature of a Photovoltaic Solar Panel on Voltage Production
Al-Doori, Ghassan Fadil, Mahmood, Raid Ahmed, Al-Janabi, Abdullah, Hassan, Amer Mahmood and Chala, Girma T.. 2023. "Impact of Surface Temperature of a Photovoltaic Solar Panel on Voltage Production." Sulaiman, Shaharin Anwar (ed.) Energy and Environment in the Tropics. Singapore. Springer. pp. 81–93CFD Simulations and Experimental Observation for Air-Water Two-phase Flow in a Vertical Pipe
Mahmood, Raid A., Saleh, Khalid, Musa, Veyan A., Massoud, Enass, Al-Lwayzy, Saddam H., Ibrahim, Ahmed Khalid, Mohammed, Ali Ghazi and Abdulkareem, Lokman A.. 2022. "CFD Simulations and Experimental Observation for Air-Water Two-phase Flow in a Vertical Pipe." Gongcheng Kexue yu Jishu. 54 (6), pp. 2363-2375.Assessment of Densified Fuel Quality Parameters: A Case Study for Wheat Straw Pellet
Nath, Bidhan, Chen, Guangnan, Bowtell, Les and Mahmood, Raid Ahmed. 2023. "Assessment of Densified Fuel Quality Parameters: A Case Study for Wheat Straw Pellet." Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts. 8 (1), pp. 45-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobab.2022.10.001Experimental Investigation of Coolant Side Characteristic on the Performance of Air-Cooled Condenser Structured by Horizontal Flattened Tube
Kamil, Mohammed Gh. Mohammed, Kassim, Muna S. and Mahmood, Raid Ahmed. 2022. "Experimental Investigation of Coolant Side Characteristic on the Performance of Air-Cooled Condenser Structured by Horizontal Flattened Tube." International Journal of Heat and Technology (Calore e Tecnologia). 40 (3), pp. 828-836. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijht.400323Modeling of Heat Transfer and Steam Condensation Inside a Horizontal Flattened Tube
Kamil, M. Gh. Mohammed, Kassim, M. S., Mahmood, R. A. and Mahdi, L. AZ. 2022. "Modeling of Heat Transfer and Steam Condensation Inside a Horizontal Flattened Tube." Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing. 18 (4), pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.32604/fdmp.2022.018938Augmentation of convection heat transfer from a horizontal cylinder in a vented square enclosure with variation of lower opening size
Ali, Omar M., Mahmood, Raid A. and Al-Brifkani, Mohammed W.. 2022. "Augmentation of convection heat transfer from a horizontal cylinder in a vented square enclosure with variation of lower opening size." Thermal Science. 26 (3), pp. 2027-2041. https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI201119176ATwo-Phase Flow Development of R134a in a Horizontal Pipe: Computational Investigation
Mahmood, Raid A., Saleh, Khalid, Musa, Veyan A., Massoud, Enass, Sharifian-Barforoush, Ahmad and Abdulkareem, Lokman A.. 2021. "Two-Phase Flow Development of R134a in a Horizontal Pipe: Computational Investigation." International Journal of Heat and Technology (Calore e Tecnologia). 39 (5), pp. 1532-1540. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijht.390515Review of mechanical vapour compression refrigeration system Part 2: performance challenge
Mahmood, R. A., Ali, O. M., Al-Janabi, A., Al-Doori, G. and Noor, M. M.. 2021. "Review of mechanical vapour compression refrigeration system Part 2: performance challenge." International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering. 26 (3), pp. 119-130. https://doi.org/10.2478/ijame-2021-0039Flow Patterns of Oil-Gas and Pressure Gradients in Near-Horizontal Flow Pipeline: Experimental Investigation Using Differential Pressure Transducers
Musa, Veyan A., Mahmood, Raid A., Khalifa, Shwan M. Noori, Ali, Omar M. and Abdulkareem, Lokman A.. 2021. "Flow Patterns of Oil-Gas and Pressure Gradients in Near-Horizontal Flow Pipeline: Experimental Investigation Using Differential Pressure Transducers." International Journal of Heat and Technology (Calore e Tecnologia). 39 (2), pp. 621-628. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijht.390233Experimental comparison between wire mesh and electrical capacitance tomography sensors to predict a two-phase flow behaviour and patterns in inclined pipe
Hameed, Ali I., Abdulkareem, Lokman A. and Mahmood, Radi A.. 2021. "Experimental comparison between wire mesh and electrical capacitance tomography sensors to predict a two-phase flow behaviour and patterns in inclined pipe." Technium. 3 (5), pp. 49-63.Effect of Radiation on Natural Convection Heat Transfer from Heated Horizontal Cylinder in Vented Enclosure
Ali, Omar Mohammed and Mahmood, Raid Ahmed. 2021. "Effect of Radiation on Natural Convection Heat Transfer from Heated Horizontal Cylinder in Vented Enclosure." 3rd International Conference on Recent Innovations in Engineering (ICRIE 2020)IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. United Kingdom. Informa UK(IOP Books). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/978/1/012030CFD numerical and experimental investigation of two-phase flow development after an expansion device in a horizontal pipe
Mahmood, Raid Ahmed, Buttsworth, David, Malpress, Ray and Sharifian-Barforoush, Ahmed. 2021. "CFD numerical and experimental investigation of two-phase flow development after an expansion device in a horizontal pipe." Journal of Thermal Engineering. 7 (1), pp. 307- 323. https://doi.org/10.18186/thermal.850672Experimental and numerical investigation of two-phase flow orientation direction change on a vertical flash tank separator
Mahmood, Raid Ahmed, Buttsworth, David and Malpress, Ray. 2019. "Experimental and numerical investigation of two-phase flow orientation direction change on a vertical flash tank separator." ISER 460th International Conference on Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow (ICHTFF 2019). Brisbane, Australia 08 - 09 Jan 2019CFD Instraction Guide to Simulate Two-Phase Flow Separation in A Vertical T-Junction Separator
Mahmood, Raid Ahmed. 2019. "CFD Instraction Guide to Simulate Two-Phase Flow Separation in A Vertical T-Junction Separator." International Journal of Advances in Science, Engineering and Technology (IJASEAT). 7 (2 (Special issue 1)), pp. 40-44.Experimental Investigation of Two-Phase Flow Patterns in a Vertical to Horizontal Bend Pipe Using Wire-Mesh Sensor
Abdulkareem, Lokman A., Musa, Veyan A., Mahmood, Raid A. and Hasso, Ezideen A.. 2021. "Experimental Investigation of Two-Phase Flow Patterns in a Vertical to Horizontal Bend Pipe Using Wire-Mesh Sensor." Revista de Chimie. 71 (12), pp. 18-33. https://doi.org/10.37358/Rev.Chim.1949Mechanical Vapour Compression Refrigeration System: Review Part 1: Environment Challenge
Mahmood, Raid, Ali, Omar M. and Noor, M. M.. 2020. "Mechanical Vapour Compression Refrigeration System: Review Part 1: Environment Challenge." International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering. 25 (4), pp. 130-147. https://doi.org/10.2478/ijame-2020-0054CFD Assessment and Experimental Investigation of the Liquid Separation Efficiency Enhancements in a Vertical Gravity Separator
Mahmood, Raid Ahmed. 2020. "CFD Assessment and Experimental Investigation of the Liquid Separation Efficiency Enhancements in a Vertical Gravity Separator." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration. 28 (3), pp. 2050021-1. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2010132520500212Investigation study of the inlet to body diameter ratio of a vertical flash tank separator using computational fluid dynamic (CFD)
Mahmood, Raid Ahmed. 2019. "Investigation study of the inlet to body diameter ratio of a vertical flash tank separator using computational fluid dynamic (CFD)." GSRD International Conference on Science, Engineering and Technology (ICSET 2019). Amman, Jordan 20 Feb 2019 Amman, Jordan.CFD Instraction Guide to Simulate Two-Phase Flow Separation in a Vertical T-junction Separator
Mahmood, Raid Ahmed. 2019. "CFD Instraction Guide to Simulate Two-Phase Flow Separation in a Vertical T-junction Separator." International Institute of Engineers & Researchers 576th International Conference on Recent Innovations in Engineering and Technology (ICRIET-2019). Istanbul, Turkey 06 - 07 Feb 2019 Khandagiri, India.Computational and Experimental Investigation of the Vertical Flash Tank Separator Part 1: Effect of Parameters on Separation Efficiency
Mahmood, Raid Ahmed, Buttsworth, David and Malpress, Ray. 2019. "Computational and Experimental Investigation of the Vertical Flash Tank Separator Part 1: Effect of Parameters on Separation Efficiency." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration. 27 (1), pp. 1950005-1. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2010132519500056Assessment of a Sustainable Building using Eco-Friendly Insulation Materials
Mahmood, Raid Ahmed. 2020. "Assessment of a Sustainable Building using Eco-Friendly Insulation Materials." International Journal of Advances in Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IJAMCE). 7 (2), pp. 16-20.Case study of liquid suction heat exchanger in a mechanical refrigeration system using alternative refrigerants
Mahmood, Raid Ahmed. 2020. "Case study of liquid suction heat exchanger in a mechanical refrigeration system using alternative refrigerants." International Journal of Engineering and Technology(Uae). 9 (3), pp. 644-649. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v9i3.30777Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Two-phase Flow Orientation Direction Change on a Vertical Flash Tank Separator
Mahmood, Raid Ahmed, Buttsworth, David and Malpress, Ray. 2019. "Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Two-phase Flow Orientation Direction Change on a Vertical Flash Tank Separator ." International Journal of Management and Applied Science (IJMAS). 5 (4), pp. 25-29.Computational and experimental investigation of using an extractor in a vertical gravitational flash tank separator
Mahmood, R. A., Buttsworth, D. and Malpress, R.. 2019. "Computational and experimental investigation of using an extractor in a vertical gravitational flash tank separator." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering. 16 (2), pp. 6706-6722.Experimental and computational investigation of gravity separation in a vertical flash tank separator
Mahmood, Raid Ahmed. 2018. Experimental and computational investigation of gravity separation in a vertical flash tank separator . PhD Thesis Doctor of Philosophy. University of Southern Queensland. https://doi.org/10.26192/5c0da776f69cfThe study of air fuel ratio for open furnace MILD combustion of biogas on bluff-body burner
Noor, M. M., Wandel, Andrew P. and Yusaf, T. F.. 2012. "The study of air fuel ratio for open furnace MILD combustion of biogas on bluff-body burner." 2012 Southern Regional Engineering Conference (SREC 2012). Toowoomba, Australia 01 Sep 2012 Canberra, Australia.The development of MILD combustion open burner experimental setup
Noor, M. M., Wandel, Andrew P. and Yusaf, Talal. 2013. "The development of MILD combustion open burner experimental setup." Ishak, Mahadzir and Rahman, Md. Mustafizur (ed.) 2nd International Conference of Mechanical Engineering Research (ICMER 2013). Pahang, Malaysia 01 - 03 Jul 2013 Pahang, Malaysia.Detail guide for CFD on the simulation of biogas combustion in bluff-body mild burner
Noor, M. M., Wandel, Andrew P. and Yusaf, Talal. 2013. "Detail guide for CFD on the simulation of biogas combustion in bluff-body mild burner." Ishak, Mahadzir and Rahman, Md. Mustafizur (ed.) 2nd International Conference of Mechanical Engineering Research (ICMER 2013). Pahang, Malaysia 01 - 03 Jul 2013 Pahang, Malaysia.Mild combustion: the future for lean and clean combustion
Yusaf, Talal, Noor, M. M. and Wandel, Andrew P.. 2013. "Mild combustion: the future for lean and clean combustion." Ishak, Mahadzir and Rahman, Md. Mustafizur (ed.) 2nd International Conference of Mechanical Engineering Research (ICMER 2013). Pahang, Malaysia 01 - 03 Jul 2013 Pahang, Malaysia.Experimental and numerical study of MILD combustion in an open-end furnace with exhaust gas recirculation using methane and biogas
Noor, Muhamad Mat. 2015. Experimental and numerical study of MILD combustion in an open-end furnace with exhaust gas recirculation using methane and biogas. PhD Thesis Doctor of Philosophy. University of Southern Queensland.Air fuel ratio study for mixture of biogas and hydrogen on mild combustion
Noor, M. M., Wandel, Andrew P. and Yusaf, Talal. 2014. "Air fuel ratio study for mixture of biogas and hydrogen on mild combustion." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering. 10 (1), pp. 2144-2154. https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.9.2013.29.0180Effect of air-fuel ratio on temperature distribution and pollutants for biogas MILD combustion
Noor, M. M., Wandel, Andrew P. and Yusaf, Talal. 2014. "Effect of air-fuel ratio on temperature distribution and pollutants for biogas MILD combustion." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering. 10 (1), pp. 1980-1992. https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.10.2014.15.0166The simulation of biogas combustion in a MILD burner
Noor, M. M., Wandel, Andrew P. and Yusaf, Talal. 2014. "The simulation of biogas combustion in a MILD burner." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences. 6 (1), pp. 995-1013.MILD combustion: the future for lean and clean combustion technology
Noor, M. M., Wandel, Andrew P. and Yusaf, Talal. 2014. "MILD combustion: the future for lean and clean combustion technology." International Review of Mechanical Engineering. 8 (1), pp. 251-257.Design and development of mild combustion burner
Noor, M. M., Wandel, Andrew P. and Yusaf, Talal. 2013. "Design and development of mild combustion burner." Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences. 5, pp. 662-676. https://doi.org/10.15282/jmes.5.2013.13.0064Effect of compressed natural gas mixing on the engine performance and emissions
Yusaf, T., Baker, P., Hamawand, I. and Noor, M. M.. 2013. "Effect of compressed natural gas mixing on the engine performance and emissions." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering. 8 (1), pp. 1416-1429.Analysis of recirculation zone and ignition position of non-premixed bluff-body for biogas mild combustion
Noor, M. M., Wandel, Andrew P. and Yusaf, Talal. 2013. "Analysis of recirculation zone and ignition position of non-premixed bluff-body for biogas mild combustion." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering. 8 (1), pp. 1176-1186.The analysis of recirculation zone and ignition position of non-premixed bluff-body for biogas mild combustion
Noor, M. M., Wandel, Andrew P. and Yusaf, Talal. 2013. "The analysis of recirculation zone and ignition position of non-premixed bluff-body for biogas mild combustion." Ishak, Mahadzir and Rahman, Md. Mustafizur (ed.) 2nd International Conference of Mechanical Engineering Research (ICMER 2013). Pahang, Malaysia 01 - 03 Jul 2013 Pahang, Malaysia.Numerical study of oxygen dilution and temperature distribution of biogas combustion in Bluff-body MILD burner
Noor, M. M., Wandel, Andrew P. and Yusaf, Talal. 2013. "Numerical study of oxygen dilution and temperature distribution of biogas combustion in Bluff-body MILD burner." Masri, Assaad (ed.) 7th Australian Combustion Symposium (ACS 2013). Perth, Australia 06 - 08 Nov 2013 Perth, Australia.The air fuel ratio study for the mixture of biogas and hydrogen on mild combustion
Noor, M. M., Wandel, Andrew P. and Yusaf, Talal. 2013. "The air fuel ratio study for the mixture of biogas and hydrogen on mild combustion." 3rd Malaysian Postgraduate Conference (MPC 2013). Sydney, Australia 04 - 05 Jul 2013 Sydney, Australia.Discretization of three dimensional non-uniform grid: conditional moment closure elliptic equation using finite difference method
Noor, M. M., Wandel, Andrew P. and Yusaf, Talal. 2013. "Discretization of three dimensional non-uniform grid: conditional moment closure elliptic equation using finite difference method." 3rd Malaysian Postgraduate Conference (MPC 2013). Sydney, Australia 04 - 05 Jul 2013 Sydney, Australia.The potential of wind and solar energy in Malaysia east coast: preliminary study at Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP)
Amirruddin, A. K., Noor, M. M., Kadirgama, K. and Sharma, K. V.. 2012. "The potential of wind and solar energy in Malaysia east coast: preliminary study at Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP) ." Brebbia, C. A. and Zubir, S. S. (ed.) 3rd International Conference on Management of Natural Resources, Sustainable Development and Ecological Hazards: Ravage of the Planet III (RAV 2011) . Selangor, Malaysia 13 - 15 Dec 2011 Southampton, UK .A review of mild combustion and open furnace design consideration
Noor, M. M., Wandel, Andrew P. and Yusaf, Talal. 2012. "A review of mild combustion and open furnace design consideration." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering. 6 (1), pp. 730-754.Investigation of Biogas Moderate or Intense Low Oxygen Dilution (MILD) combustion on open furnace bluff-body burner
Noor, M. M., Wandel, Andrew P. and Yusaf, T. F.. 2012. "Investigation of Biogas Moderate or Intense Low Oxygen Dilution (MILD) combustion on open furnace bluff-body burner." Noor, M. M., Baker, Paul and Yusaf, Talal F. (ed.) USQ Combustion Meeting 2012 (29th August). Toowoomba, Australia 29 Aug 2012 Toowoomba, Australia.Modelling of non-premixed turbulent combustion of hydrogen using conditional moment closure method
Noor, M. M., Hairuddin, A. Aziz, Wandel, Andrew P. and Yusaf, T. F.. 2012. "Modelling of non-premixed turbulent combustion of hydrogen using conditional moment closure method." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 36 (1), pp. 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/36/1/012036The modelling of the effect of air fuel ratio on unburned hydrocarbons for MILD combustion
Noor, M. M., Wandel, Andrew P. and Yusaf, T. F.. 2012. "The modelling of the effect of air fuel ratio on unburned hydrocarbons for MILD combustion." Noor, M. M., Rahman, M. M. and Ismail, J. (ed.) 2nd Malaysian Postgraduate Conference (MPC 2012). Gold Coast, Australia 07 - 09 Jul 2012 Sydney, Australia.A preliminary study of control parameters for open furnace mild combustion using CFD
Noor, M. M., Wandel, Andrew P. and Yusaf, T. F.. 2012. "A preliminary study of control parameters for open furnace mild combustion using CFD." Noor, M. M., Rahman, M. M. and Ismail, J. (ed.) 2nd Malaysian Postgraduate Conference (MPC 2012). Gold Coast, Australia 07 - 09 Jul 2012 Sydney, Australia.Mild combustion: a technical review towards open furnace combustion
Noor, M. M., Wandel, Andrew P. and Yusaf, T. F.. 2012. "Mild combustion: a technical review towards open furnace combustion." Noor, M. M., Rahman, M. M. and Ismail, J. (ed.) 2nd Malaysian Postgraduate Conference (MPC 2012). Gold Coast, Australia 07 - 09 Jul 2012 Sydney, Australia.Numerical investigation of influence of air and fuel dilution for open furnace MILD combustion burner
Noor, M. M., Wandel, Andrew P. and Yusaf, T. F.. 2012. "Numerical investigation of influence of air and fuel dilution for open furnace MILD combustion burner." 2012 Southern Regional Engineering Conference (SREC 2012). Toowoomba, Australia 01 Sep 2012 Canberra, Australia.The potential of wind and solar energy in Malaysia east coast: preliminary study at Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP)
Noor, M. M., Amiruddin, A. K., Kadirgama, K. and Sharma, K. V.. 2011. "The potential of wind and solar energy in Malaysia east coast: preliminary study at Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP)." Brebbia, C. A. and Zubir, S. S. (ed.) 3rd International Conference on Energy and Sustainability . Alicante, Spain 11 - 13 Apr 2011 United Kingdom .