Flow Patterns of Oil-Gas and Pressure Gradients in Near-Horizontal Flow Pipeline: Experimental Investigation Using Differential Pressure Transducers

Article


Musa, Veyan A., Mahmood, Raid A., Khalifa, Shwan M. Noori, Ali, Omar M. and Abdulkareem, Lokman A.. 2021. "Flow Patterns of Oil-Gas and Pressure Gradients in Near-Horizontal Flow Pipeline: Experimental Investigation Using Differential Pressure Transducers." International Journal of Heat and Technology (Calore e Tecnologia). 39 (2), pp. 621-628. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijht.390233
Article Title

Flow Patterns of Oil-Gas and Pressure Gradients in Near-Horizontal Flow Pipeline: Experimental Investigation Using Differential Pressure Transducers

ERA Journal ID122827
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsMusa, Veyan A. (Author), Mahmood, Raid A. (Author), Khalifa, Shwan M. Noori (Author), Ali, Omar M. (Author) and Abdulkareem, Lokman A. (Author)
Journal TitleInternational Journal of Heat and Technology (Calore e Tecnologia)
Journal Citation39 (2), pp. 621-628
Number of Pages8
Year2021
Place of PublicationCanada
ISSN0392-8764
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.18280/ijht.390233
Web Address (URL)http://www.iieta.org/journals/ijht/paper/10.18280/ijht.390233
Abstract

The current investigation aimed to identify pressure gradients and to study the fully developed flow patterns of oil-gas as a blend in a pipe of internal diameter 50 mm and 6 m length with different orientations of 0, 30, and 45-degree. The study was performed at constant values of liquid superficial velocities 0.052, 0.157, 0.262, 0.314, 0.419, and 0.524 m/s, and inlet superficial velocities of gas were ranged from 0.05 to 4.7 m/s at atmospheric pressure. Two pressure transducers located up and downstream were used to measure pressure drops inside the tested pipe. Flow patterns were derived by using the correlation between pressure gradients and time series, the Probability Density Function of differential pressures, pressure gradients with gas superficial velocities, and total pressure losses with mean void fractions. The flow patterns of oil-gas were observed as a uniform stratified flow in the pipe on a 0-degree orientation at various superficial velocities. Stratified, wavy, and slug flow patterns were observed at 30-degree orientation, whereas, bubbly, slug, and churn flow patterns were observed in the pipe of 45-degree orientation. The experiment also showed that pressure drop gradients decreased with increased void fractions, gas superficial velocities, and degree rotations of the flow lines. Finally, the validation of using pressure transducers as a technique for estimating the flow patterns of two-phase flow showed acceptable results with some kind of patterns.

Keywordspressure drops in the two-phase flow, two-phase flow patterns in pipes, oil-gas flow patterns, differential pressure transducers
Contains Sensitive ContentDoes not contain sensitive content
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020401799. Mechanical engineering not elsewhere classified
Public Notes

Files associated with this item cannot be displayed due to copyright restrictions.

Byline AffiliationsUniversity of Zakho, Iraq
School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering
Duhok Polytechnic University, Iraq
Helmholtz Munich, Germany
Institution of OriginUniversity of Southern Queensland
Permalink -

https://research.usq.edu.au/item/q6555/flow-patterns-of-oil-gas-and-pressure-gradients-in-near-horizontal-flow-pipeline-experimental-investigation-using-differential-pressure-transducers

  • 79
    total views
  • 7
    total downloads
  • 1
    views this month
  • 0
    downloads this month

Export as

Related outputs

Impact of Surface Temperature of a Photovoltaic Solar Panel on Voltage Production
Al-Doori, Ghassan Fadil, Mahmood, Raid Ahmed, Al-Janabi, Abdullah, Hassan, Amer Mahmood and Chala, Girma T.. 2023. "Impact of Surface Temperature of a Photovoltaic Solar Panel on Voltage Production." Sulaiman, Shaharin Anwar (ed.) Energy and Environment in the Tropics. Singapore. Springer. pp. 81–93
CFD Simulations and Experimental Observation for Air-Water Two-phase Flow in a Vertical Pipe
Mahmood, Raid A., Saleh, Khalid, Musa, Veyan A., Massoud, Enass, Al-Lwayzy, Saddam H., Ibrahim, Ahmed Khalid, Mohammed, Ali Ghazi and Abdulkareem, Lokman A.. 2022. "CFD Simulations and Experimental Observation for Air-Water Two-phase Flow in a Vertical Pipe." Gongcheng Kexue yu Jishu. 54 (6), pp. 2363-2375.
Assessment of Densified Fuel Quality Parameters: A Case Study for Wheat Straw Pellet
Nath, Bidhan, Chen, Guangnan, Bowtell, Les and Mahmood, Raid Ahmed. 2023. "Assessment of Densified Fuel Quality Parameters: A Case Study for Wheat Straw Pellet." Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts. 8 (1), pp. 45-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobab.2022.10.001
Evaluating Organizational Level IT Innovation Adoption Factors among Global Firms
Ali, Omar, Murray, Peter A, Shahnawaz, Muhammed, Dwivedi, Yogesh K and Rashiti, Shqipe. 2022. "Evaluating Organizational Level IT Innovation Adoption Factors among Global Firms." Journal of Innovation and Knowledge. 7 (3), pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2022.100213
An Evaluation of Key Adoption Factors towards Using the Fog Technology
Ali, Omar, Shrestha, Anup, Jaradat, Ashraf and Al-Ahmad, Ahmad. 2022. "An Evaluation of Key Adoption Factors towards Using the Fog Technology." Big Data and Cognitive Computing. 6 (3), pp. 1-36. https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc6030081
Experimental Investigation of Coolant Side Characteristic on the Performance of Air-Cooled Condenser Structured by Horizontal Flattened Tube
Kamil, Mohammed Gh. Mohammed, Kassim, Muna S. and Mahmood, Raid Ahmed. 2022. "Experimental Investigation of Coolant Side Characteristic on the Performance of Air-Cooled Condenser Structured by Horizontal Flattened Tube." International Journal of Heat and Technology (Calore e Tecnologia). 40 (3), pp. 828-836. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijht.400323
Modeling of Heat Transfer and Steam Condensation Inside a Horizontal Flattened Tube
Kamil, M. Gh. Mohammed, Kassim, M. S., Mahmood, R. A. and Mahdi, L. AZ. 2022. "Modeling of Heat Transfer and Steam Condensation Inside a Horizontal Flattened Tube." Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing. 18 (4), pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.32604/fdmp.2022.018938
Augmentation of convection heat transfer from a horizontal cylinder in a vented square enclosure with variation of lower opening size
Ali, Omar M., Mahmood, Raid A. and Al-Brifkani, Mohammed W.. 2022. "Augmentation of convection heat transfer from a horizontal cylinder in a vented square enclosure with variation of lower opening size." Thermal Science. 26 (3), pp. 2027-2041. https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI201119176A
Two-Phase Flow Development of R134a in a Horizontal Pipe: Computational Investigation
Mahmood, Raid A., Saleh, Khalid, Musa, Veyan A., Massoud, Enass, Sharifian-Barforoush, Ahmad and Abdulkareem, Lokman A.. 2021. "Two-Phase Flow Development of R134a in a Horizontal Pipe: Computational Investigation." International Journal of Heat and Technology (Calore e Tecnologia). 39 (5), pp. 1532-1540. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijht.390515
Challenges and issues that are perceived to influence cloud computing adoption in local government councils
Ali, Omar, Soar, Jeffrey and Yong, Jianming. 2017. "Challenges and issues that are perceived to influence cloud computing adoption in local government councils." 21st International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design (CSCWD 2017). Wellington, New Zealand 26 - 28 Apr 2017 https://doi.org/10.1109/CSCWD.2017.8066659
Review of mechanical vapour compression refrigeration system Part 2: performance challenge
Mahmood, R. A., Ali, O. M., Al-Janabi, A., Al-Doori, G. and Noor, M. M.. 2021. "Review of mechanical vapour compression refrigeration system Part 2: performance challenge." International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering. 26 (3), pp. 119-130. https://doi.org/10.2478/ijame-2021-0039
Blockchain technology enables healthcare data management and accessibility
Ali, Omar, Jaradat, Ashraf, Ally, Mustafa and Rotabi, Sareh. 2022. "Blockchain technology enables healthcare data management and accessibility." Muthu, Subramanian Senthilkannan (ed.) Blockchain technologies for sustainability. Singapore. Springer. pp. 91-118
Making investment decisions on RFID technology: an evaluation of key adoption factors in construction firms
Mabad, Tarik, Ali, Omar, Ally, Mustafa, Wamba, Samuel Fosso and Chan, Ka Ching. 2021. "Making investment decisions on RFID technology: an evaluation of key adoption factors in construction firms." IEEE Access. 9, pp. 36937-36954. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3063301
Experimental comparison between wire mesh and electrical capacitance tomography sensors to predict a two-phase flow behaviour and patterns in inclined pipe
Hameed, Ali I., Abdulkareem, Lokman A. and Mahmood, Radi A.. 2021. "Experimental comparison between wire mesh and electrical capacitance tomography sensors to predict a two-phase flow behaviour and patterns in inclined pipe." Technium. 3 (5), pp. 49-63.
Effect of Radiation on Natural Convection Heat Transfer from Heated Horizontal Cylinder in Vented Enclosure
Ali, Omar Mohammed and Mahmood, Raid Ahmed. 2021. "Effect of Radiation on Natural Convection Heat Transfer from Heated Horizontal Cylinder in Vented Enclosure." 3rd International Conference on Recent Innovations in Engineering (ICRIE 2020)IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. United Kingdom. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/978/1/012030
Intrinsic and extrinsic attributes that drive Muslim consumer purchase behavior: A study in the context of Western imported food
Bukhari, Syed Faheem Hassan, Woodside, Frances M., Hassan, Rumman, Ali, Omar Massoud Salim Hassan, Hussain, Saima and Waqas, Rabail. 2020. "Intrinsic and extrinsic attributes that drive Muslim consumer purchase behavior: A study in the context of Western imported food." Journal of Islamic Marketing. 12 (1), pp. 70-94. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-01-2018-0004
Experimental and numerical investigation of two-phase flow orientation direction change on a vertical flash tank separator
Mahmood, Raid Ahmed, Buttsworth, David and Malpress, Ray. 2019. "Experimental and numerical investigation of two-phase flow orientation direction change on a vertical flash tank separator." ISER 460th International Conference on Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow (ICHTFF 2019). Brisbane, Australia 08 - 09 Jan 2019
Assessment of Complexity in Cloud Computing Adoption: a Case Study of Local Governments in Australia
Ali, Omar, Shrestha, Anup, Ghasemaghaei, Maryam and Beydoun, Ghassan. 2022. "Assessment of Complexity in Cloud Computing Adoption: a Case Study of Local Governments in Australia." Information Systems Frontiers: a journal of research and innovation. 24 (2), pp. 595-617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-021-10108-w
The state of play of blockchain technology in the financial services sector: A systematic literature review
Ali, Omar, Ally, Mustafa, Clutterbuck, . and Dwivedi, Yogesh. 2020. "The state of play of blockchain technology in the financial services sector: A systematic literature review." International Journal of Information Management. 54, pp. 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102199
CFD Instraction Guide to Simulate Two-Phase Flow Separation in A Vertical T-Junction Separator
Mahmood, Raid Ahmed. 2019. "CFD Instraction Guide to Simulate Two-Phase Flow Separation in A Vertical T-Junction Separator." International Journal of Advances in Science, Engineering and Technology (IJASEAT). 7 (2 (Special issue 1)), pp. 40-44.
Experimental Investigation of Two-Phase Flow Patterns in a Vertical to Horizontal Bend Pipe Using Wire-Mesh Sensor
Abdulkareem, Lokman A., Musa, Veyan A., Mahmood, Raid A. and Hasso, Ezideen A.. 2021. "Experimental Investigation of Two-Phase Flow Patterns in a Vertical to Horizontal Bend Pipe Using Wire-Mesh Sensor." Revista de Chimie. 71 (12), pp. 18-33. https://doi.org/10.37358/Rev.Chim.1949
CFD numerical and experimental investigation of two-phase flow development after an expansion device in a horizontal pipe
Mahmood, Raid Ahmed, Buttsworth, David, Malpress, Ray and Sharifian-Barforoush, Ahmed. 2021. "CFD numerical and experimental investigation of two-phase flow development after an expansion device in a horizontal pipe." Journal of Thermal Engineering. 7 (1), pp. 307- 323.
Mechanical Vapour Compression Refrigeration System: Review Part 1: Environment Challenge
Mahmood, Raid, Ali, Omar M. and Noor, M. M.. 2020. "Mechanical Vapour Compression Refrigeration System: Review Part 1: Environment Challenge." International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering. 25 (4), pp. 130-147. https://doi.org/10.2478/ijame-2020-0054
CFD Assessment and Experimental Investigation of the Liquid Separation Efficiency Enhancements in a Vertical Gravity Separator
Mahmood, Raid Ahmed. 2020. "CFD Assessment and Experimental Investigation of the Liquid Separation Efficiency Enhancements in a Vertical Gravity Separator." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration. 28 (3), pp. 2050021-1. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2010132520500212
Investigation study of the inlet to body diameter ratio of a vertical flash tank separator using computational fluid dynamic (CFD)
Mahmood, Raid Ahmed. 2019. "Investigation study of the inlet to body diameter ratio of a vertical flash tank separator using computational fluid dynamic (CFD)." GSRD International Conference on Science, Engineering and Technology (ICSET 2019). Amman, Jordan 20 Feb 2019 Amman, Jordan.
CFD Instraction Guide to Simulate Two-Phase Flow Separation in a Vertical T-junction Separator
Mahmood, Raid Ahmed. 2019. "CFD Instraction Guide to Simulate Two-Phase Flow Separation in a Vertical T-junction Separator." International Institute of Engineers & Researchers 576th International Conference on Recent Innovations in Engineering and Technology (ICRIET-2019). Istanbul, Turkey 06 - 07 Feb 2019 Khandagiri, India.
Computational and Experimental Investigation of the Vertical Flash Tank Separator Part 1: Effect of Parameters on Separation Efficiency
Mahmood, Raid Ahmed, Buttsworth, David and Malpress, Ray. 2019. "Computational and Experimental Investigation of the Vertical Flash Tank Separator Part 1: Effect of Parameters on Separation Efficiency." International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration. 27 (1), pp. 1950005-1. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2010132519500056
Assessment of a Sustainable Building using Eco-Friendly Insulation Materials
Mahmood, Raid Ahmed. 2020. "Assessment of a Sustainable Building using Eco-Friendly Insulation Materials." International Journal of Advances in Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IJAMCE). 7 (2), pp. 16-20.
Case study of liquid suction heat exchanger in a mechanical refrigeration system using alternative refrigerants
Mahmood, Raid Ahmed. 2020. "Case study of liquid suction heat exchanger in a mechanical refrigeration system using alternative refrigerants." International Journal of Engineering and Technology(Uae). 9 (3), pp. 644-649. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v9i3.30777
Cloud computing technology adoption: an evaluation of key factors in local governments
Ali, Omar, Shrestha, Anup, Osmanaj, Valmira and Muhammed, Shahnawaz. 2021. "Cloud computing technology adoption: an evaluation of key factors in local governments." Information Technology and People. 34 (2), pp. 666-703. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-03-2019-0119
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Two-phase Flow Orientation Direction Change on a Vertical Flash Tank Separator
Mahmood, Raid Ahmed, Buttsworth, David and Malpress, Ray. 2019. "Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Two-phase Flow Orientation Direction Change on a Vertical Flash Tank Separator ." International Journal of Management and Applied Science (IJMAS). 5 (4), pp. 25-29.
Computational and experimental investigation of using an extractor in a vertical gravitational flash tank separator
Mahmood, R. A., Buttsworth, D. and Malpress, R.. 2019. "Computational and experimental investigation of using an extractor in a vertical gravitational flash tank separator." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering. 16 (2), pp. 6706-6722.
Assessing information security risks in the cloud: a case study of Australian local government authorities
Ali, Omar, Shrestha, Anup, Chatfield, Akemi and Murray, Peter A.. 2020. "Assessing information security risks in the cloud: a case study of Australian local government authorities." Government Information Quarterly: an international journal of information technology management, policies, and practices. 37 (1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2019.101419
Improving the retailer industry performance through RFID technology: a case study of Wal-Mart and Metro Group
Ali, Omar and Hingst, Ray. 2018. "Improving the retailer industry performance through RFID technology: a case study of Wal-Mart and Metro Group." Krishnan, Archana (ed.) Cases on quality initiatives for organizational longevity. United States. IGI Global. pp. 196-220
Cloud computing-enabled healthcare opportunities, issues, and applications: a systematic review
Ali, Omar, Shrestha, Anup, Soar, Jeffrey and Wamba, Samuel Fosso. 2018. "Cloud computing-enabled healthcare opportunities, issues, and applications: a systematic review." International Journal of Information Management. 43, pp. 146-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.07.009
Perceived potential for value creation from cloud computing: a study of the Australian regional government sector
Ali, Omar, Soar, Jeffrey and Shrestha, Anup. 2018. "Perceived potential for value creation from cloud computing: a study of the Australian regional government sector." Behaviour and Information Technology. 37 (12), pp. 1157-1176. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2018.1488991
Experimental and computational investigation of gravity separation in a vertical flash tank separator
Mahmood, Raid Ahmed. 2018. Experimental and computational investigation of gravity separation in a vertical flash tank separator . PhD Thesis Doctor of Philosophy. University of Southern Queensland. https://doi.org/10.26192/5c0da776f69cf
Analysis of the Total Cost of Ownership for Cloud Computing Technology Adoption: A Case Study of Regional Municipal Government Sector
Ali, Omar and Shrestha, Anup. 2017. "Analysis of the Total Cost of Ownership for Cloud Computing Technology Adoption: A Case Study of Regional Municipal Government Sector." Riemer, Kai, Indulska, Marta and Tuunainen, Virpi Kristiina (ed.) 28th Australasian Conference on Information Systems (ACIS 2017). Hobart, Australia 04 - 06 Dec 2017 Hobart, Australia.
Level of policy for cloud computing adoption in Australian regional municipal governments: an exploratory study
Ali, Omar, Yong, Jianming, Soar, Jeffrey and McClymont, Hoda. 2015. "Level of policy for cloud computing adoption in Australian regional municipal governments: an exploratory study." Arabnia, Hamid R., Gravvanis, George A., Solo, Ashu M. G. and Tinetti, Fernando G. (ed.) 2015 International Conference on Grid & Cloud Computing and Applications (GCA'15). Las Vegas, United States 27 - 30 Jul 2015 United States.
Managing the risks of data security and privacy in the cloud: a shared responsibility between the cloud service provider and the client organisation
Lane, Michael, Shrestha, Anup and Ali, Omar. 2017. "Managing the risks of data security and privacy in the cloud: a shared responsibility between the cloud service provider and the client organisation." Bright Internet Global Summit 2017. Seoul, Korea 08 - 10 Dec 2017
Improved media management through cloud computing technology
Ali, Omar, Soar, Jeffrey and Yong, Jianming. 2016. "Improved media management through cloud computing technology." 20th IEEE International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design (CSCWD 2016). Nanchang, China 04 - 06 May 2016 United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/CSCWD.2016.7566004
The perceived benefits of cloud computing technology for regional municipal governments and barriers to adoption
Ali, Omar Massoud Salim Hassan. 2016. The perceived benefits of cloud computing technology for regional municipal governments and barriers to adoption. PhD Thesis Doctor of Philosophy. University of Southern Queensland.
Cloud computing adoption in regional councils
Ali, Omar, Soar, Jeffrey and Yong, Jianming. 2016. Cloud computing adoption in regional councils. University of Southern Queensland.
An investigation of anticipated benefits of cloud computing adoption in Australian regional municipal governments
Ali, Omar, Soar, Jeffrey and Yong, Jianming. 2015. "An investigation of anticipated benefits of cloud computing adoption in Australian regional municipal governments." The Services Transactions on Cloud Computing. 3 (3), pp. 13-24.
Factors to be considered in Cloud computing adoption
Ali, Omar, Soar, Jeffrey, Yong, Jianming and Tao, Xiaohui. 2016. "Factors to be considered in Cloud computing adoption." Web Intelligence. 14 (4), pp. 309-323. https://doi.org/10.3233/WEB-160347
Collaborative cloud computing adoption in Australian regional municipal government: an exploratory study
Ali, Omar, Soar, Jeffrey, Yong, Jianming, McClymont, Hoda and Angus, Daniel. 2015. "Collaborative cloud computing adoption in Australian regional municipal government: an exploratory study." Fortino, Giancarlo, Shen, Weiming, Barthès, Jean-Paul A., Luo, Junzhou, Li, Wenfeng, Ochoa, Sergio F., Abel, Marie-Hélène, Guerrieri, Antonio and Ramos, Milton Pires (ed.) 19th IEEE International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design (CSCWD 2015). Calabria, Italy 06 - 08 May 2015 United States. https://doi.org/10.1109/CSCWD.2015.7231017
An investigation of the challenges and issues influencing the adoption of cloud computing in Australian regional municipal governments
Ali, Omar, Soar, Jeffrey and Yong, Jianming. 2016. "An investigation of the challenges and issues influencing the adoption of cloud computing in Australian regional municipal governments." Journal of Information Security and Applications. 27-28, pp. 19-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2015.11.006
Anticipated benefits of cloud computing adoption in Australian regional municipal governments: an exploratory study
Ali, Omar, Soar, Jeffrey, McClymont, Hoda, Yong, Jianming and Biswas, Jit. 2015. "Anticipated benefits of cloud computing adoption in Australian regional municipal governments: an exploratory study." 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (PACIS 2015). Singapore 05 - 09 Jul 2015
Exploratory study to investigate the factors influencing the adoption of cloud computing in Australian regional municipal governments
Ali, Omar, Soar, Jeffrey, Yong, Jianming and McClymont, Hoda. 2015. "Exploratory study to investigate the factors influencing the adoption of cloud computing in Australian regional municipal governments." Journal of Art Media and Technology. 1 (1), pp. 1-13.
An investigation of the main factors to be considered in cloud computing adoption in Australian regional local councils
Ali, Omar, Soar, Jeffrey and Yong, Jianming. 2015. "An investigation of the main factors to be considered in cloud computing adoption in Australian regional local councils." Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government. 21 (1), pp. 72-93. https://doi.org/10.7790/cibg.v21i1.23
Impact of Cloud computing technology on e-government
Ali, Omar, Soar, Jeffrey and Yong, Jianming. 2014. "Impact of Cloud computing technology on e-government." Dregvaite, Giedre and Damasevicius, Robertas (ed.) 20th International Conference on Information and Software Technologies (ICIST 2014). Druskininkai, Lithuania 09 - 10 Oct 2014 Heidelberg, Germany. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11958-8_22
Challenges and issues within Cloud computing technology
Ali, Omar and Soar, Jeffrey. 2014. "Challenges and issues within Cloud computing technology." Zimmermann, Wolf, Lee, Yong Woo and Reich, Christoph (ed.) 5th International Conference on Cloud Computing, GRIDs, and Virtualization (IARIA 2014). Venice, Italy 25 - 29 May 2014 Wilmington, DE. United States. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.3210.3369