Tensile properties of phenol-formaldehyde nanoclay reinforced composites: a pilot study

Article

Ku, H., Yap, Y. S., Lee, T. S. and Trada, M.. 2012. "Tensile properties of phenol-formaldehyde nanoclay reinforced composites: a pilot study ." Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 126 (2 (Supplement)), pp. E142-E150. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.35232
Article Title

Tensile properties of phenol-formaldehyde nanoclay reinforced composites: a pilot study

ERA Journal ID1671
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsKu, H. (Author), Yap, Y. S. (Author), Lee, T. S. (Author) and Trada, M. (Author)
Journal TitleJournal of Applied Polymer Science
Journal Citation126 (2 (Supplement)), pp. E142-E150
Number of Pages9
Year2012
PublisherJohn Wiley & Sons
Place of PublicationHoboken, NJ. United States
ISSN0021-8995
1097-4628
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1002/app.35232
Web Address (URL)http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/app.35232/pdf
Abstract

Phenol-formaldehyde was filled with nanoclay to increase the tensile properties of the composite for structural applications by the Centre of Excellence in Engineered Fiber Composites, University of Southern Queensland, Australia. In this project, we manufactured samples with different percentages by weight of the nanoclay in the composites in steps of 1%; these were then postcured in an oven or microwaves. The samples were then subjected to tensile tests. The results show that the composite with 5 wt% nanoclay produced the highest yield, tensile strength, and Young's modulus, combined with a reasonable fluidity for casting. From 0 to 3 wt% nanoclay, the yield strengths of the samples postcured in an oven were higher than their counterparts postcured in microwaves. After this, the opposite was true. By extrapolation to 5 wt% nanoclay, it was also found that the tensile strength and Young's modulus of the samples postcured in an oven were lower than their counterparts postcured in microwave irradiation.

Keywordscomposites; electron microscopy; mechanical properties; resins; strength
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020400505. Construction materials
401602. Composite and hybrid materials
401807. Nanomaterials
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Byline AffiliationsCentre of Excellence in Engineered Fibre Composites
Faculty of Engineering and Surveying
Institution of OriginUniversity of Southern Queensland
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Ku, Harry S., Trada, Mohan, Zong, Xuejin and Wong, Peter. 2009. "Flexural properties of phenolic resin reinforced with glass powder." Liao, W. H. (ed.) ICAST 2009: 20th International Conference on Adaptive Structures and Technologies . Shatin, Hong Kong 20 - 22 Oct 2009 Hong Kong.
Flexural strength of phenol formaldehyde composites post-cured in microwaves: preliminary results
Trada, Mohan, Ku, Harry and Vedhar, Jayant. 2009. "Flexural strength of phenol formaldehyde composites post-cured in microwaves: preliminary results ." Advanced Materials Research. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.79-82.1399
Teaching of critical path networks using software packages
Ku, H.. 2009. "Teaching of critical path networks using software packages ." Wen, Peng, Li, Yuefeng, Polkowski, Lech, Yao, Yiyu, Tsumoto, Shusaku and Wang, Guoyin (ed.) 4th International Conference on Rough Sets and Knowledge Technology (RSKT 2009). Gold Coast, Australia 14 - 16 Jul 2009 Berlin, Germany. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02962-2_55
Fracture toughness of phenol formaldehyde composites reinforced with e-spheres
Ku, H., Cardona, F., Pattarachaiyakoop, N. and Trada, M.. 2009. "Fracture toughness of phenol formaldehyde composites reinforced with e-spheres ." Journal of Composite Materials. 43 (7), pp. 741-754. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998308101296
Contrasts on fracture toughness and flexural strength of varying percentages of SLG-reinforced phenolic composites
Ku, H. S., Fok, S. C. and Siores, E.. 2009. "Contrasts on fracture toughness and flexural strength of varying percentages of SLG-reinforced phenolic composites." Journal of Composite Materials. 43 (8), pp. 885-895. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998308103159
A simplified empirical model for prediction of mechanical properties of random short fiber/vinylester composites
Epaarachchi, J., Ku, H. and Gohel, K.. 2010. "A simplified empirical model for prediction of mechanical properties of random short fiber/vinylester composites." Journal of Composite Materials. 44 (6), pp. 779-788. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998309346383
Flexural tests of phenol formaldehyde and SLG composites: pilot study
Cardona, F., Rogers, D., Gurney, R., Trada, M. and Ku, H.. 2009. "Flexural tests of phenol formaldehyde and SLG composites: pilot study ." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites. 28 (22), pp. 2761-2769. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684408093871
Use of wireless tablet PCs as an effective learning and teaching enhancement tool
Xiang, Wei, Goh, Steven, Pather, Selvan, Maxwell, Andrew, Wang, Hao and Ku, Harry. 2009. "Use of wireless tablet PCs as an effective learning and teaching enhancement tool." Foley, Chris (ed.) EDUCAUSE Australasia Conference 2009: Innovate, Collaborate and Sustain. Perth, Australia 03 - 06 May 2009 Wembley, Western Australia.
Mathematical modeling of the fracture toughness of phenol formaldehyde composites reinforced with E-spheres
Ku, H., Xiang, W. and Pattarachaiyakoop, N.. 2009. "Mathematical modeling of the fracture toughness of phenol formaldehyde composites reinforced with E-spheres ." Advanced Materials Research. 79-82, pp. 1165-1168. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.79-82.1165
Tensile tests of phenol formaldehyde SLG reinforced composites: pilot study
Ku, H., Jacobson, W., Trada, M., Cardona, F. and Rogers, D.. 2008. "Tensile tests of phenol formaldehyde SLG reinforced composites: pilot study." Journal of Composite Materials. 42 (26), pp. 2783-2793. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998308096334
Relationship between electrical and mechanical loss tangents of SLG reinforced phenolic composites: pilot study
Ku, H., Cardona, F., Ball, J., Jacobson, W. and Trada, M.. 2008. "Relationship between electrical and mechanical loss tangents of SLG reinforced phenolic composites: pilot study ." Journal of Composite Materials. 42 (19), pp. 2083-2095. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998308094548
Hong Kong Higher Diploma in Engineering and Australian Bachelor of Technology in Engineering: similarities and differences
Morgan, Michael J., Fulcher, Robert and Ku, Harry S.. 1996. "Hong Kong Higher Diploma in Engineering and Australian Bachelor of Technology in Engineering: similarities and differences." Asia Engineer.
Articulation, credit transfer and flexible delivery of engineering degree courses: Australia, Malaysia and Hong Kong
Morgan, M. J., Fulcher, R. L. and Ku, H. S.. 1998. "Articulation, credit transfer and flexible delivery of engineering degree courses: Australia, Malaysia and Hong Kong." Jurutera: Institution of Engineers Malaysia Monthly Bulletin. 1998 (1), pp. 57-67.
Innovative residential schools for engineering degree courses
Morgan, Michael J., Fulcher, Robert and Ku, Harry S.. 1999. "Innovative residential schools for engineering degree courses ." Quarterly Journal of Singapore Institute of Engineering Technologists. 18 (4), pp. 53-58.
Loss tangent for low loss thermoplastic composites
Ku, Harry S., Ball, James A. R., Siores, Elias and Chan, Peter. 1999. "Loss tangent for low loss thermoplastic composites ." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials. 8 (3), pp. 123-128.
Microwave facilities for welding thermoplastic composites and preliminary results
Ku, Harry S., Siores, Elias and Ball, James A. R.. 1999. "Microwave facilities for welding thermoplastic composites and preliminary results." Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy. 34 (4), pp. 195-205.
Variable frequency microwave (VFM) processing facilities and application in processing thermoplastic matrix composites
Ku, Harry S., Siu, Fred, Siores, Elias, Ball, James A. R. and Blicblau, A. S.. 2000. "Variable frequency microwave (VFM) processing facilities and application in processing thermoplastic matrix composites ." Lee, W. B. (ed.) IMCC'2000: 9th International Manufacturing Conference in China: Innovation and Technology for the New Millennium. Hong Kong, China 16 - 17 Aug 2000 Hong Kong.
Microwave processing and permittivity measurement of thermoplastic composites at elevated temperature
Ku, Harry S., Ball, James A. R., Siores, Elias and Horsfield, Brendan. 1999. "Microwave processing and permittivity measurement of thermoplastic composites at elevated temperature ." Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 89-90, pp. 419-424. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(99)00018-7
An important step in microwave processing of materials: permittivity measurements of thermoplastic composites at elevated temperatures
Ku, Harry S., Siores, Elias, Ball, James A. R. and Horsfield, Brendan. 1998. "An important step in microwave processing of materials: permittivity measurements of thermoplastic composites at elevated temperatures." Salem, Sam (ed.) 1998 Pacific Conference on Manufacturing. Brisbane, Australia 18 - 21 Aug 1998 Brisbane, Australia.
Characterisation of thermoplastic matrix composites (TPC) using variable frequency micorwave (VFM)
Ku, Harry S., MacRobert, Martin, Siores, Elias and Ball, James A. R.. 2000. "Characterisation of thermoplastic matrix composites (TPC) using variable frequency micorwave (VFM)." Plastics Rubber and Composites. 29 (6), pp. 285-287.
Variable frequency microwave processing of thermoplastic composites
Ku, Harry S., MacRobert, Martin, Siores, Elias and Ball, James A. R.. 2000. "Variable frequency microwave processing of thermoplastic composites ." Plastics Rubber and Composites. 29 (6), pp. 278-284.
Effects of catalysts and post-curing conditions in the polymer network of epoxy and phenolic resins: preliminary results
Munoz, J.-C., Ku, H., Cardona, F. and Rogers, D.. 2008. "Effects of catalysts and post-curing conditions in the polymer network of epoxy and phenolic resins: preliminary results ." Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 202 (1-3), pp. 486-492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.10.025
Fracture toughness of phenol formaldehyde composites: pilot study
Ku, Harry, Rogers, David, Davey, Robert, Cardona, Francisco and Trada, Mohan. 2008. "Fracture toughness of phenol formaldehyde composites: pilot study." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 17 (1), pp. 85-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-007-9115-2
Contrast joints of glass-fibre with carbon-fibre reinforced low density polyethylene composite bonded by microwave irradiation
Ku, H. S.. 2008. "Contrast joints of glass-fibre with carbon-fibre reinforced low density polyethylene composite bonded by microwave irradiation." Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications. 22 (1), pp. 69-84. https://doi.org/10.1163/156939308783122760
Processing of composites using variable and fixed frequency microwave facilities
Ku, Harry S. and Yusaf, Talal. 2008. "Processing of composites using variable and fixed frequency microwave facilities." Progress in Electromagnetic Research B. 5, pp. 185-205. https://doi.org/10.2528/PIERB08011304
Shrinkage reduction of thermoset fibre composites during hardening using microwaves irradiation for curing
Ku, Harry S., Van Erp, Gerard, Ball, James A. R., Ayers, Stephen R. and Siu, Fred. 2002. "Shrinkage reduction of thermoset fibre composites during hardening using microwaves irradiation for curing." Wong, S. V., Osman, M. R., Yusuff, R. M. and Ismail, N. (ed.) 2nd World Engineering Congress (WEC 2002). Sarawak, Malaysia 22 - 25 Jul 2002 Malaysia.
An evaluation of fracture toughness of vinyl ester composites cured under microwave conditions
Ku, H., Chan, W. L., Trada, M. and Baddeley, D.. 2007. "An evaluation of fracture toughness of vinyl ester composites cured under microwave conditions." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 16 (6), pp. 741-745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-007-9104-5
Managing the delivery of 'Manufacturing Processes' in an Australian regional university known for excellence in e-learning
Ross, David and Ku, Harry S.. 2007. "Managing the delivery of 'Manufacturing Processes' in an Australian regional university known for excellence in e-learning ." Delhi Institute of Advanced Studies Technology Review. 4 (1), pp. 46-54.
Relationship between microwave irradiation and constituents of composites during joining process
Ku, H. S., Ball, J. A. R. and Siores, E.. 2000. "Relationship between microwave irradiation and constituents of composites during joining process." Transactions, Hong Kong Institution of Engineers. 7 (3), pp. 43-49. https://doi.org/10.1080/1023697X.2000.10667833
Applications of microwaves in non-destructive testing
Ku, H. S., Siu, F., Siores, E. and Ball, J. A. R.. 2001. "Applications of microwaves in non-destructive testing." 10th Asia Pacific Conference on Non-Destructive Testing (2001). Brisbane, Australia 17 - 21 Sep 2001 Melbourne, Australia.
The process of updating engineering management science in an Australian regional university excellence in developing e-learning
Ku, Harry S. and Fulcher, Robert. 2007. "The process of updating engineering management science in an Australian regional university excellence in developing e-learning ." European Journal of Engineering Education. 32 (5), pp. 527-538. https://doi.org/10.1080/03043790701433319
Fracture toughness of phenol formaldehyde composites post-cured in microwaves
Cardona, F., Ku, H., Pattarachaiyakoop, N., Rogers, D. and Trada, M.. 2007. "Fracture toughness of phenol formaldehyde composites post-cured in microwaves." Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications. 21 (14), pp. 2137-2146. https://doi.org/10.1163/156939307783152867
Characterisation of chip-on-board (COB) encapsulate epoxies used in the printed circuit board assembly (PCBA) industry using variable frequency microwave (VFM) facilities
Ku, H. S., Siu, F., Mok, P. L., Siores, E. and Ball, J. A. R.. 2002. "Characterisation of chip-on-board (COB) encapsulate epoxies used in the printed circuit board assembly (PCBA) industry using variable frequency microwave (VFM) facilities." Wong, S. V., Osman, M. R., Yusuff, R. M. and Ismail, N. (ed.) 2nd World Engineering Congress (WEC 2002). Sarawak, Malaysia 22 - 25 Jul 2002 Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
Applications of fixed and variable frequency microwave (VFM) facilities in polymeric materials processing and joining
Ku, H. S., Siu, F., Siores, E. and Ball, J. A. R.. 2002. "Applications of fixed and variable frequency microwave (VFM) facilities in polymeric materials processing and joining ." Wong, S. V., Osman, M. R., Yusuff, R. M. and Ismail, N. (ed.) 2nd World Engineering Congress (WEC 2002). Sarawak, Malaysia 22 - 25 Jul 2002 Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
Contrast joints of glass-fibre with carbon-fibre reinforced polystyrene composite bonded by microwave irradiation
Ku, Harry S.. 2003. "Contrast joints of glass-fibre with carbon-fibre reinforced polystyrene composite bonded by microwave irradiation ." Transactions, Hong Kong Institution of Engineers. 10 (2), pp. 10-16.
Review - microwave processing of materials: part III
Ku, Harry S., Siores, Elias and Ball, James A. R.. 2001. "Review - microwave processing of materials: part III." Transactions, Hong Kong Institution of Engineers. 8 (3), pp. 44-50.
Review - microwave processing of materials: part II
Ku, Harry S., Siores, Elias and Ball, James A. R.. 2001. "Review - microwave processing of materials: part II." Transactions, Hong Kong Institution of Engineers. 8 (3), pp. 38-43.
Review - microwave processing of materials: part I
Ku, Harry S., Siores, Elias and Ball, James A. R.. 2001. "Review - microwave processing of materials: part I." Transactions, Hong Kong Institution of Engineers. 8 (3), pp. 31-37.
Permittivity measurement of thermoplastic composites at elevated temperature
Ku, Harry S., Horsfield, Brendan, Ball, James A. R. and Siores, Elias. 2001. "Permittivity measurement of thermoplastic composites at elevated temperature." Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy. 36 (2), pp. 101-111.
Applications of fixed and variable frequency microwave (VFM) facilities in polymeric materials processing and joining
Ku, H. S., Siu, F., Siores, E., Ball, J. A. R. and Blicblau, A. S.. 2001. "Applications of fixed and variable frequency microwave (VFM) facilities in polymeric materials processing and joining." 5th Asia Pacific Conference on Materials Processing. Seoul, South Korea 25 Jun 2001 Lausanne, Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-0136(01)00642-2
Heat distribution and thermal analysis of joining thermoplastic composites using microwave energy
Ku, Harry S., Li, Chun Wai and Lee, Kin Fung. 2002. "Heat distribution and thermal analysis of joining thermoplastic composites using microwave energy." Institution of Engineers, Malaysia. Journal. 64 (2), pp. 6-12.
Microwave energy effects on polymer-matrix and fibre reinforcement of composites during bonding process by microwaves
Ku, Harry S., Siores, Elias and Ball, James A. R.. 2002. "Microwave energy effects on polymer-matrix and fibre reinforcement of composites during bonding process by microwaves." Institution of Engineers, Malaysia. Journal. 63 (4), pp. 20-27.
Lap shear strength comparison between two types of random carbon fibre reinforced thermoplastic matrix composites bonded using variable frequency microwaves (VFM) irradiation
Ku, Harry S., Siores, Elias and Ball, James A. R.. 2002. "Lap shear strength comparison between two types of random carbon fibre reinforced thermoplastic matrix composites bonded using variable frequency microwaves (VFM) irradiation." Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing. 9 (6), pp. 353-361.
Joining of thirty three percent by weight random glass fibre reinforced polystyrene using variable frequency microwave
Ku, Harry S., Siores, Elias, Ball, James A. R. and Taube, Alex. 2002. "Joining of thirty three percent by weight random glass fibre reinforced polystyrene using variable frequency microwave." Institution of Engineers, Malaysia. Journal. 63 (2), pp. 18-24.
Risks involved in curing vinyl ester resins using microwaves irradiation
Ku, Harry S.. 2002. "Risks involved in curing vinyl ester resins using microwaves irradiation." Journal of Materials Synthesis and Processing. 10 (2), pp. 97-106.
Productivity improvements through the use of industrial microwave technologies
Ku, Harry S., Siores, Elias, Taube, Alex and Ball, James A. R.. 2002. "Productivity improvements through the use of industrial microwave technologies." Computers and Industrial Engineering. 42 (2-4), pp. 281-290.
Curing vinyl ester particle-reinforced composites using microwaves
Ku, H.. 2003. "Curing vinyl ester particle-reinforced composites using microwaves." Journal of Composite Materials. 37 (22), pp. 2027-2042. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998303036266
Thermal analysis comparison between two random glass fibre reinforced thermoplastic matrix composites bonded by adhesives using microwaves: preliminary results
Ku, Harry S., Lee, Kin Fung and Li, Chun Wai. 2003. "Thermal analysis comparison between two random glass fibre reinforced thermoplastic matrix composites bonded by adhesives using microwaves: preliminary results." Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications. 17 (6), pp. 901-918. https://doi.org/10.1163/156939303322503501
Thermal analysis of joining thermoplastic matrix composites using microwaves
Ku, Harry S., Lee, Kin Fung and Li, Chun Wai. 2003. "Thermal analysis of joining thermoplastic matrix composites using microwaves." Transactions, Hong Kong Institution of Engineers. 10 (1), pp. 14-20.
Lap shear strength comparison between different random glass fibre reinforced thermoplastic matrix composites bonded by adhesives using variable frequency microwaves (VFM) irradiation
Ku, Harry S., Siores, Elias, Ball, James A. R., Taube, Alex and Siu, Fred. 2003. "Lap shear strength comparison between different random glass fibre reinforced thermoplastic matrix composites bonded by adhesives using variable frequency microwaves (VFM) irradiation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part L: Journal of Materials, Design and Applications. 217 (1), pp. 65-75.
Joining of thirty three percent by weight random carbon fibre reinforced low density polyethylene using variable frequency microwave
Ku, Harry S.. 2003. "Joining of thirty three percent by weight random carbon fibre reinforced low density polyethylene using variable frequency microwave ." Journal of The Institution of Engineers, Singapore. 43 (1), pp. 20-25.
Thermal analysis of joining Nylon 66 composites using microwave irradiations
Ku, Harry S., Widjaya, Budiman, Lee, Kin Fung and Li, Chun Wai. 2003. "Thermal analysis of joining Nylon 66 composites using microwave irradiations." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering. 27 (3), pp. 259-278.
Shrinkage reduction of thermoset matrix particle reinforced composites during curing using microwaves irradiation
Ku, Harry S. and Siores, Elias. 2004. "Shrinkage reduction of thermoset matrix particle reinforced composites during curing using microwaves irradiation." Transactions, Hong Kong Institution of Engineers. 11 (3), pp. 29-34.
Productivity improvement of composites processing through the use of industrial microwave technologies
Ku, Harry S.. 2006. "Productivity improvement of composites processing through the use of industrial microwave technologies." Progress in Electromagnetics Research (PIER). 66, pp. 267-285. https://doi.org/10.2528/PIER06111901
Young's modulus of vinyl ester composites cured by microwave irradiation: preliminary results
Ku, Harry S., Puttgunta, V. C. and Trada, Mohan. 2006. "Young's modulus of vinyl ester composites cured by microwave irradiation: preliminary results." Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications. 20 (14), pp. 1911-1924. https://doi.org/10.1163/156939306779322675
Mechanical properties of vinyl ester composites cured by microwave irradiation: pilot study
Ku, H., Trada, M. and Puttgunta, V. C.. 2007. "Mechanical properties of vinyl ester composites cured by microwave irradiation: pilot study." Key Engineering Materials. 334-33, pp. 537-540. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.334-335.537
Yield and tensile strength of vinyl ester composites cured by microwaves
Ku, H., Trada, M., Puttgunta, V. C. and Kota, V.. 2007. "Yield and tensile strength of vinyl ester composites cured by microwaves ." Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications. 21 (4), pp. 517-526. https://doi.org/10.1163/156939307780616847
Design of multi-purpose carbide end mill
Ku, Harry S. and Chia, Wee Chong. 2006. "Design of multi-purpose carbide end mill." Institution of Engineers, Malaysia. Journal. 67 (2), pp. 34-40.
Thermal analysis comparison between three random glass fibre-reinforced thermoplastic matrix composites bonded by adhesives using microwaves
Ku, Harry S., Widjaya, Budiman, Lee, Kin Fung and Li, Chun Wai. 2004. "Thermal analysis comparison between three random glass fibre-reinforced thermoplastic matrix composites bonded by adhesives using microwaves ." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites. 23 (3), pp. 1443-1460.
Contrast joints of glass-fibre with carbon-fibre reinforced low density polyethylene composite bonded by microwave irradiation
Ku, Harry S.. 2005. "Contrast joints of glass-fibre with carbon-fibre reinforced low density polyethylene composite bonded by microwave irradiation." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites. 24 (10), pp. 1035-1049. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684405048203
Application of variable frequency microwave (VFM) to adhesives
Ku, Harry S., Siores, Elias and Ball, James A. R.. 2005. "Application of variable frequency microwave (VFM) to adhesives." Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications. 19 (11), pp. 1467-1484.