Loss of phosphorus and nitrogen in runoff and subsurface drainage from high and low input pastures grazed by sheep in southern Australia

Article

Melland, A. R., McCaskill, M. R., White, R. E. and Chapman, D. F.. 2008. "Loss of phosphorus and nitrogen in runoff and subsurface drainage from high and low input pastures grazed by sheep in southern Australia." Australian Journal of Soil Research. 46 (2), pp. 161-172. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR07084
Article Title

Loss of phosphorus and nitrogen in runoff and subsurface drainage from high and low input pastures grazed by sheep in southern Australia

ERA Journal ID5248
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsMelland, A. R. (Author), McCaskill, M. R. (Author), White, R. E. (Author) and Chapman, D. F. (Author)
Journal TitleAustralian Journal of Soil Research
Journal Citation46 (2), pp. 161-172
Number of Pages12
Year2008
PublisherCSIRO Publishing
Place of PublicationAustralia
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1071/SR07084
Web Address (URL)https://www.publish.csiro.au/sr/SR07084
Abstract

High rates of fertiliser applied to boost pasture growth in the southern Australian sheep industry may lead to
eutrophication of waterways and groundwater degradation. A field study was used to investigate whether higher fertiliser and stocking rates would increase nutrient loss in runoff and subsurface flow from pastures. Phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) concentrations in surface and subsurface flow were measured from 1998–2000 in four 0.5-ha hillslope plots. Surface flow volume was measured directly and subsurface water flux was estimated using soil moisture data and a water balance model. A simulated rainfall study was also conducted using 0.64-m2 plots. The treatments represented were: a low-P setstocked sown pasture (SS low P), a high-P set-stocked sown pasture (SS high P), a high-P sown pasture in a 4-paddock rotation (RG 4-pdk), and an unsown set-stocked pasture (Low P volunteer). No runoff from the hillslope occurred in 1999, while the volume of runoff in 1998 and 2000 varied from 0.1 to 68 mm/year across the 4 hillslope plots. More P was lost via surface runoff (up to 0.25 kg P/ha.year) than subsurface flow
(up to 0.027 kg P/ha.year). However, N loads were greater in subsurface flows (3.2–10.6 kg N/ha.year) than surface runoff (0.04–2.74 kg N/ha.year). Phosphorus concentrations were higher in runoff from the high P treatments (0.34–0.83 mg P/L) than the set-stocked low P treatment (0.19–0.22 mg P/L). Higher TP concentrations in runoff from the high P
treatments were associated with greater labile P contents in the soil, dung, and herbage. However, the volume of runoff, rather than the pasture treatment, was the primary determinant of nutrient loss. Avoiding high nutrient inputs in seasonally waterlogged areas, sowing perennial pastures, and minimising stock camping helps minimise P losses to waterways and N losses to groundwater.

Keywordsfertiliser; water quality; nutrient loads; soil fertility; hillslope hydrology
ANZSRC Field of Research 2020370704. Surface water hydrology
300499. Crop and pasture production not elsewhere classified
410601. Land capability and soil productivity
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Byline AffiliationsDepartment of Primary Industries, Victoria
University of Melbourne
Institution of OriginUniversity of Southern Queensland
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