Storm even suspended sediment-discharge hysteresis and controls in agricultural watersheds: implications for watershed scale sediment management

Article

Sherriff, Sophie C., Rowan, John S., Fenton, Owen, Jordan, Philip, Melland, Alice R., Mellander, Per-Erik and O'hUallachain, Daire. 2016. "Storm even suspended sediment-discharge hysteresis and controls in agricultural watersheds: implications for watershed scale sediment management." Environmental Science and Technology. 50 (4), pp. 1769-1778. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b04573
Article Title

Storm even suspended sediment-discharge hysteresis and controls in agricultural watersheds: implications for watershed scale sediment management

ERA Journal ID4674
Article CategoryArticle
AuthorsSherriff, Sophie C. (Author), Rowan, John S. (Author), Fenton, Owen (Author), Jordan, Philip (Author), Melland, Alice R. (Author), Mellander, Per-Erik (Author) and O'hUallachain, Daire (Author)
Journal TitleEnvironmental Science and Technology
Journal Citation50 (4), pp. 1769-1778
Number of Pages10
Year2016
PublisherAmerican Chemical Society
Place of PublicationUnited States
ISSN0013-936X
1520-5851
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b04573
Web Address (URL)http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.5b04573
Abstract

Within agricultural watersheds suspended sediment-discharge hysteresis during storm events is commonly used to indicate dominant sediment sources and pathways. However, availability of high-resolution data, qualitative metrics, longevity of records, and simultaneous multiwatershed analyses has limited the efficacy of hysteresis as a sediment management tool. This two year study utilizes a quantitative hysteresis index from high-resolution suspended sediment and discharge data to assess fluctuations in sediment source location, delivery mechanisms and export efficiency in three intensively farmed watersheds during events over time. Flow-weighted event sediment export was further considered using multivariate techniques to delineate rainfall, stream hydrology, and antecedent moisture controls on sediment origins. Watersheds with low permeability (moderately- or poorly drained soils) with good surface hydrological connectivity, therefore, had contrasting hysteresis due to source location (hillslope versus channel bank). The well-drained watershed with reduced connectivity exported less sediment but, when watershed connectivity was established, the largest event sediment load of all watersheds occurred. Event sediment export was elevated in arable watersheds when low groundcover was coupled with high connectivity, whereas in the grassland watershed, export was attributed to wetter weather only. Hysteresis analysis successfully indicated contrasting seasonality, connectivity and source availability and is a useful tool to identify watershed specific sediment management practices.

ANZSRC Field of Research 2020300201. Agricultural hydrology
300202. Agricultural land management
410404. Environmental management
Public Notes

Files associated with this item cannot be displayed due to copyright restrictions.

Byline AffiliationsUniversity of Dundee, United Kingdom
Teagasc Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Ireland
University of Ulster, United Kingdom
National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture
Environmental Protection Agency, Ireland
Institution of OriginUniversity of Southern Queensland
Permalink -

https://research.usq.edu.au/item/q3480/storm-even-suspended-sediment-discharge-hysteresis-and-controls-in-agricultural-watersheds-implications-for-watershed-scale-sediment-management

Log in to edit
  • 1626
    total views
  • 9
    total downloads
  • 1
    views this month
  • 0
    downloads this month

Export as

Related outputs

Availability of Nitrogen in Soil for Irrigated Cotton Following Application of Urea and 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate-Coated Urea in Concentrated Bands
Pittaway, Pamela A., Antille, Diogenes L., Melland, Alice R. and Marchuk, Serhiy. 2023. "Availability of Nitrogen in Soil for Irrigated Cotton Following Application of Urea and 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate-Coated Urea in Concentrated Bands." Plants. 12 (5), pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12051170
Impacts of sugarcane (Saccharum sp.) soil and fertiliser management practices on nutrients and sediment in plot-scale runoff from simulated rainfall
Melland, A.R., Bosomworth, B., Cook, F.J., Silburn, D.M. and Eyles, M.. 2022. "Impacts of sugarcane (Saccharum sp.) soil and fertiliser management practices on nutrients and sediment in plot-scale runoff from simulated rainfall." Soil and Tillage Research. 216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2021.105259
Simple ETo-Based Rules for Irrigation Scheduling by Smallholder Vegetable Farmers in Laos and Cambodia
McPhee, John, Eberhard, Jochen, Melland, Alice, Uddin, Jasim, Dunn, Lucinda, Hin, Sarith, Lim, Vanndy, Touch, Veasna, Sisouvanh, Phimmasone, Somphou, Inthong, Vilayphone, Tounglien, Mounsena, Phaythoune and Ives, Stephen. 2022. "Simple ETo-Based Rules for Irrigation Scheduling by Smallholder Vegetable Farmers in Laos and Cambodia." Water: an open access journal. 14 (13). https://doi.org/10.3390/w14132010
Rehabilitating open-cut coal mine spoil for a pasture system in south east Queensland, Australia: abiotic soil properties compared with unmined land through time
Bennett, J. McL., Melland, A. R., Eberhard, J., Paton, C., Clewett, J. F., Newsome, T. and Baillie, C.. 2021. "Rehabilitating open-cut coal mine spoil for a pasture system in south east Queensland, Australia: abiotic soil properties compared with unmined land through time." Geoderma Regional. 25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geodrs.2021.e00364
Solutes in runoff under simulated rainfall on fertilised sugarcane (Saccharum sp.) beds: measurements and results
Cook, F. J., Bosomworth, B., Melland, A. R., Silburn, D. M. and Eyles, M.. 2021. "Solutes in runoff under simulated rainfall on fertilised sugarcane (Saccharum sp.) beds: measurements and results." Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107343
Sustainability of beef production from brigalow lands after cultivation and mining. 3. Pasture rundown, climate and grazing pressure effects
Clewett, Jeffrey F., Newsome, Tom, Paton, Colin J., Melland, Alice R., Eberhard, Jochen E., Bennett, John McL and Baillie, Craig P.. 2021. "Sustainability of beef production from brigalow lands after cultivation and mining. 3. Pasture rundown, climate and grazing pressure effects." Animal Production Science. 61 (12), pp. 1280-1302. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN20134
Sustainability of beef production from brigalow lands after cultivation and mining. 2. Acland Grazing Trial pasture and cattle performance
Melland, Alice R., Newsome, Tom, Paton, Colin J., Clewett, Jeffrey F., Bennett, John McL, Eberhard, Jochen and Baillie, Craig P.. 2021. "Sustainability of beef production from brigalow lands after cultivation and mining. 2. Acland Grazing Trial pasture and cattle performance." Animal Production Science. 61 (12), pp. 1262-1279. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN20137
Sustainability of beef production from brigalow lands after cultivation and mining. 1. Sown pasture growth and carrying capacity
Paton, Colin J., Clewett, Jeffrey F., Melland, Alice R., Newsome, Tom, Eberhard, Jochen, Bennett, John McL and Baillie, Craig P.. 2021. "Sustainability of beef production from brigalow lands after cultivation and mining. 1. Sown pasture growth and carrying capacity." Animal Production Science. 61 (12), pp. 1246-1261. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN20135
Effects of agricultural land management changes on surface water quality: a review of meso-scale catchment research
Melland, A. R., Fenton, O. and Jordan, P.. 2018. "Effects of agricultural land management changes on surface water quality: a review of meso-scale catchment research." Environmental Science and Policy. 84, pp. 19-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.02.011
Strategic tillage in conservation agricultural systems of north-eastern Australia: why, where, when and how?
Dang, Yash Pal, Balzer, Anna, Crawford, Mark, Rincon-Florez, Vivian, Liu, Hongwei, Melland, Alice Rowena, Antille, Diogenes, Kodur, Shreevatsa, Bell, Michael John, Whish, Jeremy Patrick Milroy, Lai, Yunru, Seymour, Nikki, Costa Carvalhais, Lilia and Schenk, Peer. 2018. "Strategic tillage in conservation agricultural systems of north-eastern Australia: why, where, when and how?" Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 25 (2), pp. 1000-1015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8937-1
Dissolved organic carbon in leachate after application of granular and liquid N–P–K fertilizers to a sugarcane soil
Pittaway, P. A., Melland, A. R., Antille, D. L. and Marchuk, S.. 2018. "Dissolved organic carbon in leachate after application of granular and liquid N–P–K fertilizers to a sugarcane soil." Journal of Environmental Quality. 47 (3), pp. 522-529. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2017.11.0433
The application of high temporal resolution data in river catchment modelling and management strategies
Crockford, L., O'Riordain, S., Taylor, D., Melland, A. R., Shortle, G. and Jordan, P.. 2017. "The application of high temporal resolution data in river catchment modelling and management strategies." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 189 (9). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6174-1
Effects of strategic tillage on short-term erosion, nutrient loss in runoff and greenhouse gas emissions
Melland, A. R., Antille, D. L. and Dang, Y. P.. 2017. "Effects of strategic tillage on short-term erosion, nutrient loss in runoff and greenhouse gas emissions." Soil Research. 55 (3), pp. 201-214. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR16136
Influence of stormflow and baseflow phosphorus pressures on stream ecology in agricultural catchments
Shore, Mairead, Murphy, Sinead, Mellander, Per-Erik, Shortle, Ger, Melland, Alice R., Crockford, Lucy, O'Flaherty, Vincent, Williams, Lauren, Morgan, Ger and Jordan, Phil. 2017. "Influence of stormflow and baseflow phosphorus pressures on stream ecology in agricultural catchments." Science of the Total Environment. 590-591, pp. 469-483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.100
The potential for a rehabilitated coal mine soil to support livestock grazing in south-east Queensland
Melland, Alice R., Eberhard, Jochen, Paton, Col, Baillie, Craig and Bennett, John McL.. 2014. "The potential for a rehabilitated coal mine soil to support livestock grazing in south-east Queensland." Patti, Antonio, Tang, Caixan and Wong, Vanessa (ed.) 2014 National Soil Science Conference. Melbourne, Australia 23 - 27 Nov 2014 Melbourne, Australia.
A comparison of rehabilitated coal mine soil and unmined soil supporting grazed pastures in south-east Queensland
Melland, Alice R., Eberhard, Jochen, Paton, Col, Baillie, Craig and Bennett, John McL.. 2014. "A comparison of rehabilitated coal mine soil and unmined soil supporting grazed pastures in south-east Queensland." Patti, Antonio, Tang, Caixan and Wong, Vanessa (ed.) 2014 National Soil Science Conference. Melbourne, Australia 23 - 27 Nov 2014 Melbourne, Australia.
Investigating suspended sediment dynamics in contrasting agricultural catchments using ex situ turbidity-based suspended sediment monitoring
Sherriff, S. C., Rowan, J. S., Melland, A. R., Jordan, P., Fenton, O. and O hUallachain, D. O.. 2015. "Investigating suspended sediment dynamics in contrasting agricultural catchments using ex situ turbidity-based suspended sediment monitoring." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 19 (8), pp. 3349-3363. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3349-2015
Dairying and water-quality issues in Australia and New Zealand
Scarsbrook, M. R. and Melland, A. R.. 2015. "Dairying and water-quality issues in Australia and New Zealand." Animal Production Science. 55 (7), pp. 856-868. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN14878
An agricultural drainage channel classification system for phosphorus management
Shore, M., Jordan, P., Mellander, P.-E, Kelly-Quinn, M. and Melland, A. R.. 2015. "An agricultural drainage channel classification system for phosphorus management." Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 199, pp. 207-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2014.09.003
Variable response to phosphorus mitigation measures across the nutrient transfer continuum in a dairy grassland catchment
Murphy, P. N. C., Mellander, P.-E., Melland, A. R., Buckley, C., Shore, M., Shortle, G., Wall, D. P., Treacy, M., Shine, O., Mechan, S. and Jordan, P.. 2015. "Variable response to phosphorus mitigation measures across the nutrient transfer continuum in a dairy grassland catchment." Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 207, pp. 192-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.04.008
Flow paths and phosphorus transfer pathways in two agricultural streams with contrasting flow controls
Mellander, Per-Erik, Jordan, Phil, Shore, Mairead, Melland, Alice R. and Shortle, Ger. 2015. "Flow paths and phosphorus transfer pathways in two agricultural streams with contrasting flow controls." Hydrological Processes. 29 (16), pp. 3504-3518. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10415
Incidental nutrient transfers: assessing critical times in agricultural catchments using high-resolution data
Shore, Mairead, Jordan, Phil, Melland, Alice R., Mellander, Per-Erik, McDonald, Noeleen and Shortle, Ger. 2016. "Incidental nutrient transfers: assessing critical times in agricultural catchments using high-resolution data." Science of the Total Environment. 553, pp. 404-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.085
Characterisation of agricultural drainage ditch sediments along the phosphorus transfer continuum in two contrasting headwater catchments
Shore, Mairead, Jordan, Phil, Mellander, Per-Erik, Kelly-Quinn, Mary, Daly, Karen, Sims, James Tom, Wall, David P. and Melland, Alice Rowena. 2016. "Characterisation of agricultural drainage ditch sediments along the phosphorus transfer continuum in two contrasting headwater catchments." Journal of Soils and Sediments: protection, risk assessment and remediation. 16 (5), pp. 1643-1654. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-015-1330-0
Fate of granular versus liquid fertilisers applied to soil leaching columns
Pittaway, P., Melland, A., Celotto, G., Dowie, J., Shannon, G. and Di Bella, L. 2016. "Fate of granular versus liquid fertilisers applied to soil leaching columns." International Sugar Journal: a technical and commercial periodical devoted entirely to the sugar and sweetener industry. 118 (1408), pp. 2-6.
Spot spraying reduces herbicide concentrations in runoff
Melland, Alice R., Silburn, D. Mark, McHugh, Allen D., Fillols, Emilie, Rojas-Ponce, Samuel, Baillie, Craig and Lewis, Stephen. 2016. "Spot spraying reduces herbicide concentrations in runoff." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 64 (20), pp. 4009-4020. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03688
Fate of granular versus liquid fertilisers applied to soil leaching columns
Pittaway, P., Melland, A., Cellotto, G., Dowie, J., Shannon, G. and Di Bella, L.. 2015. "Fate of granular versus liquid fertilisers applied to soil leaching columns." Bruce, R. C. (ed.) 37th Annual Conference of the Australian Society of Sugar Cane Technologists (ASSCT 2015). Bundaberg, Australia 28 - 30 Apr 2015 Mackay, Australia.
Land use: catchment management
Melland, A. R., Jordan, P., Murphy, P. N. C., Mellander, P. -E., Buckley, C. and Shortle, G.. 2014. "Land use: catchment management." Van Alfen , Neal K. (ed.) Encyclopedia of agriculture and food systems. San Diego, CA. United States. Elsevier. pp. 98-113
Assessing soil properties of rehabilitated grazing pastures for sustainable and economically viable beef cattle operations: progress report
Bennett, J. McL., Melland, A. R. and Eberhard, J. E.. 2014. Assessing soil properties of rehabilitated grazing pastures for sustainable and economically viable beef cattle operations: progress report. Toowoomba, Australia. University of Southern Queensland.
Coupling of surface water and groundwater nitrate-N dynamics in two permeable agricultural catchments
Mellander, P. - E., Melland, A. R., Murphy, P. N. C., Wall, D. P., Shortle, G. and Jordan, P.. 2014. "Coupling of surface water and groundwater nitrate-N dynamics in two permeable agricultural catchments." The Journal of Agricultural Science. 152, pp. S107-S124. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859614000021
Storm-triggered, increased supply of sediment-derived phosphorus to the epilimnion in a small freshwater lake
Crockford, Lucy, Jordan, Phil, Melland, Alice R. and Taylor, David. 2014. "Storm-triggered, increased supply of sediment-derived phosphorus to the epilimnion in a small freshwater lake." Inland Waters. 5 (1), pp. 15-26. https://doi.org/10.5268/IW-5.1.738
Loss of phosphorus and nitrogen in runoff and subsurface drainage from high and low input pastures grazed by sheep in southern Australia
Melland, A. R., McCaskill, M. R., White, R. E. and Chapman, D. F.. 2008. "Loss of phosphorus and nitrogen in runoff and subsurface drainage from high and low input pastures grazed by sheep in southern Australia." Australian Journal of Soil Research. 46 (2), pp. 161-172. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR07084
The Irish agricultural catchments programme: catchment selection using spatial multi-criteria decision analysis
Fealy, R. M., Buckley, C., Mechan, S., Melland, A., Mellander, P. E., Shortle, G., Wall, D. and Jordan, P.. 2010. "The Irish agricultural catchments programme: catchment selection using spatial multi-criteria decision analysis ." Soil Use and Management. 26 (3), pp. 225-236. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2010.00291.x
Modelling soil phosphorus decline: expectations of Water Framework Directive policies
Schulte, R. P. O., Melland, A. R., Fenton, O., Herlihy, M., Richards, K. and Jordan, P.. 2010. "Modelling soil phosphorus decline: expectations of Water Framework Directive policies ." Environmental Science and Policy. 13 (6), pp. 472-484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2010.06.002
Using the nutrient transfer continuum concept to evaluate the European Union Nitrates Directive National Action Programme
Wall, D., Jordan, P., Melland, A. R., Mellander, P. -E., Buckley, C., Reaney, S. M. and Shortle, G.. 2011. "Using the nutrient transfer continuum concept to evaluate the European Union Nitrates Directive National Action Programme." Environmental Science and Policy. 14 (6), pp. 664-674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2011.05.003
Delivery and impact bypass in a karst aquifer with high phosphorus source and pathway potential
Mellander, Per-Erik, Jordan, Phil, Wall, David P., Melland, Alice R., Meehan, Robert A., Kelly, Coran and Shortle, Ger. 2012. "Delivery and impact bypass in a karst aquifer with high phosphorus source and pathway potential." Water Research. 46 (7), pp. 2225-2236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.048
Stream water quality in intensive cereal cropping catchments with regulated nutrient management
Melland, A. R., Mellander, P. -E., Murphy, P. N. C., Wall, D. P., Mechan, S., Shine, O., Shortle, G. and Jordan, P.. 2012. "Stream water quality in intensive cereal cropping catchments with regulated nutrient management." Environmental Science and Policy. 24, pp. 58-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2012.06.006
Quantifying nutrient transfer pathways in agricultural catchments using high temporal resolution data
Mellander, Per-Erik, Melland, Alice R., Jordan, Phil, Wall, David P., Murphy, Paul N. C. and Shortle, Ger. 2012. "Quantifying nutrient transfer pathways in agricultural catchments using high temporal resolution data." Environmental Science and Policy. 24, pp. 44-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2012.06.004
Evaluating nutrient source regulations at different scales in five agricultural catchments
Wall, D. P., Murphy, P. N. C., Melland, A. R., Mechan, S., Shine, O., Buckley, C., Mellander, P. -E., Shortle, G. and Jordan, P.. 2012. "Evaluating nutrient source regulations at different scales in five agricultural catchments." Environmental Science and Policy. 24, pp. 34-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2012.06.007
The seasonality of phosphorus transfers from land to water: implications for trophic impacts and policy evaluation
Jordan, P., Melland, A. R., Mellander, P. -E., Shortle, G. and Wall, D.. 2012. "The seasonality of phosphorus transfers from land to water: implications for trophic impacts and policy evaluation ." Science of the Total Environment. 434, pp. 101-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.12.070
Forecasting the decline of excess soil phosphorus in agricultural catchments
Wall, D. P., Jordan, P., Melland, A. R., Mellander, P. -E., Mechan, S. and Shortle, G.. 2013. "Forecasting the decline of excess soil phosphorus in agricultural catchments." Soil Use and Management. 29 (S1), pp. 147-154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2012.00413.x
Quantification of phosphorus transport from a karstic agricultural watershed to emerging spring water
Mellander, Per-Erik, Jordan, Philip, Melland, Alice R., Murphy, Paul N. C., Wall, David P., Mechan, Sarah, Meehan, Robert, Kelly, Coran, Shine, Oliver and Shortle, Ger. 2013. "Quantification of phosphorus transport from a karstic agricultural watershed to emerging spring water." Environmental Science and Technology. 47 (12), pp. 6111-6119. https://doi.org/10.1021/es304909y
Evaluation of a surface hydrological connectivity index in agricultural catchments
Shore, M., Murphy, P. N. C., Jordan, P., Mellander, P. -E., Kelly-Quinn, M., Cushen, M., Mechan, S., Shine, O. and Melland, A. R.. 2013. "Evaluation of a surface hydrological connectivity index in agricultural catchments." Environmental Modelling and Software. 47, pp. 7-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2013.04.003
Dairy farm impacts of fencing riparian land: pasture production and farm productivity
Aarons, Sharon R., Melland, Alice R. and Dorling, Lianne. 2013. "Dairy farm impacts of fencing riparian land: pasture production and farm productivity." Journal of Environmental Management. 130, pp. 255-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.08.060
Rapid assessment of gully sidewall erosion rates in data-poor catchments: a case study in Australia
Whitford, J. A., Newham, L. T. H., Vigiak, O., Melland, A. R. and Roberts, A. M.. 2010. "Rapid assessment of gully sidewall erosion rates in data-poor catchments: a case study in Australia ." Geomorphology. 118 (3/4), pp. 330-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.01.013
Comparison of landscape approaches to define spatial patterns of hillslope-scale sediment delivery ratio
Vigiak, O., Newham, L. T. H., Whitford, J., Melland, A. and Borselli, L.. 2009. "Comparison of landscape approaches to define spatial patterns of hillslope-scale sediment delivery ratio." Braddock, Roger (ed.) 18th World IMACS Congress and MODSIM09 International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Cairns, Australia 13 - 17 Jul 2009 Cairns, Australia. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand .
Trialling a web-based spatial information management tool with land managers in Victoria, Australia
Roberts, Anna M., Park, Geoff, Melland, Alice R. and Miller, Ian. 2009. "Trialling a web-based spatial information management tool with land managers in Victoria, Australia." Journal of Environmental Management. 91 (2), pp. 523-531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.09.021
Evaluation of a static water balance model in cropped and grazed systems of temperate Australia
Melland, Alice R., Vigiak, Olga, Roberts, Anna M., Rattray, Dan and Whitford, Jane. 2010. "Evaluation of a static water balance model in cropped and grazed systems of temperate Australia." Environmental Modelling and Software. 25 (12), pp. 1682-1691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2010.05.006
Evaluating the critical source area concept of phosphorus loss from soils to water-bodies in agricultural catchments
Shore, M., Jordan, P., Mellander, P. -E., Kelly-Quinn, M., Wall, D. P., Murphy, P. N. C. and Melland, A. R.. 2014. "Evaluating the critical source area concept of phosphorus loss from soils to water-bodies in agricultural catchments ." Science of the Total Environment. 490, pp. 405-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.122
Integrating farming systems and landscape processes to assess management impacts on suspended sediment loads
Vigiak, O., Newham, L. T. H., Whitford, J., Roberts, A. M., Rattray, D. and Melland, A. R.. 2011. "Integrating farming systems and landscape processes to assess management impacts on suspended sediment loads ." Environmental Modelling and Software. 26 (2), pp. 144-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2010.09.001